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Appendix A Pretest Questionnaires: Instruction, General Academic Motivation, Academic Reading Motivation, and EFL Learning Motivation
Instruction 各位同學好：
我是明新技術學院國際企業系的講師，同時也是師大英語系英語教學組的博士班研究生。我設計了一套閱 讀訓練活動，希望有助於同學們增進閱讀原文書的能力。在未來的三次課堂上，我會在你開始閱讀前，以書面 提供不同的導引活動與導引問題；在讀過導引問題後，我會要求你在時限內閱讀取材自原文教科書的商學領域 專文，並在最後測量你的理解程度。
未來三次上課時，請務必記得攜帶以下物品：
1) 英漢字典等其他參考書、工具書；
2) 可做簡易二位數加法的小型計算機。
今天要做的是對你相關學習態度與看法的瞭解，以及讓你做做類似的練習，好為後續的課堂活動暖暖身。
共有三個部份：
第一部份：態度問卷，共 3 類、40 個小題。我們關心的是你個人的感覺與看法，任何的看法都沒有所謂的對或 錯。希望你在填寫時，忠實表達自己的感覺，不必在乎他人可能的期望。
第 1 類－共 10 題，關心的是你個人對校內一般課業的看法；
第 2 類－共 10 題，是有關專業領域上以中文閱讀的相關問題，與英文全然無關；
第 3 類－共 20 題，是你在學英文這件事情上的態度與想法；
所有的項目都是以直述句的方式陳述，你要在一個「一到七點」的量尺上，表達對該句陳述同意的程度。
最左邊的「七」表示你完全同意該句的說法；相反的，最右邊的「一」表示你完全不同意該句的說法；居於中 間的「四」則表示你的感覺是在兩個極端的中央。有些句子以正面的方式表達，有些則以負面的方式表達；不 管是正面或負面，都請逐句讀過，針對句子所述表達對該句同意與否的程度，清楚地在適當的格子內打勾。
第二部份：英文閱讀測驗，共四篇短文，20 個選擇題。請不要使用任何參考工具，或做任何討論。
第三部分：中文閱讀測驗，是一篇長約 7 頁，討論個體行為的專文。也請不要使用參考工具，或與同學討論。
你要在 20 分鐘的時間內快速瀏覽一遍文章。在這之後，你將有 10 分鐘的時間回答 15 個選擇題。答題時你仍可 參考這篇文章找答案。提醒你注意文章的標題、粗體字、字下線等標示，並避免逐字逐句的閱讀。你也可以在 文章上做標記，以利自己的理解與重點的掌握。
科系：______________ 年級：______________ 姓名：_________________________________
第一部份：請就您對目前一般校內課業的看法回答以下問題，在右邊空格適當處打 。
極同意 還好 極不同意 7---6---5---4---3---2---1 1. 學校的課業對我來說很簡單。
2. 我不喜歡花時間在學校功課上。
3. 我會完成學校的課業是因為我有興趣學。
4. 老師講課時，我很難專心。
5. 我寧願做有挑戰性的課業，不喜歡太簡單的功課。
極同意---6---5----還好---3---2--極不同意
6. 我對課堂上所學十分不感興趣。
7. 我可以依照老師的指示完成功課。
8. 我無法準時做好學校功課。
9. 我最喜歡可以讓我學會新觀念、新事物的課業。
10. 我的學業表現很不值得對別人提。
Original English Version of the Items (General Academic Motivation):
1. Schoolwork is fairly easy for me.
2. I like to spend a lot of time doing my assignments.*
3. I do my schoolwork because I like to learn.
4. I can listen when my teacher is talking.*
5. I would rather have a challenge than easy work.
6. I am interested in what I learn in school.*
7. I can follow my teacher’s directions for doing my work.
8. I can do my schoolwork on time.*
9. The assignments I like best at school are those where I learn something I didn’t know before.
10. I am proud of the work I do at school.*
* Changed to negative statements.
第二部份：平常在其他不需使用到英文的課程中，老師有時會指定一些中文的課內或課外讀物，要求同學自行 研讀。針對這一類的閱讀，請依您平常的作法與看法回答以下十個問題，在合適的地方打 。
極同意---6---5----還好---3---2--極不同意 1. 我喜歡讀困難且具挑戰性的內容。
2. 我總是無法按時讀完指定的範圍。
3. 如果是為了完成我有興趣的作業，難懂的書我也願意讀。
4. 對於學校的功課，我總是能少讀就儘量少讀。
5. 我通常藉由閱讀學習困難的概念與事物。
極同意---6---5----還好---3---2--極不同意 6. 我會讀學校的功課是因為我別無選擇。
7. 對我而言，完成老師指定的閱讀範圍十分重要。
8. 就算內容有趣，我也不想讀艱深難懂的書。
9. 我總是儘量配合老師的要求，以完成相關的閱讀作業。
10. 我不喜歡讀書時還要一邊費心思考。
Original English Version of the Items (Academic Reading Motivation in L1):
1. I like hard, challenging books.
2. I always try to finish my reading on time.*
3. If the project is interesting, I can read difficult material.
4. I do as little schoolwork as possible in reading.
5. I usually learn difficult things by reading.
6. I read because I have to.
7. Finishing every reading assignment is very important to me.
8. If a book is interesting I don’t care how hard it is to read.*
9. I always do my reading work exactly as the teacher wants it.
10. I like it when the questions in books make me think.*
*Changed to negative statements.
第三部份：以下二十題是有關您一般學英文的態度與想法，請根據你的感覺在適當的地方打 。
極同意---6---5----還好---3---2--極不同意 1. 我真希望我能夠早一點開始學英文。
2. 我很少注意英文老師給的評語。
3. 在我生活中，學會英文並非是那麼重要的目標。
4. 我總想辦法去瞭解我所看見聽見的英文。
5. 如果可以選擇，我願意每堂課都讀英文。
極同意 還好 極不同意 7---6---5---4---3---2---1 6. 我不特別去注意英文作業被更正的部分。
7. 我有時候真希望可以不必上英文課。
8. 我幾乎每天念英文以求進步。
9. 我發現我漸漸失去以前想學英文的欲望。
10. 每當我英文有問題的時候，我總是找老師幫忙。
極同意---6---5----還好---3---2--極不同意 11. 我希望把英文學得像中文一樣好。
12. 我讀英文多半沒有計畫。
13. 我想英文學得愈多愈好。
14. 當英文老師講課離題時，我總無法再專心聽講。
15. 我希望我英文流利。
16. 英文裡太複雜的部分，我懶得去弄懂。
17. 老實說，我實在不想學英文。
18. 我真的很努力在學英文。
19. 除了最基本的之外，我很不想學英文。
20. 當我念英文的時候，我都很專心，不受外在干擾。
Original English Version of the Items (EFL Learning Motivation):
1. I wish I had begun studying French at an early age.
2. I don’t pay too much attention to the feedback I receive in my French class.
3. Knowing French isn’t really an important goal in my life.
4. I make a point of trying to understand all the French I see and hear.
5. If it were up to me, I would spend all of my time learning French.
6. I don’t pay too much attention to the feedback I receive in my French class.
7. I sometimes daydream about dropping French.
8. I keep up to date with French by working on it almost every day.
9. I find I’m losing any desire I ever had to know French.
10. When I have a problem understanding something we are learning in my French class, I always ask the instructor for help.
11. I want to learn French so well that it will become second nature to me.
12. I tend to approach my French homework in a random and unplanned manner.
13. I would like to learn as much French as possible.
14. I have a tendency to give up when our French instructor goes off on a tangent.
15. I wish I were fluent in French.
16. I can’t be bothered trying to understand the more complex aspects of French.
17. To be honest, I really have little desire to learn French.
18. I really work hard to learn French.
19. I haven’t any great wish to learn more than the basics of French.
20. When I am studying French, I ignore distractions and stick to the job at hand.
Appendix B EFL Reading Comprehension Test
各位同學：
這份英文閱讀測驗，是要在我們進行後續閱讀練習前，瞭解你原有的英文閱讀能力。你將有二十五分鐘的 時間閱讀以下四段短文，並回答二十個選擇題。閱讀過程中不可使用字典、也不能討論，但答題時可隨時參考 原文。請注意時限，掌握時間作答。
Nowadays, English is considered to be the language of the global village. It is useful for travel, business and science. If a person has a good command of English then he may find many doors open which were previously closed.
The information of the world written in English is vast. This is one reason why at least a basic familiarity of English is desirable.
Learning English does not only entail memorizing a lot of words and sentence patterns. Knowing how to speak is essential. This is the most fundamental way of communicating with others. The only way to increase one’s ability to speak is to practice. The more you speak the language, the more you are striding closer to being a member of an ever-growing group.
1. It is essential to
A) travel the global village.
B) practice speaking English.
C) open many doors.
D) command an English word.
2. Why is English useful?
A) Because a lot of information is not written in English.
B) Because it can increase one’s knowledge in science.
C) Because it is considered the language of the global village.
D) Because sentence patterns are essential.
3. The author relates open doors to A) abilities.
B) opportunities.
C) commands.
D) reasons.
注意：如果你曾讀過上面這篇文章，也做過同樣的題目，請在此打 。
Anyone can learn to take good pictures. Here are some helpful ideas:
First, take your time. Learn to look through the camera. Remember that a camera “sees” everything. Use your eye to choose only the things you want to see.
Keep the background simple when you take someone’s picture. Get in close to the people in your picture. Too many objects around can make your picture confusing.
Take black and white pictures on cloudy days. The clouds make the light soft, and shapes stand out more clearly.
A good time to take interesting pictures in color is just before or just after the sun sets. Then the colors of the sunlight will bring beautiful colors to your pictures.
Here’s a final tip. If you are taking pictures of someone, ask that person to do something. Your picture will seem more natural.
4. This story is mainly about _____.
A) how to take good pictures B) how to get a camera C) pictures in color
D) pictures in black and white
5. A good time to take interesting color pictures is _____.
A) at night
B) just before the sun sets C) on cloudy days D) when the light is soft 注意：如果你曾讀過上面這篇文章，也做過同樣的題目，請在此打 。
One of the largest youth organizations in the world is the 4-H, an organization of clubs for young people between 9 and 19. The main purpose of 4-H is to provide young people with the practical skills and understanding they will need to become useful members of their communities. The four H’s stand for head, heart, hands, and health.
When 4-H clubs first began in America in the early 1900s, members were mostly young people from rural areas.
The focus was on farm projects, such as raising pigs and growing and canning food. Today over 75% of the club members come from towns, cities, and suburbs, and hundreds of projects exist, each adapted to its geographical area.
While rural districts abound in conservation, forestry, and farm management projects, projects in urban areas often involve nutrition, health, automotive care, and money management.
The 4-H program in America is a joint service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, state universities, and county governments. Additional funding is provided by business firms and private organizations. Members of the clubs are guided by volunteer adult leaders and their teenage assistants. In the clubs, 4-H’ers learn about and work on solving serious problems that face their communities, issues like environmental protection and community safety.
In addition to the 4-H clubs in the U.S. states and territories, more than eighty countries, including Taiwan, have adapted the 4-H idea to fit their own needs. In the less developed countries, many clubs offer courses in proper nutrition and in new farming technology.
6. What is the 4-H?
A) A fitness club
B) An educational program C) An international firm D) A development project 7. Who are most of the 4-H members?
A) Government and business leaders B) Adults and teenagers
C) Elementary and high school students D) Young people from rural areas 8. How is the 4-H financed?
A) Through government and private support B) Through its membership fees
C) Through the sale of farm products D) Through international economic projects 9. According to the article, what is the modern trend in
4-H clubs?
A) Larger involvement of government agencies B) Balancing younger and older membership C) More volunteer leadership in local clubs D) A decreased emphasis on agricultural projects 10. What would probably be a typical 4-H activity?
A) An overseas tour B) A cooking contest C) Recycling paper D) Building a school 注意：如果你曾讀過上面這篇文章，也做過同樣的題目，請在此打 。
Libraries have traditionally been the public’s access to the important sources of information that are necessary to function in today’s highly technical world. That function has been called into question by the fast-paced development of digital media over the past several decades. In order to continue to fulfill the public interest, libraries everywhere are forced to develop means of granting access to these expensive new services to average citizens.
In the past, the publishing industry maintained the rights of the libraries to freely distribute published materials because the libraries bought so many of their books. Because the new electronic publications can easily be copied in their entirety by the patrons of the library, the publishing industry is reconsidering its former advocacy of the library system. There have even been attempts to stop libraries from distributing digital media.
In addition to the waning cooperation of the publishing industry, there is the problem that the newer forms of information are much more specialized than those which they replace. Deciding how to divert already limited resources is increasingly difficult as the options multiply. Whereas a single reference index may have covered an entire field in the past, now there are frequently several specialized indexes available in electronic form. In order to continue to make use of the newer technology, the libraries must decide which materials are most useful to the majority of their patrons. There are many different solutions being applied, but only the process of trial and error will
determine the most effective strategy.
11. What is the best title for this passage?
A) The Challenge for Today’s Libraries B) Information Technology and the Consumer C) The Benefits of the Digital Revolution D) Changes in Information Technology
12. In line 2, the phrase “called into question” refers to A) the importance of the library to serve its
historical world
B) the ability of the library to serve its historical function
C) the importance of information technology D) the value of the new forms of media
13. In line 4, the phrase “grant access” could best be replaced by
A) admit passage B) pay homage C) permit allowance D) allow usage
14. It can be inferred that the problem with the new technology is that
A) it is not intended for use by libraries.
B) It is too complicated.
C) It is not as useful as traditional books.
D) It is used as a political tool.
15. In line 1 in the second paragraph, the phrase
“maintained” most closely means A) taken care of
B) supported C) used D) announced
16. It can be inferred that the major problem for libraries is A) the legal problems with the publishing
industry
B) the management of larger amounts of information
C) the changing nature of information D) lack of public interest
17. Why did publishers cooperate with the libraries in the past?
A) The libraries offered a tax exemption.
B) The libraries bought books.
C) The libraries were more useful.
D) The libraries were under contract to the publishers.
18. Why are the libraries trying to provide the new services?
A) They want to seem sophisticated.
B) They need to keep up with the competition.
C) They are trying to provide quality service to the community.
D) They want more customers
19. In line 2 in the third paragraph, the term ”divert”
most closely means A) redirect B) amend C) relate D) deliver
20. How will the most effective decision be determined?
A) A special commission will study the task.
B) The government will examine the situation.
C) It will be decided by experimentation.
D) The voters will decide.
注意：如果你曾讀過上面這篇文章，也做過同樣的題目，請在此打 。
答案： 1._________ 2._________ 3._________ 4._________ 5.__________
6._________ 7._________ 8._________ 9._________ 10._________
11.________ 12.________ 13.________ 14.________ 15._________
16._______ _ 17.________ 18.________ 19.________ 20._________
Appendix C Academic Reading Comprehension Test in L1
行為的基礎 壹、邁向解釋並預測行為的境界
本文將帶領各位進入「組織行為」(Organizational Behavior/OB) 的範疇，組織行為學是一門研究經營管理科 學的人所關心的學科。這個主題與行為有關，而行為即人之活動，故組織行為尤其與人在工作中的活動有關。
對於組織行為，我們所易於瞭解的是他們的外顯部份，包括策略、目標、政策、與程序結構、科技、正式 的權威和指揮鏈。但是就在這些表層下，暗藏許多主管必須有所瞭解的非具體因素。就如本文往後所將描述，
組織行為這門學科可提供主管相當多的見解，以洞察這些雖非明顯可觀察但卻非常重要的行為意義。
一、組織行為之焦點
組織行為分成兩個主要範疇。一個是「個體行為」(individual behavior)，對個體行為的瞭解主要來自於心理 學家之貢獻，此一範疇包括如下之論題：態度 (attitude)、性格 (personality)、知覺 (perception)、學習 (learning) 和動機(motivation)。另外一個範疇是「團體行為」(group behavior)，團體行為包括：規範(norms)、角色(roles)、
團隊建構(team building)和衝突(conflict)。我們在團體行為上的知識，是由社會學家及社會心理學家為我們建構 的。但是很可惜，一群從業人員的行為並不能僅由他們各自活動之加成而有所瞭解。因為個體在組織中的表現，
並不同於個體在獨處時之表現。因此，正是因為組織中的從業人員既是獨立個體，又是團體中的成員，所以我 們應該將他們依據兩種不同水準來分別加以研究。在本文中，我們將提供一些瞭解個體行為的基本原理。
二、組織行為之目標
組織行為之目標就是要去解釋並預測行為。何以主管要能擅長這種本領呢？簡單地說，就是為了管理員工 的行為。我們知道一個主管成功與否，繫於其是否能透過其他人而達成工作。 為了達成這個目標，主管必須能 夠解釋為何員工樂於從事某些行為而非其他行為，並且預測如何才能使員工反映出主管所期望之表現。
在解釋並預測員工行為上，什麼行為是我們所最為關心的呢？那就是員工的生產力、缺席率、離職率；另 外，也著重在工作滿意度方面。工作滿意度是一種態度而非行為，它更是許多主管所關心的一種成果。
以下篇幅，主要是為了使讀者能夠瞭解有關員工的態度、性格和知覺。以期望能在預估並解讀員工的生產 力、缺席及離職率上，有所助益。
貳、態度
不論是喜好或厭惡，態度指的是對一些人、事、物所做的評估。態度反映出個體是如何地去感受某些事物。
當某人說：「我喜歡我的工作」他正是在表明對工作的態度。
為了使態度的概念更為清楚，我們可將態度視為以下三種成份所組成：認知、情感、行為。態度之認知成 份形成個人的信念、意見、知識或資訊；例如「歧視是錯誤的」的信念，正是認知的例證。態度之情感成份是
態度在情緒或感情的部份；例如某甲說：「我絕不喜歡某乙，因為他歧視少數團體。」這句話已包含感受成份。
最後要注意的是，情感可以引發行為的出現。態度之行為成份是指為了達成某種事物而表現特定的意圖。如果 繼續援用上述例子，某甲可能因為有不喜歡某乙的感受，而選擇做出避開某乙的行為。
態度被視為由認知、情感、行為這三種成份所組成，由此可知態度的複雜性。為了清晰起見，要牢記住：
在大部分的時候，態度所指的只是情感成份而已。
當然，主管不會對員工所抱持的每種態度均有興趣，他們對與工作有關的態度特別感興趣。其中最受重視 的三項是：工作滿意度(job satisfaction)、工作投入度(job involvement) 及對組織的承諾 (organizational
commitment)。工作滿意度是員工對他的工作所抱持的整體態度。當一般人們提到員工態度時，大多意指工作滿 意度而言。工作投入度是指從業人員認同工作、熱烈參與工作、關心工作表現，並視工作表現為其自我價值的 程度。最後，對組織的承諾是以忠誠認同及投入於組織的程度之觀點，來看員工對組織的態度。
一、 態度與一致性
你可曾注意到，人們是如何地改變他們的說詞以避免言行不一。假設說，你有個朋友一直堅持說國產車製 造得很爛，除非進口車否則絕對不買。但有一天他爸爸送他一部最新款式的國產車，他突然就覺得國產車並不 差。
研究已得到人們意欲在他們的各個態度之間及在他們的態度與行為之間，尋求一致性(consistency)的結論。
意即個體試圖調和各個分歧的態度，並且驅使態度與行為合而為一，藉以呈現理性及一致性。當不一致出現時，
個體會採取步驟加以改變，這種改變可藉由態度或行為兩者之一的改變而達成，或是經由合理化之發展而化解 其矛盾。
二、 認知失調理論
如果我們瞭解個體對某件事物的態度，我們是否就可以基於一致性原理而認為我們是能夠預測個體行為？
可惜的是，這問題的答案複雜得並非僅僅說「是」或「不是」便可回答。
里昂•費司汀格(Leon Festinger)在 1950 年代後期，提出認知失調理論(cognitive dissonance theory)。認知失 調理論試圖解釋態度及行為之間的關係。失調在此意即指不一致，認知失調指的是：個體知覺到他有兩個以上 的態度，或是態度與行為之間的不一致。費司汀格認為任何型式的不一致都會造成個體的不舒服，因此個體會 去尋求一個最低不一致情況的穩定狀態。
當然，沒有任何個體可以完全免於失調。你瞭解虛報所得稅是不對的，但你每年都少報一點錢，總希望不 被稽查出來。或則你老是告訴小孩每餐飯後都要刷牙，但是你自己並沒有做到。那麼人們是如何克服這些窘況 的呢？費司汀格認為：決定個體願否降低失調程度的關鍵在於，引起失調的成因是否重要？個體相信失調是由 這些成因所導致的程度？以及調整失調後之所得報酬如何？
若導致失調的原因並不很重要時，修正失調的動力便很低。個體對於失調原因控制能力的大小，將會影響 他們對失調處理方法的態度。如果這些人將失調視為一種不得不然的結果， 他們就比較不能接受態度改變。舉 例來說，如果是由於老闆命令的結果而導致失調的話，改變失調的動力將小於志願執行的結果。當失調存在的 時候，它是可以被合理化的。
報酬也影響個體降低失調的動機。伴隨高度失調而來的高報酬，容易降低原本失調所帶來的緊張程度。報 酬扮演的是藉由增加個體的資產負債表中的一致性，來減少認知失調的角色。
這些中介因素指出個體並不會因為經驗到了失調，就直接朝一致性去努力，及朝降低失調的方向前進。因 為如果個體感覺到的失調實質上是最不重要的、是外加的、而且無法被他所控制的，或如果報酬能夠彌補失調，
為了要減少失調，個體在設法降低失調時並不會感受到太大的壓力。
參、性格
有些人是沈靜和消極的，也有些人則是聒噪和挑釁的。當我們使用言語以描述人的時候，例如沈靜的、消 極的、聒噪的、挑釁的、有野心的、活潑的、忠心的、緊張的、或好交際的，我們是以各種性格特質將他們劃 分開來。個體的性格是我們用以區別個人的心理特質之綜合體。
一、 由性格特質來預測行為
我們有數十種的性格特質用以描述人。然而，其中有六個性格特質與組織中的行為較有關聯。這些相關的 性格特質包括了：內外控傾向〈locus of control〉、權威主義〈authoritarianism〉、馬基維利主義〈Machiavellianism 主張可為政治利益不擇手段〉、自尊〈self-esteem〉、自我監控〈self-monitoring〉，及風險承受傾向〈risk propensity〉。 內外控傾向 有些人相信他們控制著自己的命運，另外也有些人認為自己是命運的玩物，認為他們生活中 發生的事情都是由於運氣或機會。在第一種情形時，控制傾向是內在的，這些人相信他們控制自己的命運。在 第二個情形時，控制傾向是外在的，這些人相信他們的生命是受到外在的力量所控制的。證據顯示比較偏於外 控的員工比起那些偏於內控的員工，較少滿意他們的工作、工作投入度比較低、易從工作環境中疏離。經理人 可以預見的是，外控者會將低劣的績效歸咎於老闆的偏見、同事身上或他們不能控制的事件之上。而一個內控 者將會以自己的行為來解釋為何獲得低劣成績。
權威主義 權威主義是指信奉在組織的不同個體間存在有地位和權力的差距。高度權威主義的性格是極為 僵化，而且以審判的眼光看待他人、對上恭敬、對下剝削、猜疑、不願做改變。因為只有極少人是極端權威主 義者，我們必須謹慎才能下結論。然而，擁有高度權威主義性格者，在面對那些需要對其他人或技術有相當敏 感度，及需要能因應複雜而多變情境的工作時，其表現常不盡理想。另一方面，在高度結構化及必須密切遵守 規則的工作，擁有高度權威主義性格的員工則可以表現得相當好。
馬基維利主義 馬基維利主義的特質非常接近於權威主義，它是因尼古拉•馬基維利〈Niccolo Machiavelli〉
於十六世紀寫出有關如何獲得並操縱權力的文章中而得名的。具有高度馬基維利主義者相較於低度馬基維利主 義者，更以實用為本位、不為情緒所影響、並相信為達目的可以不擇手段。高度馬基維利主義者是優良的員工 嗎？答案視工作型態，及是否關心績效評估中的倫理意涵而定。在如協商性質或推銷員這種需要獲致實際報酬 的工作中，高度馬基維利主義者的性格是非常合適的。而對於不能為達目的而不擇手段，或並無絕對績效標準 的工作而言，預測高度馬基維利主義者的績效，是相當困難的。
自尊 人們在喜歡或討厭自己的程度上是有所不同的，而這種特質就是自尊。在自尊方面的研究提供了組 織行為有趣的見解。例如，自尊直接的與成功期望有關。高自尊的人相信，他們擁有較多的能力使工作得以成 功。高自尊的人比低自尊的人願意冒較多的風險去選擇工作，並且選擇更為不熱門的工作。
而在這些關於自尊的研究發現中，最廣為人知的就是—對於外界的影響，低自尊的人比高自尊的人要來得 敏銳。低自尊者必須依賴他人的正面評價，以建立信心。結果，比起高自尊的人，這些低自尊的人更希望從他 人身上尋求贊同。對於管理階層而言，比起高自尊的人，低自尊的人較會去取悅他人，因此，他們較不會處於 不受歡迎的地位。
無怪乎，自尊也被發現與工作滿足有相當的關聯。許多研究證實，高自尊的人比低自尊的人，更容易滿足 於他們的工作。
自我監控 最近另一個逐漸被廣為接受的性格特質是自我監控。自我監控乃是個體為適應外界環境因素以 調整其行為的能力。自我監控度高者，能在調整他們的行為，以適應外界環境時，展現相當大的適應能力。他 們對外界有相當高的敏感度，並能對不同的狀況，做出不同的因應。自我監控度高者，能夠區分自己在公眾角
