車輛保險桿對行人腿部損傷之影響研究 禹俊英、鄧作樑
E-mail: [email protected]
摘 要
每年有數以千計的行人在交通事故中傷亡，在這些行人與車輛撞擊事故中，腿部是行人受傷統計中最常發生的身體部位，
這些腿部受傷的主因是遭受汽車前保險桿撞擊所造成；因此，探討保險桿對行人損傷之影響在行人安全研究中有著重要意 義。本研究首先探討保險桿形狀對行人腿部損傷之影響，使用行人腿部衝擊器模型針對不同形狀保險桿的車輛模型進行衝 擊測試模擬；透過腿部衝擊器與車輛保險桿衝擊模擬探討在保險桿不同位置對行人腿部碰撞損傷之影響；然後依據可降低 行人腿部損傷的保險桿形狀特性建立保險桿設計準則。由於保險桿材料對結構硬度有著很大的影響，故保險桿材料的選擇 對降低行人腿部損傷有著重要的作用。因此，本研究的第二個目的在探討保險桿材料對行人損傷之影響；以上述保險桿結 構在改變不同的材料下進行對行人腿部損傷分析，透過腿部衝擊器與車輛保險桿衝擊模擬選擇合適的保險桿材料。最後本 研究依據保險桿形狀與材料對行人腿部損傷影響的分析結果來設計一款對行人腿部安全之保險桿；且此新型保險桿可滿 足EEVC/WG17 對行人腿部損傷的要求標準。
關鍵詞 : 行人，腿部損傷，保險桿，腿部衝擊器
目錄
AUTHORIZATION LETTER...iii ABSTRACT...iv CHINESE ABSTRACT...v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...vi TABLE OF CONTENTS... vii TABLE OF FIGURES... ix LIST OF TABLES... xii Chapter I: INTRODUCTION ... 1 1.1
Motivation... 1 1.2 Literature Survey... 5 1.3 The Purpose of this Study ... 11 1.4 Structure of this Thesis ... 11 Chapter II: INTRODUCTION OF EECV LEGFORM TO BUMPER TEST... 23 2.1 Legform Impactor to Bumper Test ... 23 2.1.1 Purpose of the Test... 23 2.1.2 Testing Procedure ... 24 2.1.3 Legform impactor
description... 25 2.1.4 Certification tests for legform impactor... 26 2.2 Simulation of legform to bumper test ... 27 2.2.1 Finite element of legform impactor ... 27 2.2.2 Finite element passenger
car... 28 2.2.3 Simulation of legform to bumper test ... 29 Chapter III: ANALYSING FOR DESIGN PEDESTRIAN FRIENDLY BUMPER .... 42 3.1 Introduction of experiment tests ... 42 3.2 Simulation of legform to bumper test ... 43 3.3 Verification of simulation results... 44 3.4 Analyzing for design pedestrian friendly bumper... 45 3.4.1 The effect of bumper geometry on the pedestrian leg injury. 45 3.4.2 The effect of bumper material on the pedestrian leg injury. 47 Chapter IV: DESIGN OF FRIENDLY BUMPER FOR PEDESTRIAN ... 66 4.1 Design of friendly bumper for pedestrian ... 66 4.2 The test procedure and requirements ... 68 4.3 Discussions and
conclusions... 68 Chapter V: CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES... 75 5.1 Conclusions... 75 5.2 Further Studies ... 76 REFERENCES
... 77 TABLE OF FIGURES Figure 1-1. The injuries people distribution in traffic crashes...13 Figure 1-2. The killed people distribution in traffic crashes...13 Figure 1-3. Road fatalities in 2005: Pedestrian fatalities / Road fatalities in total .14 Figure 1-4. Pedestrian fatalities and injuries by type of vehicle 1992-2001 average ...14 Figure 1-5. Impact location on the car ...15 Figure 1-6. Distribution of body region for fatalities and serious injuries ...15 Figure 1-7.
Distribution of impact parts for head and leg injuries...16 Figure 1-8. EEVC/WG17 subsystem test
...16 Figure 1-9. Setup of full-scale test conducted at JARI ...17 Figure 1-10.Design variable of the bumper structure ...17 Figure 1-11.Bumper system with foam ...18 Figure 1-12.Centerline section of bumper structures...18 Figure 1-13.Proof of concept pedestrian airbag system...19 Figure 1-14.A single sensor module integrated into bumper...19 Figure
1-15.Impactors and vehicle test zones...20 Figure 2-1. Tolerances of angles for the legform impactor at the time of first impact. 30 Figure 2-2. Legform to bumper tests for complete vehicle...30 Figure 2-3. Legform impactor with skin and foam covering...31 Figure 2-4. Static bending certification test of the legform...31 Figure 2-5. Static shearing certification test of legform...32 Figure 2-6. Requirements of static certification tests
...32 Figure 2-7. Dynamic certification test of the legform ...33 Figure 2-8. Finite element model of legform...33 Figure 2-9. Legform impactor...34 Figure 2-10.The knee of the legform impactor ...34 Figure 2-11.The force versus bending angle of the legform
impactor...35 Figure 2-12.The force versus shearing displacement of the legform impactor ...35 Figure 2-13.Legform impactor in dynamic certification test...36 Figure 2-14.The acceleration time history of the
tibia...36 Figure 2-15.The bending angle time history of the knee ...37 Figure 2-16.The shearing displacement time history of the knee...37 Figure 2-17.Finite element model of Ford-Taurus ...38 Figure 2-18.Finite element model of Dodge-Intrepid...38 Figure 2-19.Finite element model of
Dodge-Neon...39 Figure 2-20.Impact locations of the legform ...39 Figure 3-1.
EEVC legform to bumper tests ...49 Figure 3-2. Lower legform impact test
setup...49 Figure 3-3. Impact locations for legform to bumper tests ...50 Figure 3-4. Knee shearing displacement...51 Figure 3-5. Knee bending angle ...52 Figure 3-6. The acceleration of legform...53 Figure 3-7. The bumper shape of the Ford-Taurus car
...54 Figure 3-8. The bumper shape of the Intrepid car...54 Figure 3-9. The bumper shape of the Dodge Neon car...54 Figure 3-10.The acceleration of the legform ...55 Figure 3-11.The Bending angle of the knee...55 Figure 3-12.The shearing displacement of the knee
...56 Figure 3-13.The acceleration of the legform ...56 Figure 3-14.The Bending angle of the knee...57 Figure 3-15.The Shearing displacement of the knee ...57 Figure 3-16.The acceleration of the legform ...58 Figure 3-17.The Bending angle of the
knee...58 Figure 3-18.The Shearing displacement of the knee ...59 Figure 3-19.The acceleration of the legform in aluminum material case ...59 Figure 3-20.The bending angle of the knee in aluminum material case ...60 Figure 3-21.The shearing displacement of the knee in aluminum material case...60 Figure 3-22.The acceleration of the legform in Polycarbonate material case ...61 Figure 3-23.The bending angle of the knee in Polycarbonate material case ...61 Figure 3-24.The shearing displacement of the knee in Polycarbonate case ...62 Figure 4-1. Determination of upper bumper reference line ...70 Figure 4-2. Determination of lower bumper reference line ...70 Figure 4-3. The shape and dimension of new bumper...71 Figure 4-4. The acceleration of new bumper ...72 Figure 4-5. The bending angle of new
bumper...72 Figure 4-6. The shearing displacement of new bumper...73 LIST OF TABLES Table 1-1. Occupants and Non-occupants Killed and Injured in traffic Crashes ...21 Table 1-2. First impact point on vehicle by casualty severity (Stats 19: 1997-1999)....21 Table 1-3. Percentage of AIS . 2 pedestrian injuries by body region of injury...22 Table 1-4. Percentage of AIS . 2 injuries for pedestrians of all ages ...22 Table 2-1. Legform Material Properties (Unit: mm, ton, sec, N)...40 Table 2-2. Finite element model of Ford-Taurus...41 Table 2-3. Finite element model of Dodge Neon...41 Table 3-1. Impact locations of the
legform...63 Table 3-2. Impact locations of the legform with bumper (Dodge-Neon car) ...64 Table 3-3. Impact locations of the legform with bumper (Ford-Taurus car)...65 Table 4-1. Impact locations of the
legform...74 參考文獻
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