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1      國立交通大學應用數學系 莊重教授   

§13.3 Arc Length and Curvature

1. Arc length:r(t) x(t),y(t) or x(t),y(t),z(t)

   

b a b a b a

dt t r

dt dt dy dt

dx dy dx

L

) ( '

2 2

2 2

     

b a b a b a

dt t r

dt dt dz dt

dy dt

dx

dz dy

dx L

) ( '

2 2

2

2 2

2

(i). 從物理角度看:

r' (t)代表物體在 t 時間的瞬間速度

|r' (t)|代表物體在 t 時間的瞬間速率

|r' (t)|Δt = 小範圍的距離

. )

(

' t dt 代表此物體從t at b所走過的距離

br

a

2. Arc length function ( or Distance Function )

. )

( '

. ) ( ' ) (

速度

距離的變化率 

t dt r ds

du u r t

s t

a

Example 1:

Find the length of the curve

( ) sin 2 , cos 2 , 2

2

, 0 1 .

3

t t t t

t r

  .

9 (D)16 27

6 13 (C)13 9 (B)13 8 13 27 13

)2 A

(

Solution:

(A)

Example 2:

Let C be a curve described by x = f (t), y = g (t), α≦ t ≦β, where f ' and g ' are continuous on [ α, β ] and C is traversed exactly once as t runs from α to β. Which one of the following is always true?

(2)

2      國立交通大學應用數學系 莊重教授   

2 2

2 2

2 2

)) ( ) ( ( )) ( ) ( ( )

D (

) C (

) B (

) A (

x x

y y

dt dt dy dt

dx dt dt dy dt dx

dt dt dy dt dx

dt dt dy dt

dx

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Solution:

(D) Example 3:

Let the distance traveled by a particle with position

2 4 (D) 2 6 (C) 0 (B) 2 ) A (

? Then

. be 3 to 0 from varies as

) cos , (sin )) ( ), (

( 2 2

d

d t

t t

t t t

y t

x

Solution:

(C)

3. 將一個 curve 用 arc length(s) 來作參數式是一個非常有用的想法和技巧.

(如此的表達方式不隨著不同座標系統而改變)

4. Unit tangent vector:

.

| ) ( '

| ) ( ) '

(

r t

t t r

T

(3)

3      國立交通大學應用數學系 莊重教授   

5. Curvature(曲率):a measure of how quickly the curve changes direction at a given point.

Definition:

ds

dT

 曲率

Example 4:

Show that the curvature of a circle with radius a is 1. a Theorem:

(i). 3

| ) ( '

|

| ) (

"

) ( '

| ) ( '

) ( '

t r

t r t r t r

t T dsdtdt dT ds

dT

   

(ii). Given a plane curve y = f (x), then its curvature κ at a given point x is

1 | " ' ( ( ) )

2

|

32

) (

x f

x x f

 

Proof:

(i).

' | |'

T

(1)

dt

T ds r

r

 

(2) T'

"

2

2

dt T ds dt

s

r

d

 

3 2 2

2 2

2

|'

|

|

"

'

|

|'

|

|'

|

|'

|

"

'

"

|' '

|

|'

|

|'

||

|

"

'

. '

"

' ) 2 ( ) 1 (

r r r r T

r r r dsdt

r T r

dt T T ds dt T

r ds r

T dt T

r ds r

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

6. Principal unit normal vector N (t).

| . ) ( '

| ) ( ) '

(

T t

t t T

N

 

   

(4)

4      國立交通大學應用數學系 莊重教授   

7. Binormal vector B (t).

) ( ) ( )

(

t T t N t

B

 

 

參考文獻

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