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保安處分下精神鑑定科學性之探討

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(1)

保安處分下精神鑑定科學性之探討

吳文正 MD, LLM, PhD in law

八里療養院社區精神科主任

輔仁大學法律系暨醫學系兼任助理教

(2)

精神鑑定之範圍

• 刑事法

• 責任能力、受刑能力

• 訴訟能力、作證能力

• 民事

• 行為能力

• 禁治產、無意識、精神錯亂

• 精神慰撫金

• 保險

• 行政

• 強制鑑定(社區、住院、治療)

• 身心障礙

(3)

精神鑑定業務之變遷

• 法醫師法第 13 條 :

•法醫師之執業項 目如下:五、精 神法醫鑑定。

• (舊)精神衛生法第 20 條第 1 項後段:

• 犯罪嫌疑人如有精神 疾病或疑似有精神疾 病者,得由司法機關 送請精神鑑定,鑑定 應由二位以上專科醫 師為之。

(4)

現代精神醫學之基礎

• 行為描述

• 非病因

• 專業共識

• 令人混淆之專有名詞

• Disease VS. Disorder

• Illness

• Syndrome

• Organic VS. functional

(5)

何謂 science?

• Paradigm shift (Thomas Kuhn:The Structure of S cientific Revolutions , 1962)

• Karl Popper: 否證論 (falsifiability)

• Pseudo- science

• Science

• 重複

• 檢驗

• 信度

• 效度

(6)

實證醫學( EBM )下之證明力

• Guideline

• Hierarchy of evidence

• Strong evidence-

• published in the high-quality peer-reviewed journals

• Average evidence

• published in journals which no-one really reads

• Weak evidence

• Unpublished

• The study design and execution

(7)

精神鑑定之基本問題

•哲學基礎

•可知論

•不可知論

•實務基礎

•回溯性

•間接性

•主觀性

•變動性

•個別性

(8)

刑事證據法則

• 美國:

• Frye test

• Daubert test

• FRE

• 我國:

• 刑訴法第 12 章第 1 節通

• 刑訴法第 12 章第 3 節鑑 定及通譯

(9)

證據之證明力

• 我國刑事訴訟法第 155 條

• 證據之證明力,由法院本於確信自由判斷。但不得 違背經驗法則及論理法則。

• 無證據能力、未經合法調查之證據,不得作為判斷 之依據。

(10)

證據法則之探討

• 證據能力 (admission of evidence)

• 證明力

• 證明之標準

• Preponderance rule

• Clear and convincing

• Beyond a reasonable doubt

• 科學證據

(11)

Frye v. United States(1923)

• Frye test:

• For evaluating clinical testimony to a polyg raph results

• “ sufficiently established to have gained g eneral acceptance in the particular field to which it belongs”

(12)

Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals(1993)

• Daubert test:

• 一、某特定理論或技術應能接受實證檢驗 (empirical tes t) ,因此增檢視其應用之方法與技術是否能被試驗?

• 二、該理論或技術是否曾為同業檢視 (peer review) 或於 專業期刊所發表 (publication)

• 三、在特別之科學技術,法院應考量已知或潛在錯誤之比 率,以及有無建立客觀之應用或技術操作之標準( existen ce and maintenance of standards controlling the tec hniques operation)

• 四、 Frye 案件所揭示之 general acceptance 原則也應 該為瞭解之重點。

(13)

Federal Rule of Evidence

• Rule 704 (Opinion on Ultimate Issue)

• (b) No expert witness testifying with respec t to the mental state or condition of a defe ndant in a criminal case may state an opinio n or inference as to whether the defendant d id or did not have the mental state or condi tion constituting an element of the crime ch arged or of a defense thereto. Such ultimate issues are matters for the trier of fact alo

(14)

結論與討論

• 精神鑑定之真實發見?

• 中心路徑 VS. 周邊路徑

• 機關鑑定 VS. 自然人鑑定

• 書面報告 VS. 交互詰問

• 精神鑑定之科學性?

• 真科學 VS. 偽科學

• 自然科學 VS. 社會科學

• 醫學評價 VS. 法學評價

(15)

精神鑑定

Illusory?

參考文獻

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