Section one Origin of the traditional political culture in

Political culture of Taiwan

Since the fifties, Taiwanese society passes economic modernization, the

modernizations of the democratization of politics and society, have finished the transition to the modern industrialized democratic society from the traditional agricultural society. Correspond to it, the political culture of mainstream of the society of Taiwan has changed fundamentally too in this course, namely has realized it by the traditional subject's political transition to participant's political culture of culture. The nature and type of the political culture in Taiwan are analysed and defined to making the transition, probe into contemporary Taiwan political culture make the transition the prerequisite and foundation of the origin.

For this reason, this chapter will analyse the origin of the traditional political culture in Taiwan , social base and early on the influence that the Kuomintang's authority will be ruled at first, then according to having one chapter and listed several standards of judging the political culture type, the political culture of mainstream of the gulf society of the front desk carries on preliminary definition to making the transition first. Because it is one from evolution of the qualitative change progressively of quantitative change that political culture makes the transition, the political culture type of Taiwan still belonged to traditional subject's political culture in the 1950s, had already begun to change from six , the

seventies, to realized the transition to participant's political culture gradually after the 1990s. So, chapter this distinct a will it be the fifties the 20th century and mainstream political culture , Taiwan of society regard target consulted to study as since the 1990s most difference, analyse and make the transition the nature and type of the social political culture of mainstream of gulf of the front desk.

Section one Origin of the traditional political culture in

Taiwan

The political culture of any society all have one's own historical origins . The Kuomintang government withdrew and stand on the defensive in Taiwan initial stage in the fifties, Taiwan political social mainstream have culture form and political tradition , nationality composition , history of Taiwan go through , social state of development ,etc. have a close relation.

壹. The origin of the culture of society and politics of Taiwan can be divided into three respects in the fifties, namely China's traditional subject's political culture of autocratic monarchy , influence of colonial rule and influence of modern democratic movement of Taiwan of 50 years of Japan. The factors of these three respects have determined the basic orientation of the political culture of the mainstream of Taiwan at that time.

China's traditional subject's political culture of autocratic monarchy

First , orthodox Confucianism and political Confucianism

! ¾ Confucianism ¡¿Contribute to or harmful to the setting-up of democratic politics, it is always the focus that academia discusses (Lu RuiZhong, 2005: 11),it is not an easy thing to distinguish this question, but the scholar of any political culture of Taiwan of discussion, can't neglect ¡¾Confucianism

¡¿Influence power to the political culture in Taiwan. It should be first right first to discuss this question ¡¾Confucianism ¡¿Do one to define, otherwise will cause the dispute. According to the scholar (Lu RuiZhong, 2005: 1-18)Research,' Confucianism not orthodox ' (namely can't rely mainly on Confucius, Mencius, Xunzi first Qin the Confucianists) maintain ' enlightened and autocratic ', think about the people , regard the people as the foundation of the country , pay

attention to the voices of people in everything, have built and constructed the political culture that is based on the people ; To is it help production of middle class to advocate 11 tax, education thought that have no differences is it is it popularize to educate to contribute to, so ' orthodox Confucianism ' is favorable to the appearance in China of democracy. As Fig. 2-1 shows:

Fig. 2-1: Confucianism and relation of democratic politics are pursued (Lu RuiZhong, 2005: 8)

But Confucianism, or policy maintain adopt for the future autocratic monarchy China Qin. What autocratic monarchy China adopts is mainly Legalists thought. Because the Warring states era's countries annex fiercely, various countries have to adopt centralization , mobilization system in order to prepare for gram fighting , in order to is it call together army fill actual combat strength , so political opinion of the Confucianists ask having no door to sell at to

seek, Legalists is welcomed by monarches of various countries favourably instead. Han Feizi says: ' nowadays anxious strength , if want to with the wide and slow policy , manage the people of urgent generation , does not still have a bridle slip but resist the fierce horse, trouble that does not know this even ' (five moths ). Legalists advocates centralization, mobilization system like Han Fei (Lu RuiZhong, 1989: 41), harsh law and severe punishment , fights the policy agriculturally , resists official , the still first work systemming, accord with the request that the monarches of countries gain mastery over the enemy most. Later on state of Qin walked in Han Fei's way, calmed down in six countries at last, thereafter issued the banned book order, burn book hole Confucianism . Hereafter, whether barbarous Legalists thought of doctrine and culture Qin (RuiZhong Lu, 1989. 177),Place oneself above Confucianism of people's thought and culture in week. Chinese imperial court for the future, hate to leave on to shut on own to is it bear Qin make , autocratic monarchy system then continue to use forever to use autocratic monarchy, during this, although Emperor Wu Di of the Han dynasty has solied respect Confucian learning and dismissed the various schools of thinkers from office, but ' all not in the department of six skills, unless the Confucius one skill , all definitely it line,it don't make not going forward side by side ' (History as a Mirror, whether Vol. 17 Dong Zhongshu countermeasure, quote auspicious Zhong Lu since, 2005.

9),Therefore, since Qin and Han Dynasty , go through it towards the act that all adopts ' open overcast law of Confucianism ', do not really adopt ' orthodox Confucianism ' and run a country . (Lu RuiZhong, 2005: 9).

The reason why autocratic monarchy can go through one one year , is it is it have close relations to pledge loyalty to to demonstrate with Confucianism person to monarch wholeheartness after the Chinese Qin.

Confucianism person, ' neither use one's four limbs nor tell the five grains apart ' (the Analects of Confucius , little son's page), but in order to support the family the survivor of a murder attempt, since look on as and ask the knowledge of selling in order to make a living . In order to make a living, past dynasties Confucianism person often violates ' with a thing monarch, it can't stop ' (Analects of Confucius , advanced person piece), ' since you since line ' (Xunzi , official dish) Confucianism maxim(ZeHua Liu, 2000: 8),very person , act as cat's paw for an evil-doer , help Zhou to become ' the vilain Confucianism ' that Confucius worries as evil . The speech advocated of person who exceeds the Confucianists' ideal Confucianism of political rights desire , scholar (Lu RuiZhong, 2005: 9)Call it ' political Confucianism ', in order to contrast ' hole , Meng , orthodox Confucianism of Xun '. The greatest difference of the two, such as form 2-1:

Form 2-1: Orthodox Confucianism and political Confucianism's idea comparison sheet

2-1 analyse from form political Confucianism maintain autocratic monarchy ,

centralization , emphasize the monarch and his subjects 3 cardinal guides , thing 2 main fact , object to the revolution, all these with maintain enlightened autocracy , de-centralism , select main fact and bodyguard , agree that revolutionary orthodox Confucianism does not accord with, obvious ' political Confucianism ' is ' Legalists Confucianism ', ' aid the law and enter Confucianism ', as refered as the desolate civil right ' take the foe for one's father ', all with Kong MengXun large looks Jing front yard , but agree with one with Legalists jointly in its opinion.

Since the Song yuan, MingLi Song learn house advocate ' deposit justice , kill people want ', equate ' justice ' in order to ' the 3 cardinal guides ' especially, to the autocratic monarchy, as good as pouring oil on the fire , ' you want the official to die, have to die official ' official it belongs to to be political culture,MingLi Song it last spread of house, extend and plant it in the culture of the language of China deeply. The culture enters Taiwan with immigrants of the Hans too in this distinct ' political Confucianism '.

Second, political Confucianism and official of Taiwan belong to political culture

Song before, Taiwan is still an undeveloped island, it is very primitive that the national social state of development lives originally in Taiwan. Since the Ming Dynasty in order to lower, because developed and western colonists of the coastal maritime traffic of southeast of China are to the taking the risk of sailing and expanding of the east, the importance of Taiwan rises day by day. Since middle and later periods of Ming Dynasty , some coastal people in southeast of mainlands have been reached Taiwan by Penghu and carried on the cultivation already. In last years of Ming Dynasty, Holland and Spain invaded Taiwan, and built the city to illegally occupy in Taiwan, begin the colonial rule of Taiwan.

Holland defeated Spain in 1645, dominated Taiwan exclusively . On the occasion of end of Ming Dynasty in China in confused civil war period, large quantities of coastal residents or in order to escape the chaos caused by war, or migrate to Taiwan under the recruiting of Dutch colonists. After Zheng Chenggong expels Dutchmans and captures Taiwan, large quantities of mainland people migrate to Taiwan. In a situation that immigrant reached Taiwan continually at the continent, Taiwan turns into a society relying mainly on immigrants of the Hans gradually.

Reach these immigrants of the Hans in Taiwan, the overwhelming majority is peasants, traditional peasant mentality and cultural orientation of Chinese peasant inherent subjects formed in the mainland are taken to Taiwan too. ' Japan by 1906 rules in initial stage , it is about more than 100,000 people that national population lives originally in Taiwan, but the Hans have 2,900,000. ' (week the deep, 1999:66) population, language, culture of the Hans,etc.,on Taiwan society, have always occupied the absolute leading position over several hundred years. ' at historical culture, Taiwan extension, Chinese of culture, adopt China's cultural spirit taking the Confucianists' feudal order thought as mainstream; Conduct oneself in society the doctrine of the golden mean of holding , connect thing with hardworking and thrifty to endure hardships for the foundation , life regards family as the centre. ' (KeZhi Liu , 1995:7) ' account for the Hans because it up to percent or nine seven of island proportion not the whole, tradition , language of culture in not adopting, form major culture '. (Peng HuaiEn 1997:34) ancient China is a typical Confucian culture society based on agriculture. In a society taking Chinese nationality as subject such as Taiwan, the political culture of mainstream of the society of Taiwan, is a cultural tradition of subjects inheritting China's political Confucian culture and smoking under the pottery too.

The Hans immigrants have not merely brought their inherent traditional subject's political culture, and as Taiwan is included in the governance of China formally , make such traditional subject's culture consolidated and strengthened in Taiwan.

Capture after the Taiwan, Zheng Chenggong set up bright Zheng WangChao by China traditional political way in Taiwan, carry on centralization of state power political management to Taiwan , make can be put together and strengthened on subject consciousness , Taiwan of peopling scattered. After the Qing Government unified Taiwan in 1683, set up local government to administer in Taiwan. In more than 200 years after this, under the ruling feudally and autocratically of Qing Dynasty, the Taiwanese people and mainland people are the same, is all that Qing Dynasty had jurisdiction over subjects under, subject consciousness , subject's culture of ' political Confucianism ' strengthen further.

Certainly, Taiwan is as a immigrant's society relying mainly on the Hans, because of in the border areaing, keep away from the central power centre, therefore has had a kind of fight spirit all the time among the Taiwanese people, however, under suppressing feudally and autocratically sternly, on the whole, subject's cultural orientation has been the political culture of mainstream of the society of Taiwan all the time . Such traditional subject's cultural orientation is not merely the political culture of mainstream of the society of Taiwan at that time, and the main origin of the modern culture of society and politics of Taiwan.

Two. Influence of Japan's colonial rule

After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 in 1894 years, the Qing Government is forced to cede Taiwan to Japan, began Japan to the colonial rule of half a century of Taiwan from then on. The war of the Pacific Ocean was over until 1945, Japan did not have to give up the sovereignty of Taiwan . At the

beginning of the fifties, when the Kuomintang government retreated in defeat in Taiwan, Taiwan just liberated from the colonial rule of Japan, 50 years -long Japan's colonial rule, leave political cultural orientation of the society of Taiwan at that time deep branding. So, the colonial rule of Japan, influence another important factor of the cultural orientation of the society and politics of Taiwan at that time too. As everyone knows, Japan has been a subject's society with very thick cultural consciousness all the time , Japan has strengthened and strengthened the cultural orientation of subjects of the society of Taiwan further to the colonial rule of Taiwan. Japan's colonial rule influences the political culture in Taiwan from two respects mainly, one is autocratic system of Japan governor in Taiwan, another one is that Japan colonizes the people sports of emperor ruling later stage .

First, autocratic system of governor palace (1) Six three laws

Like other colonists, Japanese colonists enter Taiwan in the capacity of victor and persons who conquer . Before ceding to Japan, the Taiwanese people and mainland people are both subjects under the governance in Qing Dynasty, it is equal basically. But after Japanese colonists occupy Taiwan, Taiwanese people become subjects outside France of Japan . The political position of the Taiwanese people drops greatly .

Meeting of Japanese kingdom of 1896 years ¡¾Six three laws ¡¿,' make Taiwan the governors have not here Taiwan legislative power. Because this system makes Taiwan become the special field of the Japanese kingdom, even if become Japanese people's Taiwanese, it is enjoyed that also unable to the right that the Japanese constitution ensure, but the governor palace of Taiwan that must be limited by and make one's own decisions without consulting with others,

the people's discontent causes Taiwan to live in result, and because of seizing the legislative power of the Congress by force, also cause the criticism of some members of congress and scholars. ' (Xue HuaYuan, 2004:119-120)moreover, at the beginning to rule Taiwan, because of facing Taiwanese people's resistance in rapid succession, Japanese government passes and strengthens the colonial rule organization and armed suppression to the Taiwanese people, force the Taiwanese people to yield to the colonial rule of Japan.

(2) The Bao-Jia system

Rule it during 51 in Taiwan in Japan, successively adopted three stages to manage a policy --' not assimilate the doctrine ' (1896 --1919), (1919 ' assimilation doctrine 's --1936), (1936 ' the emperor the people's sports 's --1945)(Li GongQin 2004:198), and most Taiwanese governors come from for the military officer. The first three terms of governors, ' all fail to dispel the tense face-off inside the island , ruin the officer to admonish day by day because of bureaucrat's faction question instead, and because unable to suppress " bandit ", criticize Japanese press harsh words ' (GongQin 2004:198 Li)

The my darling takes up the post of the fourth governor very much in the jade source of ones that came from department's soldier of long state in February of 1898, jade though origin soldier,it good at administrative business,and it last flexible wrist not political (2004:199 in GongQin Li), he appoints Gotoh to be new and flat and takes the post as the civil administration leader. According to the research that Lee's work is hardworking (2004:199 );

It is new and flat for Gotoh to establish Taiwan and big person who has rendered outstanding service who suppresses ' the bandit ' of Japan ' manages ', it expounds in the " national hygiene principle " book book published in 1889 that

is reaching Ewen that his idea of running a country can consult it ' thing competing it is selected , survival of the fittest ' under being the theoretical,definitely it can not have produced ' the social in citizen self-disciplining ', so must adopt making one's own decisions without consulting with others of ' the rational autocrat ' and ' absolutism ' , in order to create the ideal human society. In front of going Taiwan, Gotoh propose ' Taiwan rule person who help meet an urgent need ' , in point out in the article that will respect Taiwanese's folkways and customs, implementing omnipotent doctrines of police, the rational autocratic rule policy of reducing the administrative expenses and exploring the financial actively etc. manages the platform.

Resist in the face of arms of Taiwanese, ' Gotoh new to visit and take the picture " police's country " of Prussia while being flat, set up one tight social network system, ' (2004:199 GongQin Li), and with a clear while curing one

¡¾The Bao-Jia system ¡¿Based on,cooperate with police system,strengthen control on society of Taiwan.

Clear Israel while managing Taiwan ¡¾The Bao-Jia system ¡¿It is a self-defence organization of Taiwan, the task is helping the government to take precautions against bandits and safeguard the local public security. In August of 1898, announced ' the regulations of neighbourhood administrative system ' in the governor palace, stipulate ten one ' first ', for one 10 first ' protect '. Protect and have ' protect strought ', first has ' first 镸' , term of office is two years, deal with the public affair in one's own family (Xue HuaYuan waits, 2004:52). ' the neighbourhood administrative system is worked out and does not regard individual as the unit , but it is single to regard family as , regard parents as representatives , leave men and women, old and young alone in the family,

include in the neighbourhood administrative system system in the capacity of the people of the neighb ourhood administrative system , is supervised by parents again Its establishment is to regard there is old Taiwanese (Chinese nationality ) spoilting as the target . Japanese , foreigner in the area (except clear compatriots),etc., but not the target that the neighbourhood administrative system is implemented. ' (Zhu Yuan , 2004:26)

Japan is promoting ¡¾The Bao-Jia system ¡¿The beginning,' focus on by evil law no doubt by " joint liability " , come it help police not to be kept the peace, thereafter the nature of the neighbourhood administrative system is transfered toward complicatedly. ' (Xue HuaYuan , 2004a : 118). Learn from " series of books of the neighbourhood administrative system " , the duty of protecting the neighbourhood administrative system battle person such as being long of , first is as follows:

1: Protect the positive post:

( 1) , supervise first long post, report first long incidents reported to to the officers of police.

( 2) , the lesson is good at leading the people of living while protecting, make it not have a bad behavior.

( 3) , help police government official search and is it mend criminal to capture.

( 4) , the person who punishes stipulations of violating .

( 5) , praising and awarding rescueing and is sympathized on relevant stipulations.

( 6) , what it is too idle and gold to have something to do with seek and accept and dealt with.

( 7) , revenue and expenditure and budget final accounts and lesson of

composing about funds are sought and accepted .

( 8) , when confirm that there is unusual fluctuation on the registered permanent residence or receive declaring from the

neighbourhood administrative system, must report to government officials of police .

( 9) , as confirm it is criminal , the unusual one of behavior or have when being suspected to be a person who infects patient, should report to

government officials of police rapidly .

2: First long post

( 1) , assistance protects the positive post.

( 2) , the discrepancy investigated in first of registered permanent residence , tube bank in first

( 3) , help police government official is it , search and is it mend criminal to capture to protect.

( 4) , warning nail 内 The people live, there are bad behaviors.

( 5) , when confirm that there is unusual fluctuation on the registered permanent residence or receive declaring from the

neighbourhood administrative system, must be reporting to first.

( 6) , as confirm it is criminal , the unusual one of behavior or have when being suspected to be a person who infects patient, should turn towards and protect and declare rapidly .

' watch on Taiwanese life aspect, with the push of the neighbourhood administrative system according to big autumn getting fragrant research, popularize the modern hygiene thought , infection improving the housing

and beautifying the environment , checking the infectious disease ,etc., its effect belong to front ,not definite ',but in orientation not political, Taiwan of people, ¡¾the Bao-Jia system ¡¿It is intimidate method of ruling ones that full of more ' supervise not warning " lesson " ' ,etc.,in addition, ' place law will be sat in succession ' ' near in order ' supervise each other, strengthen orientation , subject of culture , people of Taiwan , , study according to scholar Zhu Yuan (2004:39 - 40 ),

Japan rules the role and his activity acted of neighbourhood administrative system in the history of Taiwan, on one hand, for implementing the association of the people's strength at the basic level with construct again in fact, have denied the totally Western-style meeting way to no small extent on the other hand. It seems that in people's words and deeds in Taiwan at that time, accord with neighbourhood administrative system or autonomy of the place of Taiwan, but not the parliament is the autonomy.

(3) Systems of police

' , while implementing three sections of guard in 1897 , police of Taiwan have 3110 people by wood. The my darling becomes the governor very much in child's jade source next year, after abolishing three sections of guard , carry on the reform of policeman's system. ' (HuaYuan Xue, whether 2004a: 118) on one hand it last local police station at all parts, setting up at the same time and training the organ to foster talents, the task that will keep the peace is totally under the care of police, cooperate and assist a ruler in governing a country with the the Bao-Jia system . ' by 1901, the Taiwan one police up to number more than 5,600,local police station 930 pieces ',(HuaYuan Xue, 2004a: 118) can not merely suppress any arms and resist against Japan and take action with so rich police

strength, help the governor palace to control the society of Taiwan even more. In all ' territories in Japanese kingdom, the police of Taiwan are the highest in density. ' take 1922 as an example, each of Taiwan have 3.1 policeman , criticize for Korea that soldier rule, each sq. km. has 1.3 policemen only. ' (Xue HuaYuan,2004a:118) last era day, the police are exposed to the local despot who have power most in the daily life, the status of patrolling of the place is on the gentry even more, known as ' the adult ', its status can see a spot . Because police's functions and powers are being expanded constantly, deepen the people's lives, therefore rule Taiwan under in Japan and is ruled by the typical police. Unify enterprise group one of Wu repair neatly, its aunt remembers the Japanese police and general Taiwanese villager's interdynamic situation: (Guide it since:

The page part all over the world, 1992: 345)

The police, are called ' the adult ' by Taiwanese, most of them carry the whip every place to patroll , move the track to curse and beat in a stern voice frequently, make villagers frightened Villagers fear the police very much, check clean each Sunday, it is finished cleaning that I stand up completely early, leave the empty room to wait for and is picked up checking. It is once come ahead of time policeman,it avoid I as,in a hurry it duck under the supernatural desk, too tense to dare to resume .

Under the circumstances that the Japanese government suppresses and rules with tight police sternly, ' is Zhenping of Japanese aggressor troop that the military force of the Hans of tableland resists against Japan, resisting against Japan several of molecule and is totally massacre, the person in Taiwan maintains a discreet silence. ' (Qi JiaLin, 1998:1498)at this moment, most Taiwanese people's political cultural orientation is a kind of passive , subject

constrained extremely of asking natural disposition orientation. Such political culture psychology has obvious influence on later on the Taiwanese people's political cultural orientation too.

The people sports of second , emperor

Japan rules on later stage , the people of the emperor that pursues in Taiwan sports, influence the second important factor in political cultural orientations of Taiwanese people. From 1919, Japan's colonial rule to Taiwan enter so-called "

culture rule " period. Japanese government begins to pursue the policy of "

lengthening the doctrine in the hinterland " of assimilating the Taiwanese people.

Japan stay Taiwan 17th governor little Lin is it bring up when letting putting forward " emperor the people , , industrialization , the south enter base "

managing platforming three principling new to will it be September 1936. After China's Anti-Japanese War broke out in 1937, Japan strengthened the people policy of the emperor in Taiwan. Its main project includes: Forbid Chinese, popularize Japanese , changes the Japanese name, replace already existing various kinds of faith in Taiwan ,etc. with the Japanese way of the spirits. Japan school , emperor the people present with respect society , emperor the people practise into an organization and organize public and private through Taiwan, attempt to assimilate the Taiwanese people from the respects , such as language , spirit ,etc.. ' emperor the people there is speciality of sports it is by the people not foolish ' emperor the people ' honor and ' emperor the people ' material treatment that can obtain, as bait, the ones that attract the people pledge loyalty to; It cooperate it is for Taiwan people ' for people words and deeds,if smell not knowing whether namely and can't wipe out ' threat not enormous. ' (inspire confidence in Guo reputation, 1998:354) ' not merely it

attempt it make ' Taiwanese the people ' unable to become ' respectful and submissive Japan the people not good ' of, make ' the Taiwanese member of a nationality ' become advantages and disadvantages and Japanese people altogether even more. ' (Yang JianCheng, 1995:11)the people implementation of sports of the emperor , make Taiwanese at the middle and upper levels of a part assimilated as " faithful and upright person subjects " of the Japanese kingdom.

To a lot of Taiwanese, the emperor the people's sports make them lose national sense of ownership , become the so-called " orphan in Asia ". ' they receive an education in Japan , understand Japanese, but still regarded as second-class citizen by Japanese, it is any discontented not to and does not dare to have . ' (Chen KongLi , 1996:348) emperor the people the sports strengthen Taiwan subject orientation not political where the societies take the bitter with the sweet of further.

Ginseng. Influence of the modern democratic movement

After Taiwan becomes the colony of Japan, it has that the Taiwanese kind and upright men's politics is being demanded all the time to strive for with Japanese's political equality and autonomy. In 1907, Liang Qichao told and became Lin XianTang of the main leader of national movement of Taiwan later, under the suppresion of Japan, the resistance way to take violence , the just meaningless one 犠 Domestic animal. You had better study Irish and deal with the British method , make the central political V.I.P. in Japan, in order to pin down the governor palace of Taiwan , make it not dare to oppress Taiwanese excessivly . Even try to make the public right further, in order to oppose Japanese colonists. Such so-called " Irish way ", manage era on day, Taiwanese people strive for politics equally with the autonomy main way.

First, the parliament sets up sports of presenting a petition

After the First World War, under the influence of the national self-determination principle put forward in fourteen plans of US President Wilson's, National Liberation Movement sweeps across Asian-Africa and colony countries and regions of Latin America. Such large international environment and the May Fourth Movement of the mainland had encouraged and promoted the national self-determination and political democratic movement of Taiwan. In December of 1920, Lin ChengLu published the article on " Taiwanese youth ", proposed setting up the colony parliament in Taiwan, realize the opinion of autonomy of Taiwan. In January of 1921, offered the hall to head and put forward

" the parliament of Taiwan set up the petition " to parliament of Japanese kingdom formally from forest . Among 13 years after this , have held the petition 15 times altogether from beginning to end. As to Japanese government, this one maintains that causes Taiwan ' danger which moves towards the Britain type dominion colony, may even cause and independent of Japan and move , and refuse all the time. ' (Xue HuaYuan, 2004a: 127) moreover, this petition is come as a hard blow at by Taiwanese governor yet. September of 1934, stay tough pressure , Taiwan of governor in Japan, Lin XianTang ,etc. are forced to stop "

the parliament sets up sports of presenting a petition ". Autonomy sports of Taiwan turn to and pursue the limited local autonomy under the governor palace of Taiwan. Even so, this sport has still played a certain push role to formulation and development of social national self-determination and democratic consciousness of Taiwan.

Second, preliminary autonomy sport in the thirties

Besides sport of setting up of parliament, Taiwanese elites of Japan who managed the times have also established cultural association , Taiwan Janata

Party , Taiwan Communist Party and Taiwan local autonomy alliance of Taiwan ,etc. in succession, they hold various kinds of lectures, lecture touringly in all parts of Taiwan , advertise that democratic constitutional government , autonomy and politics participate in. But, these organizations and sports dismiss or fail in succession under the autocratic suppression that rule of Japan. Taiwan manages the politics launched in era to resist in Japan, is the main embodiment of the modern democratic movement of Taiwan. Fight these too ' have getting modern often , emphasize free guarantee basically by view , freedom of civil rights, and participate in the right of politics: Or cut from point of view of class' socialist view, put emphasis on carrying on socialist class sports. ' (Xue HuaYuan , 2004a : 127), though these organizations and sports have not achieved success , but its buries democratic consciousness and pursues the kindling material that politics is participated in in the society of Taiwan , it is one of later on origins that the sense of participation of society and politics of Taiwan grows up.

Though Japan began to go on the militarism road in the 1920's or 1930's in the 20th century, but the political system remains the democratic system of a kind of constitutionalism in form in its country, have all already implemented representative system democracy and general election no matter in the central authorities or the locality. Strive for pressure of democratic movement is ' because of in conformity with era trend , that people retreat never to fight for civil rights , tide to ask autonomy to relax Taiwan in Taiwan, Japanese colonists made the limited concession at last. Announced " the local autonomy system correcting case of Taiwan " on April 1 , 1935, announced that voted and was elected for the Taiwanese people in open parliament's names of half the Congressmen. Will know with the city to set up and resolve after deliberation the

state of ability in the state , city of Taiwan. Under the new system, Taiwan live in the people have participate in channel of politics finally, 1936 first turn-out rate about to up to 96% in electing. ' (Xue HuaYuan, whether 2004a: 128) at first class politics not central it last respect, in March of 1945, Japanese House of Representatives stipulated that Taiwan could elect five Congressmen of House of Representatives, but the chance that this right was not implemented at all before Japan surrenders. No matter Japanese colonists are in what Taiwan implement the purpose of the democratic reform, but there are positive meanings to the growth of the social sense of participation of Taiwan in these reforms objectively.

The modern society of Taiwan strives for sports of democratic autonomy ' pass the means that various kinds of societies move, promote autonomy sport pour forward disconnected never, to folk to produce extensive and deep mobilization function already, force Japanese authorities open some right to vote, general civil rights of people consciousness awaken increasingly and autonomy train riper too. (Zheng Zi, 1990:76) there is far-reaching influence on the further development of the political sense of participation of native country of Taiwan in the modern democratic movement of Taiwan.

In a word, the political culture of mainstream of the society of Taiwan comes from the traditional subject's culture of China, on one hand colonial rule strengthened this kind of subject's orientation further in 50 in Japan, under modern fight and colony political system reform of democratic movement influence in Taiwan on the other hand, the political sense of participation begins to grow up among the

political elite and people of Taiwan too.

Section two Social base of the traditional political culture in Taiwan

The political culture of any kind all have its corresponding social bases . Often cause different social personality types and political orientation type at different developing stage , different economic life styles and social life style of society.

The development level of social economy determines the state , people's cognition of oneself's ability and attitude toward politics of people's wealth of society , so, the economy attitude of a society and social structure are social bases of determining the political culture type of mainstream. The development of the human society was evolved rudimentarily, simply to advanced , complicated development basically. It judge by Max's view,hunt society, agricultural society, several period of stage such as industrial society of what has been gone through primitive productivity development level the collections, fish.

Accordingly, there is each corresponding political culture type of mainstream at each stage. Early primitive fishing and hunting is gathered the initial stage stage and agricultural society in the human society, the political culture of villagers that Almond said is occupying the leading status in the society. Subject's culture or subjects - Villager's culture is the country in agricultural era and political culture characteristic of the society. Participant's political culture is that those have already entered the political culture form that the country of the industrial society has had . The agricultural society is the social base of the traditional political culture in Taiwan .

One. The agricultural society is the foundation that the

traditional subject's culture produces and exists

Any political culture will depend on certain social economic base , economic form and development level determine social members' personality way and orientation to politics. For example, the typical characteristic of the personality orientation with Chinese tradition is: Make the best of things, take the bitter with the sweet, have nothing to compete for with others, whether other people's business , it reflect by politics it is for submitting to, tolerance that is authoritative, have not striving for to, this belongs to a kind of typical subject's personality and orientation in political culture. The forming of traditional such typical subject's personalities of Chinese and life of agricultural society for thousands of years of China have direct relations. Agricultural society and agricultural economy are foundations that the traditional subject's culture produces and exists. Its main reason has the following several respect:

One agricultural society and politics and core of life

First, the patriarchy , monarchical power , authority are agricultural society and politics and core of life. People depend on the mankind control ability to natural environment and social environment to the attitude and expectation of the environment and society. People attitude to politics is equally controlling as the foundation with the ability of the society naturally with people. In the agricultural society, land and agricultural production are foundation of social survival and development and basic means. Because the agricultural productivity level is relatively low, it is very limited that people transform natural ability . On the premise of working hard, the agricultural output is not only limited but also the harvest quality is totally influenced by natural conditions. People, to deciding that one's own production and natural phenomena of existence destiny are neither understood, unable to control, this kind of state makes people

produce a kind of sense of revering to strong strength , such as nature ,etc. in the heart of hearts . Offering it and fearing one kind of destiny views , such as god , " leaving it to chance " , " living on heaven " ,etc. produces on the basis of this. So, people in agricultural era have one kind naturally to strong strength of outside or authoritative fear. Under agriculture's economic form, people defend tenaciously the land, make a living by cultivating, and the low productivity level of agricultural era make the land result and other existence resource very limited, cause the lance between numerous population and limited means of livelihood, and then make the products assign and become the serious problem. ' numerous population distribute limited resources, it is apt to attend to one thing and lose sight of another particularly , cause the dispute . For preventing from this it is that distribution have in the kinds destroy dispute a person-to-person one the peaceful ' (GuoShu Yang, QiZheng Ye, 1984:41), for further existence and need of development too, in the agricultural society, ' cannot but set up the social structure of a kind of authority type . ' (Yang GuoShu,etc., 1984:41)agricultural production regards family's agriculture as the base unit , the production unit that the family is not merely, and people's life and consume the foundation relied on, so the social structure of the authority type is established in the family at first, this is a patriarchy. Father's minor authoritative relation structure is not only a core of the social structure inside family , family of agricultural society, and the foundation stone of the other social relationships structure of agricultural society. In this way, people are from urinate to live under an authoritative relation network. Through the strict socialized course , accept the authority , comply with the authority and emphasize that the authority becomes the most basic value orientations of people. At social aspect, each family , family belong to one set clan , clan or country ,etc. military political group.

Because to the greed and occupying wanting to exist (Webber in all ' all countries , all persons of all eras in this world ' on one's body of the wealth, 1987:8). Under the law of nature that the weak are the prey of the strong, in order to protect and expand the material wealth and power , such as land , population , livestock that have already had ,etc., the contention and war between these military political groups are the most common kind of state of agricultural society. ' nearly make monarchism regime become unavoidable in scale of the frequent and agriculture country of the war in a big and wide organization. ' (Webber, 1987:18) monarch and kings as these for upper-class elements, power and owners not main of wealth organizing group, based on the need of instinctive power desire and security to often arrogate authority, require the absolute conformity of other social members in this group and submit to the rule of, otherwise will punish . The kings not only possess a large amount of wealth and strength but also often utilize the religion to deify oneself for the nature or the supernatural agent in human world of strength, in order to transfer people's fear right naturally and supernatural to on one's body, strengthen its authority. In the face of the strength and mythology of the king and monarch, most people are unable to contend with it in the society, and submit to authoritative orientations originally , choose to gain the stability and peaceful of life by submitting to the rule of and paying contributing in the big city finally. In this case, the patriarchy authority in the family of agricultural society is put under the authorities of the country and monarch, forming layers of submitting to the rule of the authoritative system from bottom to top, the relation between the monarch and domestic other people is the relation between monarch and subject on politics. Under the family and national double authoritative system, because people were born in then, long Yu Si, will make people obey

authoritative subject's orientation and become a kind of most basic value orientation unavoidably.

Two submits to the rule of: Peasants' rational choice

Second, not qualified to participate in politics and oppose authoritative ability in the agricultural society , to most people, it is often a kind of helpless rational choice to submit to the rule of the authority. Level of production of agricultural society limited, this make most peasants, it is impossible to gather a large amount of material wealth , support him to study cultural knowledge further.

On one hand, the politics of the agricultural society is a kind of typical meritocracy, inheritting, wealth or cultural knowledge, it is foundation and means of entering the political field, and form peasants of the main body of the agricultural society, because the overwhelming majority lacks above-mentioned participating in the political foundation and means, have no chance to participate in politics all one's life. On the other hand, politically, ' the formal royal administration, in fact is only limited to the administrations of the urban area and area under the jurisdiction of the municipal government, the village is the autonomous region that has no product the officer ' (Webber , 1995:145). So, the control on vast countryside and peasant of the king or the monarch is very limited. In general cases, peasants submit to the rule of in the monarch's obligation, pay certain levy , forced labour that clothes stipulate regularly every year, the rest most time live in " and sunrise do, Japan enters but stops , ploughs but eat , dig a well but drink, what have " the emperor is far away as the sky, not imprison by villager of politics under state. The ruler is keeping the law and order of the society, this is very important in agricultural society, ' because the natural instinct of agricultural economy does not allow state of anarchy, no matter what it

is, reason (policy strive conflict is it seed to delay for instance,) poor harvest that cause mean starving thousands of people, Liang time continuous poor harvest meaning disaster '. (Laski, 1988:310) in any case, survive with peaceful for attach to nativeland and unwilling to leave it , life stop up , wealth , , knowledge and personal ability limited peasant come to say it is the most important very.

When the cost that submits to the rule of can still be stood, in order to is it is it survive with a kind of rational choice too to gain to submit to the rule of.

Three agricultural society and subject's culture

Third, the agricultural society is the rich soil that subject , grade and authoritative idea had and spread. Emphasize subject's consciousness and the thought theories of the authority , grade values, not only suit the actual life of the agricultural society but also can meet the need of maintaining the political order of the authority , so, the approval extremely ruling class and recommending , and become the major values of the agricultural society; Such as advocating "

five human relations of 3 cardinal guides ", traditional Confucianism of China in political ethics ideas , such as " loyalty and filial " ,etc. is a model. In to inculcate and smoke pottery the idea, subject consciousness and subject on consolidate and carried forward in being invisible and tangible orientation. Pass the recommend and developedding of centuries , several thousand years again, this kind of thought and value orientation become cores of agricultural society and politics culture. In people of the traditional agricultural society, often the monarch and his subjects , authority , grade relation in political or social life will be regarded as a kind of normality , it is even unable to imagine replacing this kind of official's belonging to , grade relation with the politics of other types or the social relationships. In a situation that agriculture's productivity was not

improved , peasants whose life dispersed, not organized, lacked wealth , knowledge , information and ability , as to the thing that ruler most heavy to hope , have mercy love bright you , virtuous official of the people, but unable to imagine even more more other good systems outside autocratic monarchy, possibility more unable to imagine your member of a nationality equal etc.. So, in China's history, ' stand up to object to the tyrant only when the people are unable to endure any longer, but not resist the principle of politics. ' (whether shine gold by base , 1990:136) the China more at agricultural society,' agriculture that China the lifeblood not cultural not social not traditional send , the countryside is traditional China's values and preserver of the outlook on life. ' (yellow person of no common ability,1988:136) for China subject foundation of culture not political not traditional in economy and the agricultural society.

Two. Agriculture is a social attitude of Taiwan of the fifties

Formed from the immigrant of mainland of Fujian , Guangdong for subject since the society of Taiwan is basically. The overwhelming majority is engaged in the cultivation in order to open up virgin soil as the agricultural production activity of the main fact after these immigrate to come to Taiwan. After Zheng Chenggong captures Taiwan, recruit the mainland immigrant in a large amount , develops agricultural production actively, agricultural economy gets very fast development.

After capturing Taiwan in Qing Dynasty, the agriculture to Taiwan cultivates and develops accelerating further, rice , sugar , camphor , tea ,etc. are main agricultural crop of Taiwan. The traditional agriculture of Taiwan is not at the beginning ' self-sufficient economic state, but has been in one and face some market inside the island and commercial agriculture of foreign trade and manage the state all the time . ' (like men 3 times by corner valley, 1996:3)rice , sugar of

Taiwan ,etc. are sold to mainland , Japan , Europe and other places, import the daily necessities to wait from the continent. Such economic state relying mainly on agriculture of the goods is a main characteristic of the economy of Taiwan.

After the Opium War (1840-1842), the Qing Government is forced at the open Taiwanese port, the commoditization of the agricultural economy in Taiwan is strengthened further. In the second half of 19 generations, westernization movement rises in China. After Taiwan built the province in 1885, Liu Mingchuan , first governor of a province of Taiwan , sets up the school , factory in Taiwan, builds the railway . The development of westernization movement is still at the starting stage. Even at the beginning of the 20th century reached, agriculture has been the main body of the economy of Taiwan all the time . ' agriculture while always producing volume before 1907 accounted for more than 70%, but industry was under 15%. ' (Li GuoDing,old wooden here, 1987:75)the total numbers of people of Taiwan were 3,299,493 people in 1910, among them the agricultural population was 2,086,955 people, the agricultural population accounted for 63.25% of total population (Chen ZhengXiang, 1997:75)as a whole, at the beginning of the 20th century Taiwan the same as other provinces of China, remain an agricultural society relying mainly on agricultural economy.

1895 years later, Taiwan becomes the colony of Japan. Japan from 1898 adopt policy of ' industrial Japan, agricultural Taiwan '. This kind ' mode of production of colony, make Taiwan become the industrial products market producing kingdoms of base and Japanese of a agriculture. ' (Xue HuaYuan, 2004a: 144) manage era in Japan, the agricultural economy in Taiwan gets the development analogous to the degree, the area of cultivating on the island has already reached the saturation, use of chemical fertilizer,, water conservancy with and agricultural improvement of production technology make the output of agricultural products

raise by a large margin, the agricultural production of Taiwan has already entered ripe stage. This period, ' the period of melting of modern times very called agriculture of Taiwan. ' (Wu TianQuan, 1993:395)while developing in agriculture, Taiwanese industry relying mainly on processing of farm products won steady development too. After the Sino-Japanese war broke out in 1937, the economic development of Taiwan was included in the economic track of war by Japan too, several produces the necessary goods and materials by cooperating with Japan and warring as the main fact, enter the so-called war-time economy and control era. 為因應戰時經濟的需要以及日本《軍需工業動 員法》的實施，台灣的工業生產有了較大的發展。1939 年台灣工業生產總值首次 超過農業生產總值（工業生產總值占島內生產總值的 45.92%，農業產 值 占

44.40%）。太平洋戰爭爆發，台灣成為日本的「南方前進基地」之後，台灣與軍事

有關的工業，如紡織、機器、造船、水泥、化學工業、重化工業、礦業等都迅速 發展。戰時台灣的工業發展處於一種為日本戰爭服務的畸形狀態，因此，隨著日 本的戰敗和戰爭時期台灣工業受到的嚴重破壞，以及原材料輸入的困難，戰爭結 束時，台灣的工業生產幾乎完全停頓，導致戰後初期的台灣社會經濟又退回到農 業經濟為主的時期。（吳田泉,1993:373-375）就台灣經濟發展的實質而言，在日本 殖民統治時期「台灣是一以農業為主且經歷戰火浩劫的殖民地經濟。」（李國鼎, 陳木在,1987:75）

第二次世界大戰後的五十年代初，是台灣農業經濟的恢復和發展時期。台灣 的農業生產不僅很快恢復到戰前水準，而且大都超過日治時代的最高記錄。由於 農業生產的快速恢復，不僅滿足了島內的需要，甚至還有剩餘農產品可以出口。

據統計，（吳田泉,1993:377）

1950-1953 年的四年間，台灣對外輸出總值中，農產品及農產加工品所占比 率，每年平均在 90%以上（其中糖、米兩項約占 75%）。就工業與農業產值 的比例而言，1952 年，農業在島內生產淨額所占的比重為 35.9%，而工業

則為 18.0%。直到 1963 年台灣工業生產的比重上升至 28.8%，才超過農業 生產的比重 26.7%。

此後工業經濟比重一路上升，而農業生產的比重日趨下降，因此，1963 年被認為 是台灣經濟「從以農業為主轉變為以工業為主的經濟形態的轉折點。」（李國鼎, 陳木在,1987:75）,這表明在五十年代,農業在台灣經濟中仍然居於主導地位。就社 會結構而言，「1951 年台灣的農戶總占總戶數的 45.89%，農家人口占總人口的 52.87%，農業就業人口占總就業人口的 56.69％。」（吳田泉,1993:374）「1952 年台 灣的文盲比例為 41.2%」 （黃俊傑,1998:245）,在農地改革之前，台灣農村人口中 自耕農、佃農占絕大多數，農地改革後，以自耕農為主的小農成為台灣農村的主 要社會成分。以上分析說明，直到五十年代，台灣仍然是一個以農業經濟和農民 為主體的農業社會。

在二十世紀中葉以前，台灣基本上一直是一個農業經濟居主導地位的農業社 會。台灣的農業經濟與農業社會結構是中國傳統臣民文化得以在台灣維持和發展 的社會基礎。

第三節 威權統治對人民心理的影響

二次大戰後，雖然傳統的臣民文化仍然是台灣的主流政治文化，但是經過日 治時代民主運動的鍛煉,台灣知識分子和地主士紳等本土政治精英，已經具備了相 當強烈的政治參與意識，台灣一般人民對於政治參與也已有所認知。然而，二二 八事件以及之後國民黨在台灣的專制統治,嚴厲打擊了台灣人民政治參與的熱情，

強化了台灣社會的臣民化取向。

壹.二二八事件對台灣人民政治取向的影響

1945 年 10 月 25 日，根據《開羅宣言》的規定，中國國民黨政府正式收復台

灣。¹然而，國民黨在政治經濟等方面的所作所為，卻令滿懷政治參與期待與理想 的台灣知識分子與地主士紳大失所望。

在政治上，國民政府在台灣設立了一個與大陸各省不同的制度，即台灣省行 政長官公署。這個機構擁有行政、立法、司法、軍事等各項大權，當時的台灣行 政長官陳儀還身兼台灣警備總司令。這樣台灣省行政長官公署幾乎是日治時期的 總督府的翻版。國民政府名義上給台灣人參政的機會，但實際上台灣人基本上被 排除在中高級職位之外，戰後的台灣，重要的職位幾乎由來自大陸的人士所壟斷。

例如，在「台灣省行政長官公署的 21 名高層人員中，只有一名台籍人士；在長官 公署的 316 名中層人員中，台籍人士只有 17 人，其餘皆為大陸人。台灣光復僅僅 是由大陸人取代了日本人在台灣的統治地位，讓滿懷期待的台灣知識分子開始感 到失望。」（李筱峰,1991:7）在經濟上，政府設立專賣局和貿易局對台灣經濟實行 壟斷，加上戰後經濟處於恢復階段和特殊的國內環境，造成台灣經濟蕭條、物價 飛漲，台灣人民的生活極為窮困。更令台灣人民痛心疾首的是國民黨駐台軍隊紀 律敗壞，士兵經常欺壓百姓。這一切引發了台灣人民對政府當局的極度不滿，為 後來的二二八事件埋下了種子。

1947 年 2 月 27 日台北專賣局查緝員與煙販之間的爭執，引發了台灣官民之間 政治對抗的二二八事件的導火線。3 月初，台灣各地紛紛以民意代表、地方紳士為

中幹組成「二二八事件處理委員會」，這些委員會「一方面試圖整匯民間的意見，

一方面則嘗試和官方溝通事件的解決辦法。」（薛化元,2004b:164）其中台北市成

立的二二八事件處理委員會最具代表性。3 月 7 日，「台北二二八事件處理委員會」

向國民黨政府提出以高度自治為核心的四十二條要求，其中包括：

解除國民黨駐台軍隊的武裝，武器交由各地處理委員會保管；撤除專賣 局、貿易局；省內高級官員多數由本省人擔任，法院院長、各地首席檢察

1 二次大戰後,中華民國政府究竟有沒有,或是如何使台灣成為其國際法上合法的領土﹖無論是國 際法的依據或是發生「合法性」取得的時間點,在學術上都有相當討論的空間;參閱:丘宏達,《一個 中國的原則與台灣的法律地位》,1992,〈法令月刊〉p3-10;許宗力,《兩國論與台灣國家定 位》 ,2000,p249-250;薛化元,2004b,《戰後台灣修憲制憲爭議與國家認同:一個歷史的探 討》,p200-202,台灣新憲法國際研討會論文集,台北,2004,11 月 27-28 日

官全部由本省人充任，本省陸海空軍儘量採用本省人；將台灣省行政長官 公署改為省政府制度，在得到中央核准之前，由《二二八處理委員會》負 責改組等等。（陳木杉,1990:31-33）

顯然他們的要求超過了國民黨政府所能容忍的限度，在騷亂波及全台且難以制 止的情況下，國民黨政府派兵入台進行鎮壓。鎮壓是殘酷的，不僅許多直接參與 暴動與反抗的份子被捕殺，而且許多社會領導精英、醫師、記者，也幾乎在同一

時段裡被捕遇害，一些敢於直言不諱的台灣民間報紙，如《民報》、《人民導報》、

《大明報》等，也遭國民黨當局的查封。

從心理學角度而言，二二八事件的發生「可說是台灣人對當時台灣政治、經 濟、社會和文化等方面的不滿及要求參與政治建設的動機遭受挫折」，「引起憤怒 的情緒而表現出攻擊性的行為」，（陳木杉,1990:120）從本質上分析 , 二二八事件 是台灣政治精英在政治參與意願被壓抑的情況下，而導致的與當局的政治對抗。

根據學者（李筱峰,1991:21）的研究，二二八事件被鎮壓，沉重打擊了台灣政治精 英與人民的政治參與取向，給此後幾十年的台灣政治帶來深遠的影響：

一方面，台灣人的性格受到嚴重的扭曲，過去一直在外來殖民統治下的 台灣人，顯得更加卑屈自辱，處處都表現出不敢違抗統治者以求安全自保 的奴隸性格；另一方面，台灣人民對政治產生恐懼、灰心、失望。

二二八事件造成的恐怖使「台灣的知識分子與社會精英在幾十年中不願與聞 政治」，（Rigger,1999:58）這種對政治的恐懼感與冷漠感，有利於國民黨的一黨專 政，不利於民主憲政的發展。二二八事件對台灣社會政治文化的直接影響就是，

打擊了台灣本土政治精英和人民的政治參與意識，強化台灣社會的臣民政治取向。

二二八事件之前，「台灣的政治精英對於參與台灣政治建設充滿殷切的期望，

積極參與台灣地方各級議員的選舉，1946 年 4 月的台灣省議員選舉中，省參議員 的應選名額僅有 30 名，而全省申請參選的候選人則多達 1180 人，然而到了 1951 年 11 月台灣第一屆臨時省議員選舉時，應選名額達到 85 人，但參選的候選人卻

只有 140 人」（李筱峰，1991：22）。由此可見，二二八事件對於台灣社會政治參 與意識的打擊程度是多麼嚴重。

貳.戒嚴體制與白色恐佈對台灣社會政治取向的影響

隨著在內戰中的節節敗退，從 1949 年起國民黨政府已經開始準備退往台灣。

為全面控制台灣社會，1949 年 5 月 19 日台灣省政府主席、警備總司令陳誠頒布戒 嚴令，宣布台灣地區處於“戰時動員狀態”。5 月 27 日，台灣警備司令部頒布《台 灣地區戒嚴期間防止非法集會、結社、遊行、請、罷課、罷工、罷市、罷業等規

定實施辦法》以及《台灣地區戒嚴期間新聞雜誌圖書管理辦法》，開始對台灣實施

軍事管制，憲法所規定的人民基本自由人權，如集會、結社、言論、出版、講學 等各項自由受到嚴格限制。根據戒嚴法，國民黨在台灣實行黨禁、報禁、限制出 入境自由，台灣從此進入長達 38 年的戒嚴時期，戒嚴體制成為戰後台灣政治體制 的主要特色。在這種政治體制的嚴密管制之下，台灣人民最基本的公民權利被剝 奪，成為國民黨專制統治下沒有任何政治自由的臣民。

國民黨政府遷台後，為維持國民黨政權穩定，在台灣實行威權統治,一方面，

以動員勘亂、反共為名制定了一系列惡法，如《戡亂時期懲治叛亂條例》、《動戡 亂時期檢肅匪諜條例》等，這些法律成為國民黨政府進行白色恐怖、打擊異已的 工具。另一方面，建立起嚴密的特務系統，對台灣人民實行特務統治，監視人民 的一言一行。生活在這種白色恐怖之下的台灣人民隨時都面臨著被查、被抓、被 判刑或被處決的危險。據研究資料統計，「從 1949 年到 1952 年被台灣國民黨當局 以匪諜、共產黨員的名義被處決的達四千人左右，以同樣罪名被判處有期徒刑、

無期徒刑的人有八千到一萬人，至於被秘密處決的人則無從統計。」（陳孔 立,1996:376）國民黨在台灣以大逮捕、大屠殺造成的白色恐怖氣氛，使人人自危, 不敢與聞政治，嚴重壓抑了台灣人民對政治的興趣。繼二二八事件之後的國民黨 白色恐怖，使台灣社會反抗專制的民主精英幾被消滅殆盡，進一步打擊和壓抑了

台灣人民的政治參與取向。

總之，從光復到五十年代，在二二八事件以及國民黨白色恐怖的打擊之下，

台灣本土具有參與取向的政治精英基本被消滅殆盡，普通民眾的政治參與熱情也 幾乎被徹底撲滅，而莫談國事、不問政治的傳統臣民政治取向則是絕大多數台灣 人的現實選擇。

第四節 戰後台灣的政治文化

五十年代，台灣仍然處於以農業經濟為主的農業社會，在這種經濟與社會基 礎上，由於根深蒂固的傳統政治文化取向的影響以及國民黨專制統治造成的政治 壓抑，台灣社會的主流政治文化仍然是以臣民取向為主的傳統臣民政治文化。

Almond 曾經指出，說明一個國家或地區的政治文化的一種方法，「是敘述人民對

政治制度的三個層次－制度、過程和政策－的態度。」（Almond,Powell.Jr,1992:52）

這也是本文分析台灣社會主流政治文化的基本方法，在此基礎上，本節將依據前 一章所界定的幾個區分政治文化類型的標準，對台灣五十代的主流政治文化進行 剖析，進一步說明台灣五十年代主流政治文化的類型與性質。

壹. 人民對於政治系統的取向是政治文化類型的首要標準

人民對於政治系統的取向，也就是政治合法性的基礎和程度是決定一個國家 政治文化類型和性質的首要標準。在以參與者文化為主流政治文化的社會裡，政 府和統治者的「合法性取決於他們在競選中由人民選定以及他們在制訂法律時遵 循憲法程序。」（Almond,Powell.Jr,1992:51）也就是說，政府的統治權力來自於人 民的授予，人民的授權是其合法性的來源。而在傳統臣民政治文化中，統治者或 政府的合法性來自世襲、慣例或實力鬥爭的結果,以及是否遵循傳統的習俗、價值 等。如果以這一標準來界定五十年代台灣主流政治文化，那麼台灣的政治文化顯 然屬於傳統的臣民政治文化類型。

首先，五十年代，台灣國民黨政府的政治合法性,主要來自於蔣介石所擁有的 軍事、經濟和政治實力，而不是來自於真正的人民授權。而蔣介石政府同中國歷 史上傳統的王朝政權一樣,其政治權力是來源於個人在政治鬥爭過程中所擁有的實 力。作為臣民政治文化的一個重要體現，在傳統中國的政治體系中,恩從關係是普 遍存在的，蔣介石從事政治軍事統治幾十年，在國民黨政府與軍隊之中建立了一 個嚴密而有強大的忠於蔣介石個人的恩從關係網，他正是依靠這張網來獲得政治 權力。從 1927 年成立南京國民政府開始直到 1949 年退往台灣之前，儘管曾經三 次下野，但是蔣介石一直是中華民國政府的實際領導人。蔣介石這些權力和地位，

是憑借他所立的恩從關係網，以其軍事實力和政治權術而獲得的。1950 年 3 月 1 日,蔣介石在台灣重新上台執政，靠的也是他在國民黨中的地位、個人恩從關係網 和他所掌握的軍事實力，而不是全體台灣人民通過合法的政治程序對他的授權。

早在 1949 年初，由於內戰連連失敗以及在國民黨內部派系鬥爭的壓力下，蔣介石 宣布第三次辭職下野，由副總統李宗仁任代總統。儘管蔣介石已經下野，但他仍 然是國民黨的總裁，並通過忠誠於他個人的軍政要員掌控著南京國民黨政府的軍 政實權。1949 年 10 月中共在北京宣告成立中華人民共和國，國民黨政府幾經輾轉 最後遷往已經完全處於蔣介石控制之下的台灣，而不願受制於蔣介石的民國政府 代總統李宗仁,則飛往美國治病。由於「李宗仁拒不辭職，蔣介石要想通過法定手 續重新當選總統是很難的。根據 1946 年中華民國憲法，總統應由國民代表大會選 出，因為當年參加選舉總統的 2765 名國民大會代表中只有 1080 名在戰敗後隨國 民黨政府到台灣，不夠法定的半數。」（李筱峰,1991:56）急於復職的蔣介石撇開 法定的管道，透過國民黨元老、要員，由國民黨中常會於 1950 年 2 月 23 日通過 決議，請蔣介石早日復職總統。2 月 24 日立法院 331 名立法委員一致通過,請蔣介 石復總統職位的決議。蔣介石隨即於 3 月 1 日在台灣重登總統職。本來蔣介石辭 職下野後就成為一介平民，復職總統沒有法律依據。根據現代憲政原則，蔣介石 只有經過半數以上國民大會代表投票選舉或由在台灣的全體民眾投票授權，才能

重新當選總統，然而蔣介石僅憑其擁有的軍事政治實力和個人恩從關係網就登上 了總統寶座，顯然與現代民主憲政的程序要求相差甚遠。1960 年國民大會提議修

改《動員勘亂時期臨時條款》，使蔣介石得以打破 1946 年中華民國憲法對總統任

期的規定，而連選連任，成為終身總統。由此可見，五十年代台灣的實際最高權 力歸屬於蔣介石，所有的法律、民意機構蔣介石所操控，徒有民主的虛名與形式 而已。台灣的這種政治體制「只能認為是一種類似於君主專制的個人獨裁體制，

而不可能是任何其他共和民主的政治體制。」（李筱峰,1991:56）

其次，五十年代，台灣人民對蔣介石政權的合法性不僅沒有受到大多數台灣人 民的質疑，反而是認同和支持的。一方面是基於中國傳統的政治文化習慣。在中 國歷史上，王朝政權的合法性都是基於實力，儘管經歷過多次王朝的興衰，但是 在“勝者王侯，敗者為寇”的臣民政治思維模式的支配下，中國人總能認同憑借 實力走上政治舞台的政治力量。一個個擁有強大實力的政權或王朝總能得到民眾 的臣服和認可。以農民為主體，向來閉塞保守、明哲保身傾向的中國人，絕大多 數不會為了單純的政治理念而與強權直接對抗，而對於強權的認同、臣服和依賴 卻能給他們帶來安全感。這也是中國傳統臣民政治文化的一個典型特色。台灣人 民對蔣介石政府的認同,也是基於蔣介石是台灣的實際統治者，蔣介石所擁有的強 大軍事政治實力嚴密控制著台灣，而蔣介石跟隨孫中山從事國民革命、領導抗戰 等經歷也有助於增強其政權的政治合法性。另一方面，國民黨五十年代在台灣推 行土地改革使台灣大多數農民受益，而且經濟發展、社會穩定，國民黨政權也因 這些政治經濟政策措施贏得了台灣人民的認同，增加了其政權的合法性。

上述分析表明，國民黨政權的政治合法性,顯然是基於傳統的臣民政治文化理 念，而不是現代憲政基礎上的公民參與。因此，就五十年代台灣社會的制度傾向 而言，台灣社會的主流政治文化屬於傳統的臣民文化而不是參與者政治文化。

貳.對政治輸入和政治輸出的取向

在五十年代的台灣，政治權力和政治資源全部被國民黨一黨攏斷，各種經濟、

政治、軍事、社會、文化政策由國民黨政府負責制定。經過二二八事件和國民黨 的白色恐怖統治，台灣本土原有的具有強烈政治參與取向的政治精英幾乎被消滅 殆盡，僅存者也大多採取遠離政治以求自保的態度。傳統的中國民眾向來對於政 治過程－政治輸入的參與是不積極的，沒有這些參與精英的領導和發動，台灣社 會絕大多數民眾又回歸到傳統臣民的政治取向上來，他們對於政府政策的制定，

既沒有參與的機會，也沒有影響的能力，這使得他們更缺乏對於政治輸入的參與 意願。鑒於在政治輸入方面的限制，台灣人民對於政治輸出的反應也是有限的。

台灣五十年代的主流政治文化完全不同於參與者政治文化中公民對政治過程及政 策的積極參與取向，而是一種較為典型的臣民取向。

在現代憲政民主制中，人民主要通過定期選舉政府領導人和議員來體現其政 治參與。在國民黨政府的統治之下，台灣人民沒有以選舉決定台灣領導的管道和 機會。在五十年代，通過對國民黨的改造，蔣介石完全控制台灣的黨政軍等大權，

建立起個人獨裁的黨國體制。蔣介石的總統職位不是由台灣人民來決定的，而是 由蔣介石的個人意願和國民黨來決定的。從大陸遷往台灣的國民代表大會代表、

立法委員、監察委員等民意代表，從 1953、1954 年起分別成為終身制。這樣台灣 的上層政治體制根本不由全體台灣人民選舉授權，台灣人民也就無從參與政治輸 入的過程。雖然五十年代台灣已經開始地方自治選舉，但是這些選舉也基本上完 全處於國民黨的一手操辦、控制之下，基層民眾對於地方自治的參與幾乎是虛有 其名，實質意義不大。因此，五十年代國民黨政府在台灣一系列政策，如戒嚴令、

肅匪、土地改革等均由蔣介石和國民黨一手決定，台灣人民無從影響這些政策的 制定。雖然，國民黨政府也推行諸如土地改革等令台灣絕大多數農民滿意的政策，

但仍然可以視之為傳統意義上的爭取民心的作為，而不是民眾政治參與要求形成