Graduate Institute of Sociology College of Social Science National Taiwan University
Master Thesis
The Spouse as Confidant: The effect of emotional network
Ting-Hsuan Hsu
Advisor: Kuo-Hsien Su, Ph.D.
105 4
Apirl, 2016
i
。 。
R02 。
212 214 。
!
! ! ! ! 。
。
。
。
。
。 Bott (1956)
1997
。 (1)
(2)
(3)
。
!
!
!
!
!
iii
Abstract
In Taiwan, people often say “marriage is not only a union between two people, but also between two families.” However, current studies mainly focus on how personal attribution, and both attributions of husband and wife affect martial relationship, ignoring the effect of personal networks that married people are situated in. Therefore, based on Bott’s theory about how conjugal role associates with social networks, the main objective of this study is to examine how personal networks affect whether
married people view their spouse as their confidant (the person that they mainly depend on emotionally). Using the data from the 1997 Taiwan Social Change Survey, this study investigates how the size, gender composition, and kin composition of the emotional networks affect whether married people include their spouse into their emotional networks or not. The following are the three most important findings of this study: first of all, the bigger the emotional networks’ size are, the less likely for married people to include their spouse into their emotional networks. Secondly, sex difference is observed in the emotional networks’ gender composition; married men are more likely to include their spouse into his emotional networks when it is predominantly male. Lastly, married people with higher kin proportion in their emotional networks are more likely to include their spouse. These results imply that it is important to consider the composition of the members in the personal networks. The implications of Taiwan society’s speciality are also discussed.
Keywords: personal network, emotional network, marital relationship, gender, kin!
!
……….I
... II
ABSTRACT ... III ... IV ... VI
「 ... 1
「 ... 5
... 5
... 8
... 13
... 14
... 16
/ ... 17
... 21
「 。 ... 23
。 。 ... 23
... 24
v
... 26
... 26
... 29
。 ... 33
「 。 ... 34
... 34
... 39
... 42
... 42
... 43
... 46
... 57
「 ... 60
。 ... 60
... 65
。 ... 68
... 69
... 75
A (ALTER) ... 75
B (ALTER) ... 76
C ... 77
!
... 37
... 41
... 45
... 47
A ... 50
B ... 51
... 54
... 59
!
!
!
!
1
!
「 !
(Granevettor 1973)
(Personal Network) 。
。
Fischer (1982)
Fischer
。
1985 2006 (General Social Survey)
McPherson Smith-Lovin Brashears (2006) 1985 2006 2006
McPherson Fischer (2011)
1970 2010
。
。 2010: 285, 307
(companionate marriage)
Stone 2011: 271
。
Weiss (1969,1973)
(emotional loneliness) (social loneliness)
O’Connor
(1991) Weiss
。
1
Giddens
Giddens 2011: 138 Jamesion
3
Jamesion 2002
2009:107 1997
。 。
。
。 。
Connell (1987)
。
。
1989 2000
2004 2004
2005 2012
。
Moore 1990 2001:193
。
2000 2004 2008
2012
2003
。
!
!
5
「 !
(Kemper 1981; Simon and Nath 2004; Lively & Powell 2006)
! Hochschild (1975)
(Simon and Nath 2004)
。 Hochschild
Simon Nath (2004)
。 Simon Nath General Social Survey GSS
。
Parsons Bales (1955)
(expressive work) (instrumental work)
(Simon and Nath 2004; Jamieson 2002[1998])
。
Duncomebe Marden (1993)
「
7
Rubin (1983: 71, 129)
Rubin
(2012)
/
2 (2013)
。
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
2 2012 。
!
Kemper Collins
Kemper (1990: 211, 214, 222, 225, 229, 230)
Kemper
Kemper
Kemper (power)
(status)
Collins (1990: 32, 39) Durkhiem (moral solidarity)
Collins
Durkhiem (power)
(status)
9
(solidarity) (emotional
energy)
Collins
Kemper Collins
(emotional energy)
。 Neff Suizzo (2006:452)
。 Neff Suizzo
。
Neff Suizzo 。
Neff Suizzo 。
Lively Powell (2006)
。
Jack 。
(self-silencing theory) 。
。
Jack
11
(vulnerability to depression) Jack
[ ] (Jack 2010: 5,9)
。
Neff
Suizzo (2006) Lively Powell
(2006)
(Smithet al. 2014)
Lin (2001)
Lin
Lin (homophilious interaction) (heterophilous
interaction)
(Lin 2001: 39, 47-50)
Lin
。
! !
!
!
!
!
!
13
!
Bott (1956) 。
」
」
Bott (highly connected network)
(segregated conjugal role relationship)
(emotional investment)
」
(dispersed network)
(joint conjugal role relationship) Bott 。
。
!
Moore 1990 2001: 193,194
Bott 。
(Toomey 1971)
15
Bott 。
(fund of sociability) (Caplow and Forman 1950: 3623; Weiss 1969; Bott 1971: 279)
(Weiss 1969)
。 Nelson (1966: 668-670)
(clique) 。
(fund of sociability) (clique)
4 5
Nelson
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
3 Caplow Forman (1950) 。 fund of
sociability
4
(clique contact) (individual contact)
(traditional) (compassionate) Nelson
(Nelson 1966)
5 ”How do you feel about the understanding you get from your husband of your problems or feeling?” (670)
。 O’Connor (1991)
!
Bott 。
(connectedness) (segregated/joint
conjugal role) Fallding (1961:342)
Fallding Bott 。
(sex in-group)
Bott (1971: 65-70)
17
Turner (1967: 125,129)
。
!
/ !
。
Granovetter (the strength of tie)6
(duration) (frequency) (intensity)
(closeness) 2001: 184
7
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
6 Granovetter, Mark S. 1973. "The Strength of Weak Ties." American Journal of Sociology 78(6):1360-80. (1361)
7 A B
(2003) 8
(Fischer 2010)
2002: 175
(Bott 1971:130, 131, 297)
(Bott 1971:295) (2000: 186)
(alter) (tie) (alter) (ego)
(alter) Bott
Burt
Bott Aldous Straus (1966: 580)
Burt (1992: 257-260)
Bott 。 Bott
Burt
19
(redundancy) (brokerage)9
(Marsden 1987: 124)
。 Blood (1969)
Hill (1988)
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
9 Burt
(brokerage) (redundancy)
。
21
!
Bott (1957:70)
(1996:14)
(2012)
(2003)
Hill (1988)
。
a
。 1995
1999 2002 。
1999
2015 Heider
b
23
「 。 !
。 。 !
。 (logistic regression model)
。 。
1997
20 74
。
20 74
1998
1997
2835 。
2035 2035
1983
!
1997
(ego)
(alter)10 (alter)
(ego) (alter)
(alter)
(Name Generator) (egocentric network)
(Knoke & Yang 2007)
2001
。 。
General Social Survey GSS
25
GSS 1985 2004
11
McPherson Smith-Lovin Brashears (2006: 336) 。
GSS GSS
Jamieson 2002
。
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
11 1985 GSS “From time to time, most people discuss important matters with other people.
Looking back over the last six months - who are the people with whom you discussed matters important to you? Just tell me their first names or initials. IF LESS THAN 5 NAMES MENTIONED, PROBE, Anyone else? ONLY RECORD FIRST 5 NAMES.”
!
!
(1)
85 7
!
(1)
。
Fischer (1982: 127-28)
(counseling) (companionship) (practical)
27
2004 1984 2004 0
1984 。
5 0
1
(2)
(ego) (alter)
Smith (2014)
Bott
1 0
(3)
。
(Fischer 1982)
1
0 0
(4)
29
(5)
(6)
1 0
(7)
!
! ! ! !
!
!
(1)
。 (Simon and Nath 2004)
((Duncomebe and Marden 1993; Rubin 1983))
1 0
(2)
(2006)
、
(2009:107) 。
(3)
18 6
(4)
4 3 2 1
31
(5)
1997
(2007)
(Fischer 1982)12
22 。
1998 0
1 0 1
(6)
Komarovsky (1964)
。
。
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
12 Fischer (1982) 。
(7)
(Fischer 1982: 91)
1 0
(8)
(6)
33
。 !
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
[ ]#
#
1. ! 2. ! 3. ! !
4. ! 5. !
6. ! 7. ! !
[ ]#
#
1. !
[ ]# #
#
1. !
2. !
3. !
4. !
5. !
!
[ ]#
!
「 。 !
!
。
63
63%
69% 57%
12%
46
78% 12% 10%
31% 69%
3.48 3.59 3.37
37% 16%
28% 。
19%
33%
35
27% 。 22%
41%
15% 29%
。 16%
3.30 3.15
3.46 0.31 6% 0
10% 1 10% 2 29% 3
13% 4 32% 5
0 1 0 8% 4%
1 12% 8%
58%
52%
65% 71%
65% 76%
。 。
36% 34% 46%
41%13 40% 6%
29.56% 43.16%
13%
35.18% 33.68%
1.5%
24%
28% 21% 19%
14% 23%
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
13
!
! 37
!
0.63 0.48 0.0 1 0.69 0.46 0.0 1 0.57 0.50 0.0 1
0.50 0.50 0.0 1 1.00 0.00 1.0 1 0.00 0.00 0.0 0
46.22 12.53 21.0 75 47.95 12.58 23.0 75 44.47 12.25 21.0 75
0.78 0.41 0.0 1 0.76 0.42 0.0 1 0.80 0.40 0.0 1
0.12 0.32 0.0 1 0.13 0.33 0.0 1 0.11 0.31 0.0 1
0.10 0.30 0.0 1 0.11 0.31 0.0 1 0.10 0.30 0.0 1
3.48 0.62 1.0 4 3.59 0.55 1.0 4 3.37 0.67 1.0 4
0.31 0.46 0.0 1 0.30 0.46 0.0 1 0.32 0.47 0.0 1
2.29 1.15 1.0 4 2.38 1.15 1.0 4 2.19 1.13 1.0 4
0.37 0.48 0.0 1 0.33 0.47 0.0 1 0.41 0.49 0.0 1
0.16 0.37 0.0 1 0.18 0.39 0.0 1 0.15 0.35 0.0 1
0.28 0.45 0.0 1 0.27 0.45 0.0 1 0.29 0.45 0.0 1
0.19 0.39 0.0 1 0.22 0.41 0.0 1 0.16 0.36 0.0 1
0.70 0.46 0.0 1 0.86 0.35 0.0 1 0.54 0.50 0.0 1
0.19 0.40 0.0 1 0.09 0.29 0.0 1 0.29 0.46 0.0 1
0.60 0.49 0.0 1 0.60 0.49 0.0 1 0.60 0.49 0.0 1
0.20 0.40 0.0 1 0.30 0.46 0.0 1 0.10 0.30 0.0 1
!
3.30 1.54 0.0 5 3.15 1.61 0.0 5 3.46 1.45 0.0 5
0 0.06 0.24 0.0 1 0.08 0.27 0.0 1 0.04 0.20 0.0 1
1 0.10 0.30 0.0 1 0.12 0.33 0.0 1 0.08 0.26 0.0 1
2 0.10 0.30 0.0 1 0.10 0.30 0.0 1 0.10 0.30 0.0 1
3 0.29 0.45 0.0 1 0.27 0.45 0.0 1 0.30 0.46 0.0 1
4 0.13 0.34 0.0 1 0.13 0.34 0.0 1 0.14 0.35 0.0 1
5 0.32 0.47 0.0 1 0.30 0.46 0.0 1 0.35 0.48 0.0 1
(%) 58.36 33.88 0.0 100 52.03 34.61 0.0 100 64.79 31.88 0.0 100
(%) 36.31 34.63 0.0 100 29.56 33.27 0.0 100 43.16 34.65 0.0 100
(%) 34.44 36.81 0.0 100 35.18 38.38 0.0 100 33.68 35.15 0.0 100
2.67 1.52 0.0 5 2.46 1.58 0.0 5 2.89 1.43 0.0 5
(%) 70.60 37.71 0.0 100 64.81 40.03 0.0 100 76.48 34.24 0.0 100
(%) 45.65 42.71 0.0 100 39.33 43.67 0.0 100 52.05 40.74 0.0 100
(%) 40.79 41.92 0.0 100 42.45 44.31 0.0 100 39.10 39.30 0.0 100
(%) 39.81 41.00 0.0 100 35.17 42.02 0.0 100 44.52 39.40 0.0 100
(%) 5.75 16.59 0.0 100 4.02 14.47 0.0 100 7.50 18.33 0.0 100
0.24 0.43 0.0 1 0.28 0.45 0.0 1 0.21 0.41 0.0 1
39
!
1 1.50
1 1.7 14
1.56
1.63 1.34
2 1
15
0.23
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
14 (0.983-1)*100%=-1.7%
15! !
Komarovsky (1964: 21, 24, 119,145-147)
2 3
41
!
1 2
Odds Ratio (z)
1.574*** 1.837***
(4.00) (4.89) 0.983*** 0.974***
(-3.61) (-5.03) 1.564** 1.717**
(2.77) (3.10) 0.992 1.036 (-0.05) (0.20) 1.769*** 1.860***
(7.15) (7.25)
1 0 1.626*** 1.936***
(4.26) (5.35) 1.062 1.227***
(1.05) (3.30) 1.344* 1.569***
(2.55) (3.58) 0.942 0.889 (-0.45) (-0.83)
0.775 0.701+ (-1.44) (-1.87)
0.695***
(-9.83) 1.020***
(13.59)
N 1983 1983
pseudo R2 0.063 0.162
Exponentiated coefficients; + p<0.1, *p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001!
!
!
!
(fund of sociability)
/
2
43
2
!
Fallding (1961) Bott
1
2 3
0.008
Allan (1989: 71-72)
Caldwell Peplau
(1982) 16
17
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
16
17
45
!
1: 2: 3:
Odds Ratio (z) 0.937
(-0.28)
0.973*** 0.973** 0.971***
(-5.16) (-3.18) (-3.93)
1.704** 1.919* 1.502
(3.04) (2.51) (1.68)
1.069 1.160 1.007
(0.37) (0.55) (0.03)
1.842*** 1.696*** 1.944***
(7.12) (3.76) (6.06)
1 0 1.976*** 1.846** 2.039***
(5.48) (3.28) (4.26)
1.239*** 1.241* 1.201*
(3.43) (2.30) (2.13)
1.575*** 1.846* 1.500**
(3.59) (2.45) (2.74)
0.880 0.833 0.901
(-0.89) (-0.61) (-0.64)
0.689+ 0.716 0.619+
(-1.95) (-0.98) (-1.77) 0.664*** 0.609*** 0.703***
(-9.12) (-7.00) (-6.00)
(%) 1.020*** 1.026*** 1.015***
(13.71) (11.17) (7.94)
(%) 0.997 1.008** 0.996
(-1.48) (3.12) (-1.65)
* (%) 1.010***
(3.42)
N 1983 999 984
pseudo R2 0.167 0.194 0.134
Exponentiated coefficients; + p<0.1, *p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001
!
1
0.02 18
2 3
1 2
47
1 2
Odds Ratio (z) 1.831*** 1.837***
(4.85) (4.87) 0.975*** 0.974***
(-4.84) (-4.86) 1.716** 1.710**
(3.09) (3.07) 1.039 1.038 (0.21) (0.21) 1.873*** 1.869***
(7.31) (7.29)
1 0 1.939*** 1.942***
(5.35) (5.36) 1.218** 1.218**
(3.17) (3.18) 1.568*** 1.567***
(3.57) (3.57) 0.892 0.892 (-0.81) (-0.80)
0.710 0.710 (-1.80) (-1.80) 0.679*** 0.679***
(-8.79) (-8.78)
(%) 1.002 1.002
(1.10) (1.05)
(%) 1.015*** 1.020***
(4.58) (13.38)
(%) 1.005
(1.51)
(%) 0.997
(-0.77)
N 1983 1983
pseudo R2 0.164 0.163
Exponentiated coefficients; + p<0.1, *p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001
39.81%
5.75% B
19
A
b B
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
49
/
A !
1 2 3 4 5 6
Odds Ratio (z)
1.824*** 1.861***
(4.81) (4.98)
0.976*** 0.974** 0.972*** 0.976*** 0.977** 0.973***
(-4.58) (-3.04) (-3.70) (-4.39) (-2.71) (-3.54) 1.713** 1.931* 1.493 1.728** 1.975** 1.512+ (3.08) (2.53) (1.66) (3.13) (2.62) (1.71) 1.034 1.155 1.004 1.038 1.167 1.007 (0.19) (0.53) (0.02) (0.21) (0.57) (0.03) 1.867*** 1.698*** 1.946*** 1.861*** 1.674*** 1.943***
(7.28) (3.77) (6.06) (7.25) (3.67) (6.05)
1 0 1.962*** 1.848** 2.054*** 1.944*** 1.803** 2.042***
(5.45) (3.29) (4.30) (5.37) (3.14) (4.26) 1.211** 1.236* 1.193* 1.202** 1.220* 1.175 (3.07) (2.25) (2.04) (2.92) (2.10) (1.83) 1.559*** 1.840* 1.493** 1.568*** 1.822* 1.503**
(3.53) (2.44) (2.70) (3.57) (2.41) (2.75) 0.895 0.838 0.902 0.887 0.844 0.893
(-0.78) (-0.59) (-0.63) (-0.84) (-0.56) (-0.69) 0.710+ 0.720 0.617+ 0.706+ 0.726 0.610+ (-1.80) (-0.96) (-1.78) (-1.83) (-0.93) (-1.82) 0.674*** 0.608*** 0.698*** 0.675*** 0.597*** 0.700***
(-8.92) (-7.03) (-6.07) (-8.90) (-7.24) (-6.06)
(%) 1.002 1.008** 0.997 1.002 1.009*** 0.996
(1.24) (3.16) (-1.39) (1.16) (3.49) (-1.61) (%) 1.019*** 1.026*** 1.015*** 1.019*** 1.024*** 1.014***
(12.76) (10.41) (7.58) (12.15) (9.90) (6.90) 1.501 1.264 1.392
(1.53) (0.55) (0.95)
1.317 1.979* 1.315 (1.61) (1.96) (1.34)
!
! 51
B
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Odds Ratio (z)
1.876*** 1.861*** 1.697***
(5.01) (4.90) (4.17)
0.965*** 0.966*** 0.962*** 0.974*** 0.972*** 0.970*** 0.970*** 0.973** 0.967***
(-6.31) (-3.87) (-4.78) (-4.93) (-3.32) (-3.98) (-5.59) (-3.22) (-4.39) 1.716** 1.935* 1.497 1.710** 1.925* 1.498 1.719** 1.921* 1.510 (3.06) (2.53) (1.66) (3.07) (2.52) (1.67) (3.10) (2.52) (1.70) 1.085 1.186 1.058 1.038 1.164 1.006 1.080 1.159 1.043 (0.45) (0.62) (0.23) (0.21) (0.56) (0.02) (0.43) (0.55) (0.17) 1.838*** 1.648*** 1.938*** 1.864*** 1.683*** 1.944*** 1.840*** 1.692*** 1.927***
(7.05) (3.54) (5.98) (7.26) (3.69) (6.06) (7.08) (3.74) (5.95) 1 0 1.957*** 1.888*** 2.004*** 1.950*** 1.847** 2.034*** 1.998*** 1.851*** 2.101***
(5.39) (3.39) (4.12) (5.40) (3.29) (4.24) (5.57) (3.30) (4.40) 1.263*** 1.259* 1.267** 1.220** 1.238* 1.203* 1.236*** 1.244* 1.219* (3.72) (2.44) (2.69) (3.19) (2.27) (2.14) (3.40) (2.32) (2.29) 1.595*** 1.921* 1.512** 1.566*** 1.842* 1.498** 1.569*** 1.838* 1.512**
(3.66) (2.56) (2.76) (3.56) (2.43) (2.72) (3.56) (2.43) (2.77)
!
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Odds Ratio (z)
0.870 0.782 0.883 0.893 0.833 0.898 0.858 0.825 0.869 (-0.97) (-0.83) (-0.75) (-0.79) (-0.61) (-0.66) (-1.07) (-0.64) (-0.85) 0.699 0.676 0.640 0.710 0.721 0.615 0.688 0.707 0.619 (-1.87) (-1.16) (-1.63) (-1.80) (-0.96) (-1.79) (-1.96) (-1.01) (-1.76) 0.637*** 0.592*** 0.651*** 0.680*** 0.610*** 0.707*** 0.686*** 0.614*** 0.711***
(-9.74) (-7.28) (-6.79) (-8.72) (-6.96) (-5.83) (-8.46) (-6.77) (-5.74)
(%) 1.003 1.009** 0.998 1.002 1.009** 0.996 1.002 1.008** 0.997
(1.90) (3.21) (-0.64) (0.97) (3.18) (-1.75) (1.08) (2.91) (-1.22) (%) 1.016*** 1.022*** 1.012*** 1.020*** 1.028*** 1.016*** 1.022*** 1.027*** 1.018***
(10.00) (8.24) (5.82) (13.14) (10.73) (7.91) (13.97) (10.89) (8.39) 1.500*** 1.500** 1.446***
(5.29) (3.04) (3.73)
0.960 0.770 0.853 (-0.29) (-1.44) (-0.63)
0.654*** 0.868 0.707**
(-4.30) (-0.51) (-3.08)
N 1983 999 984 1983 999 984 1983 999 984
!
! 53
1
2
3 4
3
4
!
!
1 2 3 4
Odds Ratio (z) 2.016*** 1.621***
(5.64) (3.70)
0.981*** 0.972*** 0.977** 0.971***
(-3.73) (-5.24) (-2.72) (-3.89) 1.773*** 1.690** 1.993** 1.505+ (3.42) (2.99) (2.66) (1.68) 0.983 1.048 1.215 1.029 (-0.10) (0.26) (0.71) (0.12) 1.834*** 1.846*** 1.685*** 1.917***
(7.36) (7.14) (3.66) (5.89)
1 、0 1.852*** 1.957*** 1.783** 2.020***
(5.19) (5.41) (3.05) (4.15) 1.118+ 1.233*** 1.215* 1.219* (1.88) (3.36) (2.05) (2.29) 1.431** 1.578*** 1.875* 1.503**
(2.98) (3.61) (2.47) (2.72) 0.976 0.858 0.906 0.865
(-0.18) (-1.07) (-0.32) (-0.88) 0.752 0.701+ 0.744 0.650 (-1.56) (-1.87) (-0.86) (-1.58) 0.761*** 0.667*** 0.543*** 0.642***
(-6.76) (-9.06) (-7.86) (-6.88)
(%) 1.000 1.003 1.015*** 1.004
(0.04) (1.43) (4.74) (1.24)
(%) 1.026*** 1.018*** 1.030***
(11.18) (5.90) (6.75) (%) 1.015*** 0.990*** 1.027*** 0.981***
(8.15) (-3.46) (3.91) (-3.71)
N 1983 1983 999 984
55
〉
9
Burt (1992) Bott
9
e
r
1 1
t 6
1 1
/ t
1 1 1
e
1 1
1 1 e
3 1
1
57
!
e e
〉
〉 e 〉
1 2
3 4
」
a (2001)
。
「 C
」
t
〉 b
」
b
》
59
!
1 2 3 4
Odds Ratio (z) 1.907*** 1.919***
(5.13) (5.18)
0.971*** 0.973*** 0.966*** 0.973***
(-5.29) (-4.77) (-3.70) (-3.41) 1.696** 1.712** 1.904* 1.511+
(3.02) (3.08) (2.48) (1.70) 1.040 1.038 1.179 1.007 (0.22) (0.21) (0.60) (0.03) 1.869*** 1.866*** 1.648*** 1.942***
(7.29) (7.27) (3.54) (6.04)
1 、0 1.929*** 1.921*** 1.695** 2.042***
(5.30) (5.26) (2.79) (4.26) 1.219** 1.201** 1.219* 1.175+
(3.19) (2.91) (2.09) (1.83) 1.571*** 1.572*** 1.735* 1.503**
(3.58) (3.59) (2.20) (2.74) 0.894 0.888 0.877 0.893 (-0.79) (-0.84) (-0.43) (-0.69) 0.712+ 0.708+ 0.789 0.610+ (-1.79) (-1.81) (-0.69) (-1.81) 0.682*** 0.677*** 0.602*** 0.700***
(-8.69) (-8.80) (-7.06) (-6.06) (%) 1.020*** 1.019*** 1.025*** 1.014***
(13.67) (12.20) (9.97) (6.90)
(%) 1.002 1.002 1.009*** 0.996
(0.91) (1.06) (3.39) (-1.61)
1: 0: 0.770* 0.769* 0.516*** 1.005
(-1.97) (-1.98) (-3.30) (0.03) 1.318 2.152* 1.315 (1.62) (2.19) (1.34)
N 1983 1983 999 984
pseudo R2 0.164 0.165 0.206 0.136
Exponentiated coefficients; + p<0.1, *p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001
!
!
0 e
Bott
〉
—
e
7
e 1
1 e
61
6 20
1
Bott (fund of
sociability) Bott
Bott
3 (Fallding 1961)
e
5
(Allan 1989; Caldwell and Peplau 1982) Bott
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
20 (n=1983) 7.56% 18.51%
10.24 6 20.98%
0
Bott Bott
l
1
Bott e
Bott 5
1〉
g
21
1
1
1997
46% t
63
t 3
1
1 1
」 3
1 1
1
1 1
e 22 22%
14%
〉
2
〉
〉 》
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
22
〉
〉
e0 〉
〉 e
〉
Bott
0 — —
〉
〉
(alter) (ego) 〉
1
1 〉
〉
65
!
1997
〉 1997 63%
e (alter) 〉 23
〉 〉
81% 〉
24 〉 〉
t
t 」 e
Bott t
t o Bott
Bott
〉 〉
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
23 「 B
24 「 A
1 5
〉
5 〉
1
1 1 1 1
〉 (2010: 127-129)
〉 〉
1
1 4 〉
1〉
〉 e 〉
1 1〉
1 1
2001: 8 2007: 138
1〉
r r 〉 〉
〉
〉 eg
67
e
〉 g
e 5 e0
e 「
1
1 1
e
〉 eg e
!
Jamieson (2002) 〈 (2009)
〉 5
4
/
〉
1997 e
1997
t
e0 t —
— 〉
69
!
Aldous, Joan and Murray A Straus. 1965. "Social Networks and Conjugal Roles: A Test of Bott's Hyopthesis." Social Forces 44(4): 576-80.
Allan, Graham A., 1989, Friendship : Developing a Sociological Perspective. New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf.
Blood, Robert O. 1969. "Kinship Interaction and Marital Solidarity." Merrill-Palmer Quarterly of Behavior and Development 15(2): 171-84.
Bott, Elizabeth. 1956. "Urban Families: Conjugal Roles and Social Networks." in Human Relations 8: 331-72
Bott, Elizabeth. 1971. Family and Social Network: Roles, Norms, and External Relationships in Ordinary Urban Families. London: Tavistock Publications.
Caldwell, MaytaA and LetitiaAnne Peplau. 1982. "Sex Differences in Same-Sex Friendship." Sex Roles 8(7): 721-32.
Caplow, Theodore and Robert Forman. 1950. "Neighborhood Interaction in a Homogeneous Community." American Sociological Review 15(3): 357-66.
Collins, Randall. 1990. "Stratification, Emotional Energy, and the Transient Emotions."
Research agendas in the sociology of emotions: 27-57.
Connell, R.W. 1987. Gender and Power: Society, the Person, and Sexual Politics.
Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Duncombe, Jean and Dennis Marsden. 1993. "Love and Intimacy: The Gender Division of Emotion and `Emotion Work': A Neglected Aspect of Sociological Discussion of Heterosexual Relationships." Sociology 27(2): 221-41.
Fallding, Harold. 1961. "The Family and the Idea of a Cardinal Role: A Sociological Study." Human Relations 14(4): 329-50.
Fischer, Claude S. 1982. To Dwell among Friends : Personal Networks in Town and City. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Fischer, Claude S. 2011. Still Connected. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
Giddens, Anthony 2001 〉
Granovetter, Mark S. 1973. "The Strength of Weak Ties." American Journal of Sociology 78(6): 1360-80.
Hill, Malcolm D. 1988. "Class, Kinship Density, and Conjugal Role Segregation."
Journal of Marriage and Family 50(3): 731-41.
Hochschild, Arlie Russell. 1975. "The Sociology of Feeling and Emotion: Selected Possibilities." Sociological Inquiry 45(2-3): 280-307.
Jack, Dana C and Alisha Ali. 2010. Silencing the Self across Cultures: Depression and Gender in the Social World: Oxford University Press.
Jamieson, Lynn 2002 〉 〉
Kemper, Theodore D. 1981. "Social Constructionist and Positivist Approaches to the Sociology of Emotions." American Journal of Sociology 87(2): 336-62.
Knoke, David and Song Yang. 2008. Social Network Analysis. Los Angeles: Sage Publications.
Komarovsky, Mirra and Jane H. Philips. 1964. Blue-Collar Marriage. New York:
71
Lin, Nan. 2001. Social Capital : A Theory of Social Structure and Action. New York:
Cambridge University Press.
Lively, Kathryn J. and Brian Powell. 2006. "Emotional Expression at Work and at Home: Domain, Status, or Individual Characteristics?" Social Psychology Quarterly 69(1): 17-38.
Marsden, Peter V. 1987. "Core Discussion Networks of Americans." American Sociological Review 52(1): 122-31.
McPherson, Miller, Lynn Smith-Lovin and Matthew E. Brashears. 2006. "Social Isolation in America: Changes in Core Discussion Networks over Two Decades."
American Sociological Review 71(3): 353-75.
Moore, Gwen. 1990. "Structural Determinants of Men's and Women's Personal Networks." American Sociological Review 55(5): 726-35.
Neff, Kristin D. and Marie-Anne Suizzo. 2006. "Culture, Power, Authenticity and Psychological Well-Being within Romantic Relationships: A Comparison of European American and Mexican Americans." Cognitive Development 21(4):
441-57.
Nelson, Joel I. 1966. "Clique Contacts and Family Orientations." American Sociological Review 31(5): 663-72.
O'Connor, Pat. 1991. "Women's Confidants Outside Marriage: Shared or Competing Sources of Intimacy?" Sociology 25(2): 241-54.
Parsons, Talcott and Robert Freed Bales. 1955. Family, Socialization and Interaction Process. Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press.
Rubin, Lillian B. 1983. Intimate Strangers : Men and Women Together. New York:
Harper & Row.
Simon, R. W. and Leda E. Nath. 2004. “Gender and Emotion in the United States: Do Men and Women Differ in Self‐Reports of Feelings and Expressive
Behavior?” American Journal of Sociology 109(5): 1137-1176.
Smith, Jeffrey A., Miller McPherson and Lynn Smith-Lovin. 2014. "Social Distance in the United States: Sex, Race, Religion, Age, and Education Homophily among Confidants, 1985 to 2004." American Sociological Review 79(3): 432-56.
Stone, Lawrence 2011 1 1500-1800
Stone, Lawrence, 1983, Family, Sex and Marriage in England 1500-1800. Harper Perennial
Toomey, D. M. 1971. "Conjugal Roles and Social Networks in an Urban Working Class Sample." Human Relations 24(5): 417-31.
Turner, Christopher. 1967. "Conjugal Roles and Social Networks: A Re-Examination of an Hypothesis." Human Relations 20(2): 121-30.
Weiss, Robert S. 1969. "The Fund of Sociability." Trans-action 6(9): 36-43.
Weiss, Robert S. 1973. Loneliness: The Experience of Emotional and Social Isolation.
The MIT Press.
2002 9 (3):
163-209
8 2014
8(2): 125-65
2013 〉 163-77
e
73
(24):147-82
1996 41:10-18
2015 〉
2010 〉
(45):117-62
2010 : 1 〉 283-312
:
2005 : ○
○ (10): 41-94
1999 〉
(4):57-96.
1995 : 《
2004 〉 5
(21): 3-48
2001 1 :
(23):1-47
2011
e
1998 -
e
2012
23:101-54
2001 179-215
:
8 2008 5
50(4):425-46
2012 〉
e
2000 1 1 5
24:1-58
2004 1 〉
8(1):133-70
1989 : 1 115-51
: e
〈 2009 : 1
; 1949-1999
2007 1990-2050
(38):135-73.
2003 1
26:71-95
75
「 !
「 A 〉 (alter) !
! 81%
80%
65%
72%
58%
67%
67%
44%
29%
20%
28%
20%
0%
26%
23%
17%
18%
56%
45%
31%
17%
18%
46%
80%
0%
35%
19%
20%
35%
28%
42%
33%
33%
56%
71%
80%
72%
80%
100%
74%
77%
83%
82%
44%
55%
69%
83%
83%
54%
20%
100%
65%
1 2 3
4 5 6 6 7
8 a
9 10
11 12 13 14
15
16 17 18 19
20 21
22 23 24 96
Total
「 B (alter) 〉
〉
6
a
77
「 C 〉
1 2 3
Odds Ratio (z)
0.963*** 0.903*** 0.877***
(-4.10) (-6.08) (-5.99)
1.852* 0.665 0.566
(2.37) (-0.98) (-1.12)
1.168 0.774 1.300
(0.57) (-0.55) (0.50)
1.675*** 1.407 0.961
(3.65) (1.36) (-0.13)
1 、0 1.750** 1.902* 1.323
(2.97) (2.23) (0.80)
1.241* 1.586** 1.482*
(2.30) (2.91) (2.01)
1.759* 4.242* 3.711
(2.24) (2.26) (1.52)
0.861 0.886 0.962
(-0.50) (-0.28) (-0.08)
0.774 0.812 1.220
(-0.75) (-0.42) (0.36)
0.616*** 2.155*** 1.970***
(-6.80) (6.35) (4.51)
(%) 1.027*** 1.041*** 1.059***
(11.31) (10.12) (9.02)
(%) 1.008** 0.968*** 1.006
(2.98) (-6.58) (1.03)
1: 0: 0.537** 2.355** 1.973*
(-3.14) (3.06) (2.06)
N 999 999 999
pseudo R2 0.202 0.501 0.500
Exponentiated coefficients; + p<0.1, *p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001
