國立臺灣大學生命科學院漁業科學研究所 博士論文
Institute of Fisheries Sciences College of Life Science National Taiwan University
Doctoral Dissertation
斑馬魚的類鋅指蛋白 219（ZNF219L）參與調控 脊索相關基因表現
A novel zinc finger protein 219-like (ZNF219L) is involved in the regulation of zebrafish notochord
related genes expression
連黃偉
Huang-Wei Lien
指導教授：韓玉山 博士 Advisors: Yu-San Han, PhD
中華民國103年1月
2014.01
中文摘要...i
Abstract... ii
Abbreviation...iv
Introduction...1
The notochord structure ...1
The collagen type 2 alpha 1 (col2a1) gene...2
The zinc finger protein 219 (ZNF219) gene ...3
The synuclein genes family...4
The zebrafish synuclein-γ2 (sncgb) gene...4
Zebrafish as an experimental model ...5
Specific aims ...7
Materials and metods ...9
Materials...9
Fish...9
Cell cultures ...9
Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends (RACE)...9
Cloning of full-length and deletion mutations of zebrafish znf219L ...10
Luciferase reporter gene assay ...11
Total RNA isolation and reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis of zebrafish znf219L mRNA ...12
Morpholino oligonucleotide (MO) injection...12
Whole-mount in situ hybridization ...13
Microinjection of zebrafish embryos ...13
Oligonucleotide precipitation assay ...14
Western blot ...15
Results ...16
Cloning of znf219L cDNA from zebrafish...16
Genomic organization of the zebrafish znf219L gene...16
Expression of zebrafish znf219L in various adult tissues and at different developmental stages ...18
Expression patterns of znf219L mRNA in zebrafish embryos ...18
Knockdown of znf219L caused partial notochord abnormalities...18
Zebrafish col2a1a is down-regulated in the notochord of znf219L morphants ...20
ZNF219L regulates col2a1a promoter activity via binding to GGGGG motifs...21
Zinc finger protein 219-like (ZNF219L) is required for regulation of sncgb promoter activity in vitro and in vivo...23
Sox9a is required for regulation of sncgb promoter activity in vitro and in vivo ...24
Zebrafish ZNF219L associates with Sox9a ...24
Simultaneous knockdown of znf219L and sox9a results in a synergistic decrease of sncgb expression in the notochord. ...25
Discussion ...26
Conclusion and perspective...30
Figures...32
References...56
脊索 (notochord) 為脊椎動物軀幹發育時重要的結構，在發育早期具有支撐 軀幹發育以及誘導神經管 (neural tube) 形成之功能，故研究脊索發育的相關基 因調控機制相當的重要。在此篇研究，我們根據哺乳類具有九個C2H2 類型鋅指
區域的鋅指蛋白219 (ZNF219) 的序列比對並且選殖出斑馬魚的類鋅指蛋白219
(znf219L) 。 透 過 胚 胎 整 體 包 埋 原 位 雜 合 反 應 技 術 (whole-mount in situ hybridization)，我們發現斑馬魚的類鋅指蛋白219的mRNA主要表現於發育早期 的中後腦交界 (midbrain-hindbrain boundary, MHB)、後腦 (hindbrain)、以及脊索。
使用Morpholino抑制斑馬魚胚胎發育初期的類鋅指蛋白219基因表現會導致脊索 部份的發育異常現象以及造成內生性第二型膠元蛋白α1a(col2a1a)基因在脊索的 表現量下降。 此外，利用冷光酶分析實驗 (luciferase assay) 以及體外結合力測 試實驗 (in vitro binding experiments) ，我們發現類鋅指蛋白219會透過其第六以 及第九個C2H2鋅指區域專一辨認後結合至第二型膠元蛋白α1a 啓動子(promoter) 上的GGGGG區域且提升其啓動子活性。統整以上實驗結果，斑馬魚的類鋅指蛋 白219具有調控第二型膠元蛋白α1a基因表現於斑馬魚脊索之功能。
另一部份，斑馬魚的synuclein-γ2 (sncgb) 基因於先前研究指出會專一表現 於脊索，然而其啓動子的調控機制並未有完整的研究。於此部份，我們發現 sncgb基因為另一個受類鋅指蛋白219調控之目標基因。此外，實驗結果也指出 除了斑馬魚類鋅指蛋白219外，sox9a也共同參與了sncgb基因調控。增加類鋅指 蛋白219 以及sox9a的基因表現量皆可以促進 sncgb 基因的表現量。加上類鋅指 蛋白219 會與sox9a有物理性的交互作用且透過morpholino同時抑制二者基因表 現量會造成協同性的降低sncgb基因表現量。故以上的實驗結果指出類鋅指蛋白 219 與sox9a會協同性的共同調控sncgb基因表現於斑馬魚早期胚胎時期的脊索。
總結以上研究成果，我們確定了斑馬魚的類鋅指蛋白219參與調控脊索 相關基因表現將有助於探討脊索早期發育的機制。
The notochord is required for body plan patterning in vertebrates, and defects in notochord development during embryogenesis can lead to diseases affecting the adult.
It is therefore important to elucidate the gene regulatory mechanism underlying notochord formation. In this study, we cloned the zebrafish zinc finger 219-like (ZNF219L) based on mammalian ZNF219, which contains nine C2H2-type zinc finger domains. Through whole-mount in situ hybridization, we found that znf219L mRNA is mainly expressed in the zebrafish midbrain-hindbrain boundary, hindbrain, and notochord during development. The znf219L morpholino knockdown caused partial abnormal notochord phenotype and reduced expression of endogenous col2a1a in the notochord specifically. In addition, ZNF219L could recognize binding sites with GGGGG motifs and trigger augmented activity of the col2a1a promoter in a luciferase assay. Furthermore, in vitro binding experiments revealed that ZNF219L recognizes the GGGGG motifs in the promoter region of the zebrafish col2a1a gene through its sixth and ninth zinc finger domains. Taken together, our results reveal that ZNF219L is involved in regulating the expression of col2a1a in zebrafish notochord specifically.
On the other hand, zebrafish synuclein-γ2 (sncgb) has been reported to be expressed specifically in the notochord. However, the mechanism by which the sncgb gene promoter is regulated has not been described. In this part, we demonstrate that sncgb gene was another target gene regulated by ZNF219L. ZNF219L and sox9a are involved in the regulation of sncgb gene expression. Furthermore, we observed that over-expression of both ZNF219L and Sox9a resulted in increased sncgb expression.
In addition, ZNF219L is physically associated with Sox9a, and simultaneous morpholino knockdown of znf219L and sox9a caused a synergistic decrease of sncgb
with Sox9a is involved in the regulation of notochord-specific expression of sncgb.
Taken together, ZNF219L is involved in the regulation of zebrafish notochord related genes expression and our studies provided better understanding of the mechanism of notochord related genes regulation in early developmental stage.
Keywords: zinc finger protein 219; notochord; zebrafish; collagen type 2 alpha 1a;
transcriptional regulation; synuclein-γ2 (sncgb), Sox9a
AP alkaline phosphatase bp base pair
BAC bacterial artificial chromosome col2a1a collagen type 2 alpha 1a
cDNA complementary deoxyribonucleic acid dpf day postfertilization
GFP green fluorescent protein hpf hour postfertilization HA Hemagglutin A kDa kilodalton
MO morpholino antisense oligonucleotides ORF open reading frame
RACE rapid amplification od cDNA ends
RT-PCR reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction
SDS-PAGE sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis Sncgb synuclein-γ2
wt wild type
znf219L zinc finger protein 219-like
Introduction
The notochord structure
The notochord is an important feature of the phylum Chordata (1), and is fully differentiated during early embryogenesis of the anterior-posterior body axis through polarization (2). The notochord is a center of signaling transmission, and also acts as the axial skeleton and neural tube of the embryo (3). Notochord structure differentiates from the chordamesoderm (part of the mesoderm) during zebrafish embryo gastrulation (4). At this stage, notochord progenitor cells differentiate, turn into rod-like vacuolated cells at the midline in the trunk, and grow in concert with somatic segmentation. Notochord structure forms through the cross-linking of collagen, elastin, and other extracellular proteins (5). Certain notochord cells subsequently contribute to the formation of the nucleus pulposus (NP) of intervertebral discs (IVDs) (3, 6, 7), suggesting that defects in notochord development may be related to IVD development and degeneration (8, 9). Furthermore, degeneration of the IVD has been reported involving low back pain(10). Thus, the molecular and cellular mechanisms that control notochord and later IVD formation are important.
The roles of collagen
Collagen is one of the proteins required for notochord formation. It is also found in a variety of tissues, including cartilage, bone, blood vessels, and the gut. The proteins of the collagen family are diverse in function, but all share a common structural feature, consisting of at least one triple-helical domain corresponding to a number of (Gly–X–Y)n repeats (X is frequently proline, and Y is often hydroxyproline) (11). To date, more than 50 types of collagen and collagen-like protein have been identified (12). Most collagen in the body is type I, while type II is
the main component of cartilage. Cartilage is composed of chondroblasts, which produce a large amount of extracellular matrix consisting of type II collagen.
The collagen type 2 alpha 1 (col2a1) gene
Collagen type 2 alpha 1 (col2a1) is a major matrix protein found in cartilage; this protein provides tensile strength and a scaffolding network for proteoglycans (11, 13), and has been found to be conserved from mammals to teleosts. It can be detected in the developing cartilage, notochord, skin, floor plate, brain, heart, and other tissues (14-17). Certain mutations in the col2a1 gene have been linked to type II collagenopathies, which include Stickler syndrome type 1 (18). Stickler syndrome is a genetic disorder of connective tissue, characterized by abnormal skeletal growth and density, early onset of osteoarthritis, and retinal detachment, as first described by Stickler (19-21). Mutations in col2a1, col11a1, col11a2, and col9a1 have been reported to cause type 1 to 4 Stickler syndrome (22, 23). Haploinsufficiency of col2a1 expression, arising from gene silencing or nonsense mutations, is linked to Stickler syndrome (24). Thus, sufficient production of col2a1 protein is essential for normal skeletal and cartilage development.
Gene duplication in the zebrafish genome is common (25, 26), and there are two homologues of mammalian col2a1 gene in zebrafish. The col2a1a gene has been well characterized (27), but the expression pattern and function of the col2a1b gene are unclear. Tg(col2a1a:GFP), a transgenic zebrafish line expressing GFP under the control of the col2a1a promoter, was recently generated, and found to express GFP in craniofacial cartilage, ear, notochord, floor plate, hypochord, pectoral fins, and IVD, a pattern similar to that of endogenous col2a1a (28). Expression of col2a1 in chondrocytes is known to be directly regulated by Sox9 during chondrogenesis in mammals. Sox9 is a member of the vertebrate SoxE family (all of which contain a
high-mobility-group (HMG)-box DNA-binding domain), and its effect on col2a1 expression is enhanced by Sox5 and Sox6, which act as cofactors that bind to Sox9 (29-32). Attempts have been made to identify other transcriptional partners of mammalian Sox9 to better understand the regulatory mechanisms involved in col2a1 activation. However, unlike its mammalian counterpart, zebrafish has two paralogues of the sox9 gene, termed sox9a and sox9b. Previous reports have indicated that the expression patterns of Sox9a and Sox9b are distinct, but overlap in some parts of the brain, craniofacial skeleton, notochord and fins during embryogenesis (33-35).
Knockdown of Sox9a caused a significant decrease in the GFP signal in craniofacial cartilage, while the GFP signal in notochord remained unchanged (28). This suggests that factors other than Sox9a are required for expression of col2a1a in zebrafish notochord.
The zinc finger protein 219 (ZNF219) gene
Recently, zinc finger protein 219 (ZNF219) was reported to act as a transcriptional partner of Sox9 in the regulation of chondrocyte differentiation in mammals (36-38). In mice, expression of znf219 mRNA is detected specifically in the developing limb buds, where col2a1 and sox9 are also expressed (38). ZNF219 has been shown to colocalize with Sox9 in the nucleus. ZNF219 increases activity of the col2a1 gene promoter by upregulating the transcriptional activity of Sox9. This suggests that ZNF219 may affect col2a1 expression by forming a complex with Sox9 (38).
In mammals, znf219 was originally isolated from a human testis cDNA library; it encodes a protein of 723 amino acids with nine individual Cys2His2 (C2H2) zinc finger domains, eight of which are separated-paired (39, 40). In general, C2H2-type zinc finger proteins can be divided into three groups: triple-C2H2, multiple-adjacent-
C2H2, and separated-paired-C2H2. Their functions are diverse, due to their zinc finger structures (41). There are more than 10,000 types of C2H2 zinc finger domains.
It has been reported that classical C2H2 zinc finger proteins are involved in DNA binding, and function in transcriptional regulation. There is considerable variation in zinc finger proteins between different species (39, 40). Whole genome analysis has been used to predict that there are 216, 837, and 1055 genes encoding C2H2-type zinc finger proteins in the genomes of zebrafish, mouse, and human, respectively (39). As there are far fewer C2H2 zinc finger proteins in zebrafish than in mammals, it is plausible that zebrafish zinc finger proteins may diverge greatly in terms of their amino acid sequences, and have similar or overlapping functions as compared with their mammalian counterparts.
The synuclein genes family
The first member of the synuclein family was isolated from the purified cholinergic synaptic vesicles of the Pacific electric ray, Torpedo californica (42). In humans, the synuclein family consists of α-, β-, and γ-synuclein genes (SNCA, SNCB, and SNCG, respectively). Misfolded α-synuclein protein has been reported to be involved in the pathological accumulation of intraneuronal protein aggregates (Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites), thereby leading to cell dysfunction and cell death in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD) (43, 44). Furthermore, β-synuclein acts as a regulator of α -synuclein-induced neurotoxicity (45). Although there is no clear evidence that γ-synuclein is involved in neurodegenerative diseases, γ-synuclein has been reported to be overexpressed in breast carcinomas and ovarian cancer (46).
The zebrafish synuclein-γ2 (sncgb) gene
In contrast to humans, the synuclein family in zebrafish consists of β-, γ1, and γ2- synuclein genes (sncb, sncga, and sncgb, respectively). Early expression of zebrafish
sncb begins at the trigeminal placode, before extending to the ventral diencephalon, olfactory placode, ventral tegmentum, and spinal cord neurons. Sncga, on the other hand, is expressed in cells of the nervous system, including hindbrain neurons, cranial ganglia, and retinal cells; simultaneous knockdown of sncb and sncga was reported to decrease spontaneous motor activity (47). Expression of sncgb is significantly different from that of sncga; sncgb transcription is restricted to the notochord throughout embryogenesis, from the 13 somite-stage to 2 days post-fertilization (dpf) (48). However, like human SNCG, the function and regulatory processes of sncgb are still unknown. It is possible that zerafihsh sncgb gene functioned in notochord development during early developmental stage. And it can be another notochord related target gene of znf219.
Zebrafish as an experimental model
Zebrafish (Danio rerio) provides a rapid and effective system for assessing gene functions in the vertebrate. There are several advantages of this animal model. First, it is a diploid vertebrate with a good balance of complexity and simplicity, and its organs are functionally and morphologically similar to human. Second, it is relatively fecund and generated clutches of 100-200 embryos weekly, making it highly amenable to molecular genetic studies. Third, its fertilization and development are external, thus allowing various manipulations, such as injection and so on. Fourth, the development of zebrafish embryo is transparent and rapid. These properties make these embryos highly desirable models for expression profiling by in situ hybridization, and for expression cloning screens to identify gene function (49-51).
Large-scale genetic screens have also been performed by the use of ENU to generate point mutations. These screens lead to the identification of numerous mutants that affect virtually all aspects of visible developmental process (52, 53), as well as
mutations that phenocopy many human disorders (54). Indeed, zebrafish has emerged as a prominent genetic model organism for biology and medicine. These genetic approaches would be further advanced by the Sanger Center zebrafish genome sequence project. Based on the genetic approaches and techniques, transgenic zebrafish provided a tool for studying notochord and intervertebral disc formation (5, 55)with the advantage its transparent body in zebrafish embryo and tissue specific promoter that expressing GFP in notochord and later IVD during early development(6, 28).
Specific aims
Aim 1 To identify and clone the zebrafish znf219 gene.
We will identify the zebrafish znf219 gene through sequences alignment with mammals znf219 and compare their gene structure and synteny. Then we will clone the zebrafish cDNA sequences related to the human znf219 according the sequences etrieved from GeneBank.
Aim 2 To determine the spatial and temporal expression patterns of zebrafish znf219L gene by RT-PCR and in situ hybridization.
The expression profile of znf219L in different developmental stages and adult tissues in zerafish were performed by RT-PCR. In addtion, we will use the whole- mount in situ hybridization to monitor its mRNA expression in early developmental stages of zebrafish embryos.
Aim 3 To investigate whether zebrafish znf219L gene involved in notochord development.
We will perform the znf219L functional analysis by morpholino knockdown of zerafish embryos for better understanding its role in developing notochord during early stages.
Aim 4 To investigate the target genes regulated by zebrafish znf219L.
It has been reported that at least five collagen genes; collagen type II alpha-1a (col2a1a), collagen type II alpha-1b (col2a1b), collagen type VIII alpha-1a (col8a1a), collagen type XI alpha-1a (col11a1a), and collagen type XXVII alpha-1a (col27a1a) are expressed in notochord and involved in its formation. we will investigate whether ZNF219L may regulate the expression of those five genes in notochord. Therefore, the znf219L morphants treated embryos were analyzed by whole-mount in situ hybridization using probes for different collagen genes.
Aim 5 To study the roles of znf219L in regulation of col2a1a gene in zebrafish notochord.
We will use ATG and splicing morpholinos to knockdown endogenous znf219L expression in zebrafish embryos to characterize the physiological function of ZNF219L.
Aim 6 To analyze the functional motifs of znf219L which responsible for regulating col2a1a promoter activity.
It has been previously reported that mammalian ZNF219 can localize to the nucleus, where it functions as a transcriptional regulator through binding the GGGGG motif in the col2a1 promoter region. We will confirm the up-regulate the transcriptional activity of the col2a1a promoter via binding to the GGGGG motifs by luciferase assay and a pull-down assay with biotin-labeled oligonucleotide probes.
Aim 7 To investigate the ZNF219L and sox9a are required for regulation of sncgb promoter activity in vitro and in vivo.
A ZNF219L binding motif (GGGGG) and two HMG consensus DNA sequences were identified within the 2.0-kb promoter region at the 5′ end of the zebrafish sncgb gene. Therefore it suggesting that ZNF219L and Sox9 may involve in the regulation of expression of sncgb. We will perform Luciferase assay and a pull-down assay with biotin-labeled oligonucleotide probes investingate both ZNF219L and Sox9a whether involve in regulating sncgb gene expression.
Materials and methods
Materials
All restriction enzymes were obtained from Promega Biosciences, (Madison, WI, USA) or New England Biolabs (Beverly, MA, USA). Chemicals were purchased from Merck(Darmstadt, Germany) or Sigma (MO, USA)
Fish
Zebrafish embryos were raised at 28.5°C, and different developmental stages were determined based on criteria described in the Zebrafish Book (56). All animal procedures were approved by Academia Sinica Institutional Animal Care and Utilization Committee (ASIACUC) (protocol #10-12-114).
Cell cultures
Carp fin epithelioid cells, CF (57), were maintained in Leibovitz’s L-15 media supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum at 27°C. Transfection of nucleic acid into CF cells was carried out as previously described (58). NIH/3T3 cells (ATCC CRL- 1658; Manassas, VA, USA) were cultured in high-glucose Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s media (DMEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS; Hyclone, Logan, UT, USA) in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2 at 37 °C.
Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends (RACE)
In order to obtain full-length cDNA, the 5’ ends of zebrafish znf219L mRNA were amplified by random amplification of cDNA 5’ ends (RACE) PCR using a Marathon cDNA amplification kit (Clontech, Palo Alto, CA, USA) according to the supplier's instructions. In brief, total RNA was isolated from zebrafish kidney or heart by the guanidinium thiocyanate method (59), and poly(A)+ RNA was subsequently prepared. First-strand cDNA was synthesized using a modified poly-T primer and 1
µg of poly (A)+ RNA. Second-strand cDNA was generated using an enzyme cocktail containing RNase H, DNA polymerase, and DNA ligase. Asymmetric adapter primers (AP primers) were then ligated to both ends of the double-stranded cDNA. An aliquot of this zebrafish cDNA collection was diluted 1:100 and subjected to two different anchored PCRs. 5’ RACE was first performed with a 27-mer sense primer (AP1) against the adapter and an anti-sense primer against znf219L (5’- GGG GAA GGA ATT GGG GAC TGT GGT CCA GGG ATG GCA TGG AGG GAG GAG ACA G- 3’); the second round of PCR was carried out with a nested 23-mer sense primer (AP2) and a nested antisense primer against znf219L (5‘-TGG GGG CTC AGA GGA AAG AGC CAG CAT ACA TTC TGG TGG GGA ATC CAT -3’). The PCR products were cloned into the pGEM-T vector (Promega, Madison, WI, USA) and sequenced.
Cloning of full-length and deletion mutations of zebrafish znf219L
The znf219L sequence was submitted to GenBank with the accession no.
JX141438. Full-length and deletion variants of the zebrafish znf219L coding sequence were generated by PCR amplification using gene-specific primers, as shown in supplementary table 1. In order to express fusion proteins of ZNF219L (or ZNF219L deletion mutants tagged with HA) in NIH3T3 cells, PCR products of full-length ZNF219L or deletion mutant forms of ZNF219L were ligated into pGEM-T-easy vector (Promega) through TA cloning, and then further sub-cloned into pcDNA3-HA (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) via HindIII and KpnI restriction enzyme sites. The expression vectors were transfected into NIH3T3 using the transfection protocol described in the following section.
Luciferase reporter gene assay
Luciferase reporter gene assay was performed using pGL3 Luciferase Reporter Vectors (Promega), which contained a modified coding region for firefly (Photinus pyralis) luciferase driven by the zebrafish col2a1a -386 proximal promoter and -386 mut (all three zZNF219L binding sites were mutated from GGGGG to GAAAG by PCR mutagenesis). The following primers were used to amplify the zebrafish col2a1a -386 proximal and -386 mut promoter: forward primer: 5'- AAG CCC ACC ACT TGC CAG GAA A-3'; reverse primer: 5'- TTG GAT GTG GAT GTG TTT GGG-3'.
Other luciferase construct was driven by the zebrafish sncgb 2.0-kb proximal promoter or 2.0-kb mut (in which the ZNF219L binding site was changed from GGGGG to GAAAG by PCR mutagenesis). The following primers were used to amplify the zebrafish sncgb 2.0-kb proximal and 2.0-kb mut promoter: forward primer: 5'-GGC ATA AAT CCA TGT ATG CGT CAA AAC GGC -3'; reverse primer: 5'-CTG GAT CTG GTG CTC GTC TAT AGC TGG -3'.The luciferase reporter constructs were transfected into carp fin epithelioid cells. One microgram of promoter DNA and 0.5 mg of pSV-β-galactosidase were co-transfected using the PolyJet In Vitro DNA Transfection Reagent (SignaGen Laboratories, Ijamsville, MD, USA) into carp fin epithelioid cells. Transfections were performed using 12-well plates, and approximately 1x105 cells were seeded one day before transfection. Cells were lysed two days after transfection (by which time cells had grown to 90%
confluency), and luciferase activity was determined using a luminometer (Promega), according to the manufacturer’s protocol. Transfection efficiency was normalized by determining the activity of β -galactosidase activity in the cell lysates. All presented data are the results of three independent experiments, and were statistically analyzed by one-way ANOVA. Data represent mean ± s.d.
Total RNA isolation and reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT- PCR) analysis of zebrafish znf219L mRNA
Total RNA (from different developmental stages and tissues of adult zebrafish) was isolated using the RNAzol reagent (Tel-Test, Friendswood, TX, USA), according to the manufacturer’s instructions. After treatment with RQ1 RNase-Free DNase I (Promega), 50~100 µg of total RNA were subjected to first-strand cDNA synthesis.
The following primers were used to amplify zebrafish znf219L: znf219L-RT-F, 5’- GCA TGG AGC GCC TTC AGG CAG TGG CAC-3’, and znf219L-RT-R, 5’-GCA GAT GCA GAA GAG CCC TCC TTC TTC-3’. Zebrafish β-actin was amplified as an internal control, using the following primers: zACT-F, 5’-GTG CTA GAC TCT GGT GAT GGT GTG-3’, and zACT-R, 5’-GGT GAT GAC CTG ACC GTC AGG AAG-3’.
Morpholino oligonucleotide (MO) injection
Antisense MOs were obtained from Gene Tools (Philomath, OR, USA). The sequences of the znf219L, sox9a, and control morpholinos were as follows: zebrafish znf219L ATG morpholino: 5’-GTCTATGCCATGCTTCACTTCCTTG-3’, znf219L splicing morpholino: 5’-GCCTCTCGCCTAAAACAAGGAATAA-3’, ; sox9a-MO, 5’-AAT GAA TTA CTC ACC TCC AAA GTT T -3’, and control morpholino: 5’- CCTCTTACCTCAGTTACAATTTATA-3’. The morpholinos were diluted to form a 24 µg/µl injection stock, which was stored at -20 °C prior to use. The MO injection stock was injected into wild-type (WT) zebrafish embryos at the 1~2-cell stage using a microinjection system consisting of an SZX9 stereomicroscope (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) and an IM300 Microinjector (Narishige, Tokyo, Japan). The sequence of the p53 MO was as follows: 5'-AAAATGTCTGTACTATCTCCATCCG-3') (60). The following primers were used for RT-PCR amplification of zebrafish znf219L in
control (C) and znf219L splicing morpholino (MOs)-injected embryos: znf219L-F1, 5’-CCG GGA GCT TCC ATT CTG TCA TAT C -3’, znf219L-F2, 5’- GCA CAC CTC AGG CGG TAT TTA ATT GG-3’, and znf219L-R1, 5’-CTG GGT GCC AGC ATA ATC ACA GTG G -3’. Zebrafish β-actin was amplified as an internal control, using the following primers: zACT-F, 5’-GTG CTA GAC TCT GGT GAT GGT GTG-3’, and zACT-R, 5’-GGT GAT GAC CTG ACC GTC AGG AAG-3’.
Whole-mount in situ hybridization
Digoxigenin-labeled RNA probes (Roche, Penzberg, Germany) were generated by in vitro transcription of linearized pGEM-T-easy plasmids (Promega) carrying the 5’- UTR of the following zebrafish genes (primers are indicated in parentheses): znf219L (znf219L-F, 5'- GGA AGT GAA GCA TGG CAT AGA CAC ATC-3', and znf219L-R, 5'- GAC CAG AAG AGA TCG CCT TCT CAA GAG - 3'), and col2a1a (col2a1a-F, 5'-CCT AAA ATC CCA CGC AAG AA -3', and col2a1a-R, 5'- CTT GCA GCC ATC CTC AAG TA-3'). Riboprobes for the detection of col2a1b (28), col8a1a (61), col11a1a (62), col27a1a (63), and sncgb(48) were used as previously described.
Whole-mount in situ hybridization was performed following a previously described protocol (64).
Microinjection of zebrafish embryos
In order to obtain stable transgenic fish, one-cell stage embryos were co-injected with 10 ng/µl col2a1a-2.1kb-gfp plasmid, 5 ng/µl capped Tol2 transposase mRNA, and 0.1% phenol red, as previously described (65). The pCS-TP plasmid (66) encoding the transposase was first linearized with the restriction enzyme NotI, and then used as a template for in vitro transcription with mMessage mMachine (Ambion, Foster city, CA), according to the manufacturer’s protocol.
To generate germline transgenic zebrafish, injected embryos that produced GFP signals were raised to adulthood (F0), and were crossed with wild-type fish at 3- months of age. F1 embryos were examined under a fluorescence microscope for identification of germline-transmitted F0 founders. Positive F1 embryos were raised to adulthood, and were then screened in the same way to estimate copy numbers of the transgene, and to establish stable transgenic lines.
Oligonucleotide precipitation assay
NIH 3T3 cells were lysed in lysis buffer [20 mM HEPES (pH 7.4), 150 mM NaCl, 1 mM EGTA, 1.5 mM MgCl2, 10% glycerol, 1% Triton X-100, 10 mg/ml leupeptin, 1 mM PMSF, 0.2 mM sodium orthovanadate] for use in the in vitro binding assay. The lysates were pre-incubated with streptavidin-agarose beads for 3 hours, and then incubated for 16 hours with 1 mg of poly (dI-dC) and 1 mg of a biotinylated double- stranded oligonucleotide probe (which contained one of the three zZNF219L binding element repeats present in the col2a1a gene promoter binding site 1; BS-1 sense primer: 5'-GGC AAA AAG GGG AGG GGG TGG ATG GGT TTG-3'; anti-sense primer: 5'- CAA ACC CAT CCA CCC CCT CCC CTT TTT GCC -3'; BS-2 sense primer: 5’- CAA TGG GGT GGG CTG GGG GGC TCG TAT TTC-3’; anti-sense primer: 5’- GAA ATA CGA GCC CCC CAG CCC ACC CCA TTG-3’; BS-3 sense primer: 5’- TTC AGC GCT CAT GGG GGT CGG GGT TGG ACT-3’; anti-sense primer: 5’- AGT CCA ACC CCG ACC CCC ATG AGC GCT GAA-3’). The biotinylated double-stranded oligonucleotide probe contained the ZNF219L binding element present in the sncgb gene promoter, and was generated using the following primer pair: BS sense primer: 5'-GGC AAA AAG GGG AGG GGG TGG ATG GGT TTG-3'; anti-sense primer: 5'- CAA ACC CAT CCA CCC CCT CCC CTT TTT GCC -3.
Lysates were subsequently incubated with streptavidin agarose (Streptavidin Agarose, Invitrogen) for 1 hour. The bound-proteins were then washed with lysis buffer, separated on an SDS- polyacrylamide gel, and subjected to Western blot using antibodies against the proteins of interest.
In vitro binding assay using recombinant His-tagged Sox9a protein and
ZNF219L
The amplification product containing the sox9 coding region was subcloned into the pQE30 vector (QIAGEN), and the construct was transformed into the JM109 E.
coli strain. The resulting His-tagged Sox9 protein was purified with Ni-NTA magnetic agarose beads (BIOMAN), according to the manufacturer’s protocol. The immobilized His-tagged Sox9 protein was used for the binding assay with ZNF219L.
Association of Sox9 with HA-tagged Znf219 mutants was determined by immunoblotting with anti-HA antibody, following precipitation of
cell lysates with anti-His antibody. PCR was performed using gene-specific primers, as shown in Table 1.
Western blot
Western blot was performed by incubating membranes with anti-HA monoclonal antibody (1:3000; Santa Cruz, CA) at 4°C overnight. Signals were detected using an enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL) kit (NEN Life Science Products, MA).
Results
Cloning of znf219L cDNA from zebrafish
To clone the zebrafish cDNA sequences related to the human znf219 gene, we used the program tBLAST to search GenBank for expression sequence tags (ESTs) resembling a region of human ZNF219 that encodes the first three paired zinc fingers (amino acid residues 59 to 327). In this way, we identified one zebrafish EST clone (CR926852). We used 5’- and 3’-RACE to obtain the 5’- and 3’-untranslated regions (UTRs) of this clone, allowing us to assemble a 4101-bp cDNA with an open reading frame of 3288-bp, predicted to encode a protein of 1095 amino acid residues. The 5’- and 3’-UTRs were 237-bp and 576-bp in length, respectively. The complete sequence was deposited in GenBank with the accession number JX141438.
The overall predicted amino acid sequence of zebrafish ZNF219 has only 20%
identity with its orthologues in human and mouse (Fig. 1B). However, the three paired zinc finger domains (aa 278-325, 358-408, and 701-749) of zebrafish ZNF219 have 58.3%, 84.3% and 95.9% identity with their equivalents in human ZNF219, respectively. In addition, zebrafish ZNF219 has two single zinc finger domains (aa 155-175 and 931-952) that have 80% identity with the corresponding domain of human ZNF219. Both human ZNF219 and zebrafish ZNF219 possess a non- homologous single zinc finger domain (the second and sixth domain, respectively (Fig. 1A). Based on its resemblance to ZNF219, we henceforth refer to the newly- identified protein as zebrafish ZNF219-like (ZNF219L).
Genomic organization of the zebrafish znf219L gene
Analysis of human, mouse, fugu, and zebrafish genomes show that znf219L are similarly present in these species. Examination of the genomic region around znf219
and a high degree of conserved genomic synteny was observed within four species, gene ARHGEF40 is flanking znf219L of four species while btr12 locates downstream of Fugu and zebrafish (Fig. 2). In mammals, ARHGEF40 is downstreamof both human and mouse znf219L while it is upstream of fugu and zebrafish suggesting an inversion has occurred during chromosomal rearrangement after separation of the zebrafish lineage from mammals.
We then used the 4101-bp znf219L cDNA sequence to perform an online BLAST search of the GenBank database. The znf219L cDNA was found to show identity with 5 non-contiguous regions of two zebrafish BAC clones, DKEY-46I9 (GenBank accession no. BX664721, 130851-bp) and CH211-142D6 (GenBank accession no.
AL929105, 178797-bp). BLAST two-sequence comparisons of each BAC clone with the zebrafish znf219L cDNA indicated that the znf219L sequence comprises 5 putative exons and 4 introns spanning at least 21.6 kb (Fig. 3). Using these putative exons as a model, a sequence alignment was produced in which each intron was defined in accordance with the GT/AG intron donor/acceptor site rule (67). Exons 1 and 2 contain 152-bp and 81-bp of the 5'-UTR, respectively. Exon 3 contains 4-bp of the 5’- UTR and the putative translation initiation site of the first coding sequence of the znf- 219L cDNA. Exon 5 contains the last 1120-bp of the coding sequence and 576-bp of the 3'-UTR. The size of the introns varied considerably, ranging from 76-bp (intron 2) to 17,577-bp (intron 1). Comparison of the exon-intron organization of zebrafish znf219L with that of the mouse and human znf219 genes indicated that their genomic structures are similar in that all genes have 5 exons and 4 introns. The mouse and human znf219 genes span approximately 14,657 and 8,595-bp, respectively. In addition, the first intron of the mouse (10,464-bp) and human znf219 genes (4,637-bp) is smaller than that of the zebrafish znf219L gene (17,577-bp) (Fig. 3A).
Expression of zebrafish znf219L in various adult tissues and at different developmental stages
Expression of zebrafish znf219L in adult tissues and embryos of different developmental stages was examined by RT-PCR analysis. Primers were used to amplify a DNA fragment spanning exons 3 to 5, to avoid interference of the PCRs by genomic DNA. The amplified product was about 1,000-bp in length. Abundant znf219L expression was detected in heart and brain, with relatively low levels in muscle and testis of adult zebrafish. Expression of znf219L was detected from 24 hours post-fertilization (hpf) onwards at early developing stages (Fig. 3B, and 3C).
Expression patterns of znf219L mRNA in zebrafish embryos
Previous studies reported that mouse znf219 mRNA was specifically expressed in the developing limb buds, suggesting the encoded protein may play an important role in regulating chondrocyte differentiation. (38). In order to investigate whether zebrafish ZNF219L is functionally related to mammalian ZNF219, we first examined its expression pattern by performing whole mount in situ hybridization using zebrafish embryos at different developmental stages. As shown in Fig. 3D, znf219L transcripts were first detected weakly at 22 hpf in notochord only (panels a and a’).
The expression level of znf219L increased in notochord, midbrain-hindbrain boundary and hindbrain from 22 to 72 hpf (panels b, b’, c and c’) and was nearly undetectable after 96 hpf (data not shown). The expression in pectoral fin and otic vesicle (ov) were only detected at 48 hpf (panel b).
Knockdown of znf219L caused partial notochord abnormalities
To characterize the physiological function of ZNF219L, we used ATG and splicing morpholinos to knockdown endogenous znf219L expression in zebrafish embryos. Knockdown of znf219L by ATG-MO caused a curved notochord phenotype,
which showed slightly curved body axis (Fig. 4A, panels a, and a’). Similar abnormalities in the notochord were observed in embryos injected with splicing morpholinos as well (Fig. 4B, panels a and a’). Percentage of the curved notochord phenotype was correlated to the various doses of morpholino injected into the zebrafish embryos (Fig. 4C). It has been reported that concurrent knockdown of p53 can ameliorate the cell death induced by MO off-targeting (68). Therefore, in order to rule out the possibilities that the phenotypes of the morphants were caused by the off- targeting effects of the morpholino used, coinjection of p53-MO and ATG-MO was performed. The percentage of abnormalities in the znf219L morphants coinjected with p53-MO was approximately equal to that with the various doses of morpholino used.
Furthermore, co-injection of znf219L morphants with p53-MO did not result in a significant change in morphology, confirming the specificity of the znf219L morpholino (Fig. 4C).
In addition to ATG-MO, we also synthesized splicing-MO and the positions for splicing-MO targeting sites were shown (Fig. 4D, panel a). According to the results of RT-PCR analyses of the control (C) and splicing-MO (MOs)-injected embryos (Fig.
4D, panel b), the splicing-MO was effective to block mRNA splicing. Furthermore, embryos injected with splicing-MO exhibited similar curved notochord phenotype (Fig. 3B, panels a and a’) as that injected with ATG-MO. However, the ATG-MO consistently showed higher efficiency (>60% abnormal rate at 1.6 ng) than the splicing-MO (around 35% abnormal rate at 6 ng) to induce curved notochord phenotypes under our experimental conditions, we thus adopted the ATG-MO throughout our study.
Zebrafish col2a1a is down-regulated in the notochord of znf219L morphants Up to date, it has been reported that at least five collagen genes; collagen type II alpha-1a (col2a1a), collagen type II alpha-1b (col2a1b), collagen type VIII alpha-1a (col8a1a), collagen type XI alpha-1a (col11a1a), and collagen type XXVII alpha-1a (col27a1a) are expressed in notochord and involved in its formation (28, 61-63, 69).
Because znf219L transcripts were first detected at 22 hpf in notochord only as shown in Fig. 3D, panels a and a’, we thus wonder whether ZNF219L may regulate the expression of those five genes in notochord. Therefore, the znf219L morphants at 24 hpf were analyzed by whole-mount in situ hybridization using probes for different collagen genes. Interestingly, knockdown of znf219L by morpholino only led to the reduced expression of col2a1a specifically in zebrafish notochord (Fig. 5A, panels a and a’), while the expression of other collagen genes was not affected in notochord (Figs. 5B to 5E, panels a and a’). These data suggest that znf219L functions as a specific regulator that targets the col2a1a gene and lacking of it does not have significant effect on the formation of notochord. And, it is possible that other factors involved in regulation of these collagen genes expression in notochord other than ZNF219L.
According to the previous report (28), we similarly established a transgenic Tg(col2a1a: GFP) zebrafish with GFP expression in the craniofacial cartilage, ear, notochord, floor plate, hypochord and pectoral fins (Fig. 6A, B, panels a and a’). The expression pattern was similar to that of endogenous col2a1a (28). We then injected ATG-MO into embryos of this transgenic line at 2-4 cells stage and observed that knockdown of znf219L only decreased the GFP signal in the notochord, not in other tissues, of Tg(col2a1a: GFP) fish at 24 hpf (Fig. 6C, panels a, a’ b, b’ c, and c’).
These data are consistent with the result mentioned above that knockdown of znf219L
by morpholino led to the reduced expression of col2a1a specifically in notochord of wild-type zebrafish (Fig. 5A, panels a and a’).
ZNF219L regulates col2a1a promoter activity via binding to GGGGG motifs It has been previously reported that mammalian ZNF219 can localize to the nucleus, where it functions as a transcriptional regulator. In addition, ZNF219 has been reported to bind the GGGGG motif in the col2a1 promoter region (38).
According to those results mentioned above, we further examined whether ZNF219L activates the zebrafish col2a1a promoter in cultured cells. Initially, we had performed serial deletions ranged from 2.0-kb to -386 bp region of col2a1a promoter in luciferase assay. It showed no obvious difference in the activity between 2.0-kb and - 386 bp region of col2a1a gene promoter. Therefore, we believe that -386 region alone could be responsible for col2a1a expression. We constructed an expression vector containing a col2a1a promoter proximal region, 386 base pairs upstream of the ATG codon (designated as the -386 region), which contains all three ZNF219L binding sites. A luciferase assay construct containing the -386 proximal region of the col2a1a promoter (henceforth referred to as the col2a1a proximal promoter luciferase construct) was used to drive luciferase expression (Fig. 7A). The col2a1a proximal promoter luciferase construct was co-transfected with a ZNF219L overexpression construct into grass carp CF cells, and luciferase activity was measured to compare promoter activity in cells with or without ZNF219L overexpression. Luciferase activity of the col2a1a proximal promoter was elevated by overexpression of ZNF219L (Fig. 7A). However, in order to confirm that binding of ZNF219L to the col2a1a proximal promoter was required for the observed increase in luciferase activity, we mutated the three ZNF219L binding sites. It was previously reported that mutation of the ZNF219 recognition sequence GGGGG to GGCGG reduced its
binding affinity in mammals (38). Therefore, we mutated all three ZNF219L binding sites from GGGGG to GAAAG (thereby mutating two extra base pairs as compared to the earlier study) in the col2a1a proximal promoter. As shown in panel b, mutation of these motifs reduced promoter activity in cells with and without ZNF219L overexpression. These results suggest that zebrafish ZNF219L can specifically up- regulate the transcriptional activity of the col2a1a promoter via binding to the GGGGG motifs. To confirm this hypothesis, we performed a pull-down assay with biotin-labeled oligonucleotide probes, each containing one of the three GGGGG motifs. We found that ZNF219L could directly bind to all three GGGGG motifs in an independent manner. The association between ZNF219L and each motif was specific, because the addition of a competitive non-biotin-labeled probe effectively inhibited binding (Fig. 7B).
We next used an in vitro binding assay to identify which zinc finger domain is required for association of ZNF219L with the col2a1a gene promoter. A series of deletion mutants of ZNF219L were generated for use in the assay, as shown in Fig.
7C. A deletion mutant without the sixth, seventh, eighth, and ninth zinc finger domains (upper panel) was not pulled down by biotin-labeled oligonucleotides containing the three GGGGG motifs, indicating that it could not bind to the col2a1a gene promoter (6, Fig. 7D). However, the deletion mutant without the seventh, eighth, and ninth zinc finger domains (3) and another deletion mutant with only the ninth zinc finger domain (4) interacted with biotin-labeled oligonucleotides. Thus, both sixth and ninth zinc finger domains are involved in binding to the GGGGG motifs Lysates of cells expressing different ZNF219L mutants were analyzed by immunoblotting with anti-HA antibody as control in the lower panel.
Altogether, our data indicate that ZNF219L is required for the regulation of col2a1a promoter activity via binding to GGGGG motifs in cultured cells.
Zinc finger protein 219-like (ZNF219L) is required for regulation of sncgb promoter activity in vitro and in vivo
A ZNF219L binding motif (GGGGG) was identified within the 2.0-kb promoter region at the 5′ end of the zebrafish sncgb gene (genomic sequences were obtained from the NCBI Genbank database NM_001020652), suggesting that ZNF219L may regulate expression of this gene. Luciferase reporter assays were subsequently performed to confirm whether ZNF219L regulates sncgb promoter activity. Plasmids containing a 2.0-kb region of the sncgb promoter with either wild type (GGGGG) or mutant (GAAAG) binding motifs were used to drive luciferase expression. ZNF219L overexpression enhanced luciferase activity of wild type, but not mutant, constructs (Fig. 8A). Binding of ZNF219L to the sncgb 2.0-kb promoter was confirmed using in vitro pull-down assays; biotin-labeled oligonucleotide probes containing the sncgb 2.0-kb promoter sequence with the wild type binding motif pulled down ZNF219L (Fig. 8B).
We previously reported that znf219L knockdown decreased expression of notochord-specific genes (70), and therefore hypothesized that znf219L knockdown may also affect sncgb expression. Zebrafish embryos were injected with znf219L morpholino (MO), and collected at 24 hours post-fertilization (hpf) for analysis by whole mount in situ hybridization using an sncgb probe. Knockdown of znf219L resulted in a decrease in sncgb expression specifically in the notochord, as compared to embryos injected with control-MO (Fig. 8C).
Sox9a is required for regulation of sncgb promoter activity in vitro and in vivo Two HMG consensus DNA sequences were also identified within the 2.0-kb
promoter region at the 5′ end of the zebrafish sncgb gene, suggesting that Sox9 may regulate expression of sncgb. However, gene duplication in the zebrafish genome is common (25, 26), and there are two sox9 genes in zebrafish: sox9a and sox9b. These genes have been reported to be involved in the development of crest, otic placode, cartilage, and bone (33), and both Sox9a and Sox9b recognize HMG motifs (71).
Since Sox9a exerts a greater effect than Sox9b on the morphogenesis of condensations during cartilage differentiation (72) with highly expressed in notochord of developmental embryos at 24hpf and decreased after 48 hpf(73) and sox9b knockdown has no significant effect on sncgb expression (data not shown), we focus here on the role of sox9a.
Luciferase reporter assays were subsequently performed to determine whether Sox9a regulates sncgb promoter activity. Plasmids containing a 2.0-kb region of the sncgb promoter with either wild type or mutant HMG-binding motifs were used to drive luciferase expression. Overexpression of Sox9a enhanced the luciferase activity of wild type reporters by about 5-fold, but had no effect on mutant constructs (Fig.
9A).
As for znf219L, knockdown of sox9a affected sncgb expression. Whole mount in situ hybridization using a sncgb probe revealed that expression of sncgb in the notochord of sox9a morphants was reduced, as compared to that in embryos injected with control-MO (Fig. 9B).
Zebrafish ZNF219L associates with Sox9a
To further understand the molecular interaction between ZNF219L and Sox9a, we performed an in vitro binding assay using recombinant His-tagged Sox9a protein and
HA-tagged ZNF219L mutants lacking different C2H2 zinc fingers (Fig 10A).
Recombinant His-tagged Sox9a proteins were expressed in E. coli, and then purified and incubated with HA-tagged ZNF219L mutants. His-tagged Sox9a proteins were subsequently pulled down with nickel beads and subjected to Western blot using anti- HA. As shown in Fig. 10B, the association between Sox9a and ZNF219L was abolished when the sixth or ninth zinc finger domain was excluded, indicating that this region is required for interaction between these proteins.
Simultaneous knockdown of znf219L and sox9a results in a synergistic decrease of sncgb expression in the notochord.
The association between ZNF219L and Sox9a suggests that these proteins may synergistically regulate sncgb expression. This hypothesis was tested using luciferase reporters driven by a region of the sncgb promoter containing the ZNF219L and Sox9a binding motifs. ZNF219L overexpression alone enhanced reporter activity by about 2-fold, whereas Sox9a overexpression increased it by about 4-fold.
Simultaneous overexpression of both proteins, however, enhanced luciferase activity by about 6- to 7-fold (Fig. 11A). Therefore, ZNF219L and Sox9a have a synergistic effect on sncgb promoter activity.
Simultaneous morpholino knockdown of znf219L and sox9a caused a consistent and synergistic decrease in the expression of sncgb in the notochord, as compared to embryos injected with only one morpholino (Fig. 11B). Taken together, these results reveal that ZNF219L and Sox9a are involved in the regulation of notochord-specific expression of sncgb.
Discussion
In this study, we described the cloning of zebrafish ZNF219-related protein based on mammalian ZNF219; this protein consists of 1095 amino acids and 9 classical C2H2 zinc finger domains. The overall amino acid sequence of this protein has low identity (20%) with that of human ZNF219, but higher identity was observed in each C2H2 zinc finger domain (Fig. 2). We further demonstrated that (1) its expression in the midbrain hindbrain boundary, hindbrain and notochord (Fig. 3); (2) its morpholino knockdown caused partial notochord phenotype and led to down-regulation of col2a1a mRNA expression in notochord (Figs. 4-6); (3) its ability to bind to the GGGGG motifs in the col2a1a gene promoter (Fig. 7) and (4) the sixth and/or ninth zinc finger domains of ZNF219L are required for binding to the col2a1a gene promoter (Fig. 7D). Taken together, these data indicate that zebrafish ZNF219L functions in regulating col2a1a expression in the notochord.
Zinc finger proteins contain one to forty zinc finger domains (39). Most of these proteins can be classified into three groups, based on the number and pattern of the zinc fingers: triple-C2H2, multiple-adjacent-C2H2, and separated-paired-C2H2 finger proteins (74). Human ZNF219 is a separated-paired-C2H2 finger protein, which contains nine zinc finger domains. Proteins with nine zinc finger domains may require two to four of these domains for DNA binding, while the others act as protein-protein interaction domains. For example, the friend of GATA (FOG) family–FOG-1 protein uses the first, fifth, sixth, and ninth zinc finger domains for protein-protein interaction, while the FOG-2 protein uses the first, fifth, sixth, and eighth zinc finger domains to interact with GATA-1 (75). The first three zinc finger domains of TFIIIA (also a nine zinc finger domain protein) are used for DNA binding, and the fourth to seventh zinc finger domains are used for RNA binding (76, 77). Human ZNF219 was reported to
recognize and bind to specific DNA sequences through two regions: the first three zinc finger domains, and a paired zinc finger domain (fifth and sixth fingers) (36).
The latter was also demonstrated to interact with Sox9 (38). Thus, the fifth and sixth zinc finger domains of human ZNF219 are required for DNA binding. In this study, we demonstrated that zebrafish ZNF219L is a protein with nine zinc finger domains, and its sixth and ninth zinc finger domains are required for binding to the promoter of col2a1a (Fig. 7D). However, the sixth zinc finger domain of zebrafish ZNF219L is not present in mammalian ZNF219 (Fig. 2), and the ninth zinc finger domain of mammalian ZNF219 is not involved in DNA binding (36, 38). Therefore, zebrafish ZNF219L may bind DNA through specific and unique zinc finger domains.
Human ZNF219 was determined to be either a transcriptional repressor or enhancer, depending on the target gene and the cell type. Human ZNF219 represses expression of high mobility group nucleosomal binding protein 1 (HMGN1) in 293 cells (a human embryonic kidney cell line) (36), but enhances expression of aggrecan, Col2a1, and Col11a2 in C3H10T1/2 mesenchymal cells through associating with Sox9 (38). In this study, we demonstrated that knockdown of zebrafish znf219L resulted in curved notochord phenotype with only down-regulation of col2a1a without affecting other four collagen genes-col2a1b, col8a1a, col11a1a, and col27a1a expression the notochord (Figs. 4-6). Also, zebrafish ZNF219L enhances transcription of col2a1a in carp CF-cells through recognized the same GGGGG motifs as in mammals (Fig. 7). However, zebrafish sox9a regulates expression of col2a1a in craniofacial cartilage, but sox9a knockdown did not affect col2a1a expression in the notochord (28). Interestingly, the GFP signal in the Tg(col2a1a:GFP) transgenic zebrafish line was detected in many tissues, including craniofacial cartilage, ear, notochord, floor plate, hypochord and pectoral fins, in a pattern similar to that of
endogenous col2a1a (28). Knockdown of znf219L and sox9a only affected the GFP signal in the notochord and craniofacial cartilage, respectively. This suggests that other factors may be required for col2a1a expression in other tissues.
Recent studies have indicated that other zinc finger proteins are also involved in chondrogenesis. For example, zinc finger protein 521 (ZNF521) acts as a transcriptional regulator during bone formation, and is also a target gene of parathyroid hormone-related peptide, which regulates growth plate chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation (78, 79). Zinc finger protein 145 (ZNF145) functions in chondrogenesis by enhancing the expression of sox9 in human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) (80). This suggests that zebrafish ZNF219L may regulate col2a1a expression in the notochord directly, as a single factor. It is likely that ZNF219L and Sox9a act separately, to regulate col2a1a expression in the notochord and craniofacial cartilage, respectively.
In addition, we have established that Znf219L and Sox9a are both involved in regulating expression of sncgb specifically in the notochord. We report here that: (1) ZNF219L and SOX9a recognize their respective binding sites within, and induce activity of the sncgb promoter (Fig. 8A-B, and 9A); (2) MO knockdown of sox9a consistently results in a decrease in sncgb expression in the notochord (Fig. 8C, and 9B); (3) ZNF219L physically associates with Sox9a (Fig. 10); and (4) simultaneous knockdown of both znf219L and sox9a results in a synergistic decrease of sncgb expression and promoter activity. Overall, these findings indicate that the roles of zebrafish ZNF219L and Sox9a distinct from our previous study in col2a1a gene regulation. In this target gene, ZNF219L and Sox9a function coordinately in up- regulating sncgb expression in the notochord.
In human, α, β, and γ - synuclein are highly homologous proteins abundant in presynaptic terminals, and these proteins are thought to play a role in the regulation of neurotransmission (81). However, as the expression pattern of zebrafish sncgb differs dramatically from that of its homologue sncga, it is possible that sncgb may play a role in a process other than neuronal dopamine homeostasis. Knockdown of sncgb did not cause any obvious defects in the development of zebrafish embryos (data not shown), and its function therefore remains unclear. Nevertheless, we have demonstrated that sncgb is a novel target gene of ZNF219L, specifically in the notochord. Furthermore, we have shown that ZNF219L associates with Sox9a, and that this interaction contributes to the regulation of sncgb expression. We suggest that sncgb may be involved in notochord development, possibly through a redundant pathway. Future studies are required to help delineate the role of the protein encoded by sncgb.
Conclusion and perspective
In summary, we cloned the zebrafish zinc finger 219-like (ZNF219L) based on mammalian ZNF219, which contains nine C2H2-type zinc finger domains. Through whole-mount in situ hybridization, we found that znf219L mRNA is mainly expressed in the zebrafish midbrain-hindbrain boundary, hindbrain, and notochord during development. Reduction of zebrafish ZNF219L causes down-regulation of col2a1a gene expression in notochord and partial notochord abnormalities. In addition, ZNF219L could recognize binding sites with GGGGG motifs and trigger augmented activity of the col2a1a promoter in a luciferase assay. Furthermore, in vitro binding experiments revealed that ZNF219L recognizes the GGGGG motifs in the promoter region of the zebrafish col2a1a gene through its sixth and ninth zinc finger domains.
Taken together, our data indicates that zebrafish ZNF219L acts as an important transcriptional factor in regulating the col2a1a gene expression in notochord.
Mammal zinc finger protein 219 (ZNF219) was reported to act as a transcriptional partner of Sox9 in the regulation of chondrocyte differentiation by forming a complex with Sox9. On the other hand, we also discovered that sncgb gene was the other target gene of ZNF219L. Furthermore, we demonstrated the ZNF219L and Sox9a are both involved in the regulation of sncgb expression which is another notochord-related gene. We observed that over-expression of both ZNF219L and Sox9a resulted in trigger augmented activity of the sncgb promoter in a luciferase assay. However, in this target gene, ZNF219L is physically associated with Sox9a, and simultaneous morpholino knockdown of znf219L and sox9a caused a synergistic decrease of sncgb expression in the notochord. These results reveal that coordination of ZNF219L with Sox9a is involved in the regulation of notochord-specific expression of sncgb.
Taken together, we demonstrated both col2a1a and sncgb genes were regulated by ZNF219L. It can be indicated that zebrafish ZNF219L may act as a novel transcription factor in regulation of notochord related genes through interacted with Sox9a or function independently. Other notochord-related genes regulated by ZNF219L should be studied in the future.
Figures
Figure 1. Alignment of amino acid sequences of zebrafish ZNF219L and mouse and human ZNF219 proteins. (A) Zebrafish ZNF219L protein contains three paired zinc finger domains (aa 278-325, 358-408, and 701-749) and three single zinc finger domains. (B) The deduced amino acid sequence of zebrafish ZNF219L was aligned with those of mouse and human ZNF219 proteins. All three proteins contain eight highly-conserved C2H2-type zinc finger domains (indicated by bars labeled with C and H). Both mammalian ZNF219 and zebrafish ZNF219 possess a non-homologous single zinc finger domain (the second and sixth domain, respectively). The accession numbers for mouse and human znf219 are NM_027248.2 and NM_001102454, respectively.
Figure 2. Conservation of zebrafish znf219L homologues. Schematic of conserved genomic synteny around the znf219L genes in human, mouse, fugu, and zebrafish with gene orientation marked by the direction of the arrows. Location of the genomic region is marked below.
Figure 3. Genomic organization and expression profiles of zebrafish znf219L.
Genomic organization of zebrafish znf219L, and the mouse and human znf219 genes were shown in panel (A). Coding regions are shown as filled boxes numbered from 3 to 5. The 5’- and 3’-untranslated regions are shown as open boxes, while solid lines indicate introns. RT-PCR was performed with gene-specific primers. β-actin was used as an internal control to normalize the amount of cDNA prepared from different adult zebrafish tissues (B) and from zebrafish embryos at different developmental stages (C). The developmental expression profile of zebrafish znf219L mRNA was examined in embryos from 12 hpf to 144 hpf. Blank PCR was performed using gene-specific primers and β-actin primers without the addition of cDNA template. Whole-mount in situ hybridization with antisense znf219L was performed at the indicated times post- fertilization (D). The images were taken from 22 to 48 hpf in the lateral view (panels a, b) and 48 hpf in dorsal view in panel c. The boxed region is enlarged to show the signal in the notochord (nc) from 22 to 48 hpf of both lateral and dorsal view (panels a’, b’, and c’). Dorsal view of znf219L mRNA signals in midbrain hinfbrain boundry (mhb), and hindbrain (hb) were detected from 48 to 96 hpf (panel d, e, and f). mhb, midbrain hindbrain boundry; hb, hindbrain; ov, otic vesicle; pf, pectoral fin, nc, notochord. Scale bars=100 µm.
Figure 4. Knockdown of znf219L caused notochord abnormalities. Knockdown of znf219L in wild-type zebrafish embryos using an ATG-MO (A) or a splicing-MO (B) resulted in abnormal notochord phenotype with partial curving of notochord (panels b, and b’). Black arrowheads in panel b’ indicate partial curved notochord abnormalities. Scale bars=100 µm. (C) The percentage of abnormal notochord phenotypes in zebrafish embryos was correlated with MO dose, for both types of znf219L MO tested. Co-injection of ATG-MO with p53-MO did not decrease the ratio of abnormal notochord phenotypes. (D) Schematic depicting the binding positions of the splicing-MO and primers used for detecting znf219L-derived RNA species by RT- PCR (panel a). Representative images from RT-PCR analyses of control (C) and splicing MO (MOs)-injected embryos (panel b). RT-PCR was performed with splicing-MO F1-R1 and F2-R1 primers. β-actin was used as an internal control.
Figure 5. Knockdown of znf219L only caused decreased expression of col2a1a in the notochord. Expression of col2a1a (A), col2a1b (B), col8a1a (C), col11a1a (D), and col27a1a (E) was examined in znf219L ATG-MO by in situ hybridization using probes for each collagen gene. Only col2a1a expression in notochord was observed to decrease significantly, other four genes were not. White arrows indicate decreases in the expression of endogenous col2a1a in notochord. (Fig. 4A, panel a’). Scale bars=100 µm.
