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(1)

習題演習

向量分析

(2)

習題演習:向量分析

„ 向量的基本運算

【習題 1】

Tow vector v1 and v2 in R span a subspace 4 E , where 1 1 1 1 1 v

⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥

=⎢ ⎥

⎢ ⎥

⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦ , 2

1 9 5 3 v

⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥

=⎢ ⎥

⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦ .

a. Perform the Gram-Schmidt process to find an orthonormal basis w1 and w2 of E .

b. The relation between these two bases can be represented by the following

equation:Mv =M Uw , where Mv =v v1 2, Mw =w w1 2, and U is a 2 2× upper triangular matrix. Based on the Gram-Schmidt process performed in part a., find U .【91 交大交研所】

【參考解答】a. 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 w

= ⎢ ⎥

, 2

1 10 7 10

7 10

1 10 w

= ⎢

. b. 2 4 U 0 10

= ⎢

.

【習題 2】

Let T x

( )

= Ax be a linear transformation from R to 2 R as a counterclockwise 2 rotation through the angle of 90° followed by an orthogonal projection on to a line

L in R , which is spanned by the vector 2 1 1

⎡ ⎤

⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦. a. Find the matrix A .

b. If the two steps in part a. are swapped (ie., the orthogonal projection is performed first and followed by the rotation), find the new matrix. 【91 交大交研所】

(3)

【參考解答】a.

1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 A

= ⎢

. b.

1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 A

= ⎢

.

【習題 3】

Assume coordinate of any vector x with respect to a basis B is denoted as

B

⎡ ⎤x

⎣ ⎦ . Consider the basis B of 1 R consisting of vector, 2 1 2

v ⎡ ⎤1

= ⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦, and 2 5 v ⎡ ⎤3

= ⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦. (1) If

1

1

2 1

B

x ⎡ ⎤

⎡ ⎤ = ⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦, find x1. (2) If 2 1

x ⎡ ⎤0

= ⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦, find

1

2 B

⎡ ⎤x

⎣ ⎦ .

(3) Consider another basis B of 2 R consisting of vector, 2 1 0 u ⎡ ⎤1

= ⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦, and

2

1 u ⎡ ⎤0

= ⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦. If

2

1 3

B 2

x c

c

⎡ ⎤ = ⎢ ⎥⎡ ⎤

⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦, find

1

3 B

⎡ ⎤x

⎣ ⎦ . 【92 交大交研所】

【參考解答】(1) 1 9 x ⎡ ⎤5

= ⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦. (2)

1

2

3 1

B

x ⎡ ⎤

⎡ ⎤ = ⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ . (3)

1

1 2

3

1 2

5 3

2

B

c c

x c c

⎡ ⎤ = ⎢

⎣ ⎦ + .

【習題 4】

Consider a basis B of R consisting of the following vectors: 3 1 1

2 0

1 2 v

= ⎢

,

2

1 2 0

1 2 v

= ⎢

, 3 0

1 0 v

⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥

= −⎢ ⎥

⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦ .

(1) Show that B is an orthonormal basis.

(4)

(2) If

3 5 7 x

⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥

= ⎢ ⎥

⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

, find its coordinates with respect to the basis B . 【93 交大交研所】

【參考解答】

(1) B is an orthonormal basis.

(2) the coordinates with respect to the basis B is 5 2 2 2 5

.

„ 方向導數與梯度

【習題 1】

Find the directional derivative of f at P in the direction of a, where

xcos

f =e y, P(2, , 0π ), a= +2i 3j. 【中央土研所】

【參考解答】在a方向的方向導數為 ( )

2 2, ,0

2 13

a e

f

π a

= −

【習題 2】

Given a function ( ), x22 y22 1 x y k

a b

φ = +

, find the directional derivative of φ

along its boundary curve

2 2

2 2

: x y 1

C a +b = . 【95 交大土研所(10%)】

【參考解答】 ( )

4 2 4 2

2k y x d

dn a y b x

φ =

+

【習題 3】

Find the directional derivative of f x y( ), =x43x y3 +x y2 2 at ( )2,1 along the

(5)

curve x= + , t2 1 y= in the direction of increasing t . 【成大土研所】 t3

【參考解答】 ( )1 48

P t 13 df

ds = = −

【習題 4】

已知函數F x y z( , , )=axy2+byz+cz x2 3在點(1, 2, 1 )處沿著 z 軸的方向有最大的 方向導數(directional derivative),其值為 64,請問a,b,c三個常數值別為何?【91 中央土研所結構組】

【參考解答】a=6, b=24, c= −8

„ 散度與旋度

【習題 1】

Given R= +xi y j+zk , find n. 【90 台大土研所】

【參考解答】 R3 0 R

∇ ⋅ =

【習題 2】

證明:∇ ⋅

( )

r rn =(n+3)rn【交大土研所】

【參考解答】∇ ⋅

( )

r rn =(n+3)rn

„ 空間曲線的微分幾何

【習題 1】

請利用向量函數(vector function, parametric equation or parametric representation) 求 circular cylinder:x2+y2 =a2, 0≤ ≤z 2表面(x2+y2 =a2所在之面)之單位正交

向量。【92 交大土研所甲組】

【參考解答】單位正交向量

2 2

xi y j n

x y

= + +

(6)

【習題 2】

For a temperature distribution T x y z( , , )=x z2 +yz2 in a cone represented by the positive vector as r=ucosvi u+ sinv j+2uk, find dT

dn at position P(1, 0, 2) in the

outer normal direction n. 【88 成大土研所丁組】

【參考解答】 7

5 dT

dn = −

„ 曲率與扭率

【習題 1】

螺旋線r s( )=acosωs i+asinωs j+bωs k, ω = a2+b2 求曲率κ及扭率τ 。

【參考解答】 2a 2 a b κ =

+ , 2b 2 a b τ =

+

【習題 2】

有一曲線x=3cost, siny= t, z=4t,則這一曲線的曲率半徑為何?【93 中央土 研所結構組大地組】

【參考解答】曲率半徑 25

= 3

【習題 3】

r t( )=3 cost ti+3 sint t j+4tk ,求在t=0時的et, en , eb以及曲率κ及扭率τ 。

【參考解答】 3 4 5 5

et = i+ k, en = j, 4 3 5 5

eb = − i+ k, 6

κ =25, 6 τ = 25

„ 向量積分

(7)

【習題 1】

請計算k(x+y dx)2

(

x2+y2

)

dy,其中k依經過A( )1,1 , B( )3, 2 , C( )2, 5 為頂點

的三角形圍線。【92 交大運研所】

【參考解答】 ( )2

(

2 2

)

140

3

k x+y dx x +y dy= −

【習題 2】

Let the vector field xi2 z j2 yk2

F x y z

+

= + + , the position vector r= +xi y j+zk, and the

line paths C be on the plane x=0 and extend from the point (0,1, 0) to the point

(0. 2.0 ). Are the line integrals

CF d r

and CF d r× independent of path? Why?

Evaluate the line integrals. 【91 台大土研所】

【參考解答】

CF d r× =π

, CF d r× = −ln 2i

【習題 3】

設曲面S z: = −2

(

x2+y2

)

z0,求

(

2 2

)

S

x +y dA

∫∫

【參考解答】

(

2 2

)

149

S 30

x +y dA= π

∫∫

【習題 4】

計算 2 2 2

V

z dxdydz x +y +z

∫∫∫

,其中V a2 x2+y2 b2, 0≤ ≤z x2+y2 所界定

之區域。

【參考解答】

( ) (

3 3

)

2 2 2

2 2 1

V 3

z dxdydz b a

x y z

π

=

+ +

∫∫∫

„ 格林定理、高斯散度定理、史托克定理

(8)

【習題 1】

Use Green’s theorem to evaluate C

(

3x2+y dx

)

+

(

2x+y3

)

dy, where C is the

circle x2+y2 =a2. 【93 交大交研所】

【參考解答】C

(

3x2+y dx

)

+

(

2x+y3

)

dy=πa2

【習題 2】

2 4

Cy dx+ xydy

,其中C為拋物線y=x2與直線y=2x所圍區域之邊界,且積

分路徑採逆時鐘走勢。【91 台科大結構組】

【參考解答】 2 64

4 15

Cy dx+ xydy=

【習題 3】

(1) For a curve x= + , 4 3t2 1 y= − , t z=2t2− , determine the unit tangent vector 6t at the point where t=2.

(2) Evaluate 32

S

X ndS = π

∫∫

, where X = +xi y j+zk , n is the outward unit

normal to S, and S is the surface of the sphere (x1) (2+ y+3)2+z2 = . 【934

成大土研所結構組(20%)】

【參考解答】(1) the unit tangent vector is 2 2 2

3i+3 j+3k, (2) 32

S

X ndS = π

∫∫

【習題 4】

A vector field is V =yi+x j+x k2 , and the surface is described as

(

2 2

)

: 1

S z= − x +y , 0z, calculate the following flux integral

S

I =

∫∫

V ndA , where

n is an outer unit normal vector on the surface. 【95 成大土研所乙組(20%)】

【參考解答】

S 4

I = V ndA =π

∫∫

(9)

【習題 5】

Evaluate

CF d r

, where F = y i2 +xy j+xzk and C:x2+y2 =2ay, y= . 【台z

大土研所】

【參考解答】 0

CF d r =

„ 線積分

【習題 1】

Calculate the work done by a force F = X i2 xy j from point ( )1,0 to (1,0)

along a curve of 1 4

2

2 + y =

x in the upper plane (i.e., y0). 【91 成大土木(15%)】

【參考解答】 10

w= − 3

【習題 2】

Compute the line integral C f r( )d r, where F r( )= y i2 x j2 C is a straight-line segment from ( )0,0 to ( )1.2 . 【91 中央化工、材料(10%)】

【參考解答】 2

3

CF d r =

【習題 3】

F =(y+z i) (+ +z x j) (+ x+y k) 沿著曲線 C:ti t j+ 2 +t k3 ,0 < t < 1 的線積 C f d R =? 【91 成大資源(10%)】

【參考解答】 3

CF d R =

【習題 4】

(10)

Evaluate

CF d r

, where F = +xi 6j+yxk and C is shown below. 【91 中原化 工】

【參考解答】 3

2

CF d r = −

【習題 5】

Evaluate zdx xdy ydz

C + +

, where C is the trace of the cylinder x2 + y2 =1 in the plane y+ z=3. 【91 嘉義機電(30%)】

【參考解答】 2

Czdx+xdy+ydz= π

【習題 6】

If F =

(

3x26yz i

)

+(2y+3xz j) + +

(

1 4xyz2

)

k, evaluate line integral

cF d r

along the straight lines from (0,0,0) to (0,0,1), then to (0,1,1), and then to ( )1,1,1 .

【91 淡江機械(15%)】

【參考解答】 6

cg d r = −

cF d r = −3

【習題 7】

Let F =ax2xy+a xy 2+az(z− . Evaluate the line integral 1)

( )

(1,1,0)

0,0,0 F d

along a

parabola y =x2 on the xy plane. 【91 中山機電(10%)】

【參考解答】

( )

(1,1,0)

0 ,0 ,0 F d =1

【習題 8】

Evaluate the integral B

A F d

, F =2xyi+

(

x2z2

)

j3xz k A3 , (0, 0, 0 , ) B(2,1, 3) by performing the integral along

(1) line segment from A to C(2,1,0) to B .

(2) straight line from A to B . 【91 海洋電機固態組(15%)】

(11)

【參考解答】(1) 50

ABCF d = −

(2)

ABF d = −792

【習題 9】

Let F = − +i xyz jy k2 , and let C be given by x= , t y= t , 1z= ; t : 11. Please find

CF d r =

? 【91 成大製造(8%)】

【參考解答】 4

3

CF d r = −

„ 與路徑無關之線積分

【習題 1】

Let F =

(

yzexyz4x a

) (

ˆx+ xzexyz+z a

)

ˆz for all x, y and z . (1) Verify that F is conservative.

(2) Find a potential function for F . 【91 台科電機(15%)】

【參考解答】(1)存在φ,使得∇ = , F 為保守場 (2)φ F φ =exyz 2x2+yz+ 為保c 守位能

【習題 2】

Find the work done by F =x i2 2yz j+zk in moving an object along the straight line from ( )1,1,1 to (4,4,4). 【91 北科化工(15%)】

【參考解答】 27

w= − 2 ,本題 F 不是保守場, w =

F d r

dφ

【習題 3】

Evaluate the integral I =c

[ (

6xy2 y3

) (

dx+ 6x2y3xy2

)

dy

]

from point ( )1,0 to

point ( )3,2 along line segment.【91 中興化工(8%)】

(12)

【參考解答】I =84

習題 4

Consider the force field F =y i2 +2(xy+z j) +2yk.

(1) Determine the potential function.

(2) Evaluate

( )

(2,2,2)

1,1,1 F d r

.【91 高科機械(20%)】

【參考解答】φ =xy2+2yz+ ,c

( )

(2 ,2 ,2)

1,1,1 F d r =13

習題 5

空間有一力場F x y z( , , )= yi+z j+xk,求F 沿曲線C所作的功W =CF d r =?

其中封閉曲線C由右式定義x+ y=2x2 + y2 +z2 =2(x+y)(本題請忽略C的方

向,只求 W )

【參考解答】 2 2

CF d r = π

習題 6

Evaluate

F d R , where F =zysin( )xy i+zxsin( )xy j+

(

2ezcos( )xy

)

k, and R

is the position vector along the curve Cfrom (1,1,2) to (1,1,6).【90 北科光電 (10%)】

【參考解答】

F d R = −4 cos 1 2+

(

e6 e2

)

習題 7

Let C be a path on the paraboloid x2 +y2 z=0 from the initial point (1,0,1) to

the terminal point (0,1,1); otherwise, C is arbitrary.

(1) What is the value of the line integral 2 2

C

ydx xdy zdz

I x y

+ +

=

+ along the path C? Is it independent of path?

(13)

(2) Why? (Prove your answer in(1).)【89 台大土木(19%)】

【參考解答】(1)

( )

(0 ,1,1)

1

2 2

1,0 ,1 C tan

ydx xdy zdz y

x y x z

++ + = +

(2)當路徑為C ,1 I = 。π2

當路徑為C ,2 3 I = −2π

„ 向量面積分

習題 1 z dA I xy

∫∫

S

= ,其中Sz =x2 +y2對應於第一象限之4 x2 + y2 9之部分。【90 淡江環工(25%)】

【參考解答】

3 3

2 2

1 37 17

I 24

=

習題 2

v= yiz j+yzk, find the surface integral

I =∫∫sv ndA for s: x= y2 +z2 ,

2 1

2 + z

y .【91 成大土木(15%)】

【參考解答】I =0

習題 3

一向量場方程式為F =[x y z, , ]。一曲面的方程式Sr= ⎣ucos , sin ,v u v u2⎦ , 4

0≤ u π vπ 。問通過此曲面的向量通量為何?【91 中興環工(10%)】

【參考解答】flux I =128π

習題 4

Integrate the surface integral

S

F ndA

∫∫

, where F = ⎣ey, 0,zex⎦ , n: units normal vector of S, S: r=[u u v, 2 , ], 1u1, 0≤ v3.【91 中興材料(20%)】

(14)

【參考解答】y=2x− ≤ ≤1 x 10≤ ≤z 3,投影到xz面處理ndA dxdz j φ φ

=

∇ ⋅

2x y

φ = − ,∇ =φ

(

2i j dxdz

)

∫∫SF ndA =3

(

e2e2

)

習題 5

Evaluate the surface integral

∫∫

F ndA , where F =

(

y x z3, 3, 3

)

. Surface S:

1 4 2

2 + y =

x , x0, 0y , 0 zh.【91 成大水利(15%)】

【參考解答】 17

64

SF ndA = h

∫∫

習題 6

Calculate the flux of water through the parabolic cylinder S: y=x2, 3

0 , 2

0x z , if the velocity vector is F = yi+2j+xzk, speed being measured in m3 sec.【90 中興化工(10%)】

【參考解答】 12

sF ndA =

∫∫

習題 7

Evaluate zds

∫∫S , with S the part of the plane x+ y+z=6 lying above the rectangle 20x3,0 y .【91 北科車輛(20%)】

【參考解答】 21 3

szds=

∫∫

習題 8

對某一函數 f(x,y,z)= y,試求此函數在一平滑表面(smooth surface) z=x2 2

0≤ x 0≤ y3上之面積積分(surface integral)。【90 屏科環工(15%)】【91 台 科電子(5%)】

【參考解答】 9 17 9 1 sinh 4 2 8

I = +

(15)

習題 9

Find the area of the following surface z=x2 + y2, 0≤ z10.【89 成大造船(17%)】

【參考解答】

3

412 1 A=π6

習題 10 Evaluate

S

A ndS

∫∫

, where A=18zi12j+3yk and S is that part of the plane 12

6 3

2x+ y+ z= where is located in the first quadrant.【89 中興機械(15%)】

【參考解答】 24

S A ndS =

∫∫

習題 11

If F = +xi y j Calculate the surface integral

F

( )

ndA over the part of the surface

2

4 x2 y

z= that is above the (X ,Y) plane.【91 淡江物理(15%)】

【參考解答】 16

SF ndA = π

∫∫

„ 平面 Green’s 定理 習題 1

已知一力場為F =

(

ysin( )x ex

)

i+(cos 2yx j)

(1) 求F 沿路徑C1所作的功。

(2) 利用格林(Green)定理及(1)之結果,計算F 沿路徑C2所作的功。【90 台科營建 (15%)】

【參考解答】(1) 1 1

sin 2 1 w = 2 − (2)

2

3 1sin 2 2

C F d r = − − −π

參考文獻

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