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Appendix A: The ESL Version of Daly-Miller Writing Apprehension Test

Direction: Please select the responses from 1 to 5 that best suits your feelings about the following statements

1: Strongly agree 2: Agree 3: Neutral 4: Disagree 5: Strongly Disagree

1 I avoid writing. 1 2 3 4 5

2 I have no fear of my writing’s being evaluated. 1 2 3 4 5 3 I look forward to writing down my ideas. 1 2 3 4 5 4 I am afraid of writing essays when I know they will be evaluated 1 2 3 4 5 5 Taking a composition course is a very frightening experience. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Handing in a composition makes me feel good. 1 2 3 4 5 7 My mind seems to go blank when I start to work on my composition. 1 2 3 4 5 8 Expressing ideas through writing seems to be a waste of time. 1 2 3 4 5 9 I would enjoy submitting my writing to magazine for evaluation and

publication.

1 2 3 4 5

10 I like to write down my ideas. 1 2 3 4 5 11 I feel confident in my ability to express my ideas clearly in writing. 1 2 3 4 5 12 I like to have my friends read what I have written. 1 2 3 4 5

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14 People seem to enjoy what I write. 1 2 3 4 5

15 I enjoy writing. 1 2 3 4 5

16 I never seem to be able to write down my ideas clearly. 1 2 3 4 5

17 Writing is a lot of fun. 1 2 3 4 5

18 I expect to do poorly in composition classes even before I enter them. 1 2 3 4 5 19 I like seeing my thoughts on paper. 1 2 3 4 5 20 Discussing my writing with others is enjoyable. 1 2 3 4 5 21 I have a terrible time organizing my ideas in a composition course. 1 2 3 4 5 22 When I hand in a composition, I know I am going to do poorly. 1 2 3 4 5 23 It’s easy for me to write good compositions. 1 2 3 4 5 24 I don’t think I write as well as most other people. 1 2 3 4 5 25 I don’t like my compositions to be evaluated. 1 2 3 4 5

26 I’m not good at writing. 1 2 3 4 5

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Appendix B: The Chinese Version of Daly-Miller Writing Apprehension Test 各位同學, 你好:

本問卷的目的在於了解你的英語寫作態度與經驗, 每一題均無標準答案, 請依照 自己的感覺勾選適當的選項回答。 此問卷僅供本人研究使用, 並不會列入成績 計算參考。請放心作答, 謝謝你的協助。

國立台灣師範大學 暑期英語教學碩士班研究生 黃秋玉 基本資料

性別: 男___ 女___

姓名:

非常同意 同意 沒意見 不同意 非常不同意

1 我避免用英文寫作。

2 我不怕別人評論我的英文作文。

3 我期待用英文寫下我的想法。

4 當我知道別人會評論我的英文作文時,我會害怕寫 英文作文。

5 英文作文課很嚇人。

6 繳交英文作文讓我感覺很好。

7 當我開始用英文寫作時,我的腦中似乎一片空白。

8 把自己的想法用英文寫下來很浪費時間。

9 我樂於將我的英文作文投稿至雜誌社,並刊登出 來。

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10 我喜歡把自己的想法用英文寫下來。

11 我很有自信用英文清楚的寫下我的想法。

12 我喜歡把我寫的英文作文和我的朋友分享。

13 用英文寫作,我會很緊張。

14 人們對於我用英文寫下的東西似乎很感興趣。

15 我喜歡用英文寫作。

16 我似乎永遠地無法用英文清楚的寫下我的想法。

17 用英文寫作很有趣。

18 我還沒上英文作文課前,就預期自己一定會寫得很 差。

19 我喜歡看我的想法用英文寫在紙上。

20 和別人討論我的英文作文是令人愉快的經驗。

21 上英文課時,我無法用英文組織我的想法。

22 當我繳交英文作文時,我知道自己一定會寫得很 差。

23 寫一篇英文作文對我而言是很容易的事。

24 我認為我寫的英文作文不如別人。

25 我不喜歡別人評論我的英文作文。

26 我不擅長於英文寫作。

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Appendix C: 英語故事圖解寫作教學問卷調查表 各位同學, 你好:

感謝你參與這次的故事圖解寫作教學。 本問卷的目的在於了解你對於此活動的 反應及意見, 每一題均無標準答案, 請依照自己的感覺勾選適當的選項回答。

此問卷僅供本人研究使用, 並不會列入成績計算參考。請放心作答, 謝謝你的協 助。

A. 基本資料

性別: 男___ 女___

名字:

非常同意 同意 沒意見 不同意 非常不同

1 我喜歡英語故事圖解寫作教學。

2 英語故事圖解寫作教學法有助於我瞭解故事架構。

3 英語故事圖解寫作教學法有助於我的英語故事寫作。

4 英語故事圖解寫作教學法將有助於我的英語寫作。

5 英語故事圖解寫作教學法讓我對英語故事寫作較有信 心。

6 英語故事圖解寫作教學法減低我對英文故事寫作的焦 慮。

7 英語故事圖解寫作教學法讓我較有東西可寫。

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8 英語故事圖解寫作教學法讓我比較能猜測文章內容的 發展, 增進我的英文閱讀能力。

9 英語故事圖解寫作教學法讓我比較能理解文章, 增進我 的英文閱讀能力。

1. 對於此次的英語故事圖解寫作教學活動, 你最喜歡哪一部分, 為什麼 ? _________________________________________________________________

2. 對於此次的英語故事圖解寫作教學活動, 你最不喜歡哪一部分, 為什麼 ? _________________________________________________________________

3. 當你寫英文故事時, 你覺得哪一部分最困難 (character, time, locale, starter event, goal, action, ending or reaction)?

_________________________________________________________________

4. 當你寫英文故事時, 你覺得哪一部分最容易 (character, time, locale, starter event, goal, action, ending or reaction)?

_________________________________________________________________

5. 當你寫作時, 你覺得你的困難在哪裡 ?

_________________________________________________________________

6. 對於此次的英語圖解寫作教學, 你有沒有其他的寶貴意見?

_________________________________________________________________

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Appendix D: A Scale for Scoring the Inclusion and Quality of the parts of a Story Units of SG

0 No main character is established.

1 A main Character is presented; however, he/she is just a name on a page. Very little information or detail about the main character is provided.

Main Character

2 A main character is presented and described in details.

0 No locale or place is mentioned.

1 Locale given, but little description offered.

Locale

2 Locale given, with more completed description offered or unusual locale is chosen.

0 No time is given.

1 Time is given, but traditional in reference.

Time

2 Time is given, but unusual in reference or more complete description.

Starter Event 0 The precipitating event that causes the main character to establish a goal is not presented.

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1 The precipitating event that causes the main character to establish a goal is presented. The precipitating event can be a natural occurrence (a landslide), an internal response

(loneliness), or an external action (the dragon stole the jewel).

2 The precipitating event is complex, unusual, or well described.

0 The goal or purpose of the main character is not established.

1 The goal or purpose of the main character is established, but not clearly articulated.

2 The goal or purpose of the main character is clearly articulated.

Goal

3 Add one additional point if two or more goals are clearly articulated.

0 The actions that the main character initiates in order to achieve the goal are not presented.

1 What the main character does in order to achieve he main goals is presented.

2-4 Add one point for each of the following:

Actions or events happen in a logical order Action

Ingenuity or originality are used to solve situations or predicaments.

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There is more than one well-defined episode.

0 No real ending, lack of conclusion, or story seems unfinished.

In other words, the long-range consequences of the main character’s actions are not resolved.

1 Long-range consequences of the main character’s actions are resolved, but the ending or conclusion is fairly common.

Ending

2 Long-range consequences of the main character’s actions are resolved. In addition, the conclusion or ending is unusual, or the ending contains a moral.

0 The emotional reactions of the main character are not presented.

1 Some emotional feelings are expressed by the main character.

Reaction

2 Emotional feelings of the main character expressed with depth.

---Adapted from “A Scale for Scoring the Inclusion and Quality of the parts of a Story” by Karen R. Harris and Steve Graham (1992)

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Appendix E: The Story Maps of the Selected Articles

The Story Grammar Units of The Last Leaf SG Units

Main Characters Painters: Sue, a good friend of Johnsy Johnsy, got pneumonia, dying

Behrman, a model, boozing about his masterpiece Locale The top of a building in Greenwich Village Setting

Time Winter

Starter Event Johnsy got pneumonia and had a small chance to live Goal Behrman hoped Johnsy got the desire to live

Problems

Action 1. Johnsy was counting the remaining leaves on the ancient tree.

2. He believed he would die when the last leaf fell.

3. Behrman spent a night painting a make-believe yellow leaf to encourage Johnsy.

4. Johnsy didn’t want to die after seeing the last leaf.

Ending 1. Behrman died after painting the last leaf.

2. Johnsy had a will to live on after seeing the leaf.

Solution

Reaction Sue was touched by Behrman’s last leaf.

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The Story Grammar Units of The Phantom of the Opera SG Units

Main Characters

1. The Phantom: ugly, wearing a mask, deserted by his mother, strong, loving music,

2. Christine: a beautiful young singer

3. Raoul: a young man who loved Christine, brave Locale The Paris Opera House

Setting

Time One hundred years ago Starter

Event

There lived The Phantom underneath the Opera House.

Goal The Phantom wanted Christine for himself Problems

Action 1. The Phantom taught Christine how to sing.

2. The Phantom forced the managers to give Christine better roles in the show.

3. The Phantom loved Christine, but she fell in love with Raoul.

3. The Phantom kidnapped Christine from the stage.

4. The Phantom captured Raoul, who tried to save Christine.

5. Christine felt sorry for the Phantom, understood his loneliness and kissed his face.

Ending 1. The Phantom freed Raoul and Christine 2. The Phantom disappeared.

Solution

Reaction 1. Christine made the Phantom to cry with joy.

2. The Phantom sadly disappeared.

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The Story Grammar Units of The Unicorn in the Garden SG Units

Main Characters

A man.

His wife.

Locale The man’s house.

The man’s garden.

Setting

Time Once upon a sunny morning.

Starter Event The man claimed he saw a unicorn in the garden.

Goal The man intended to send his wife to an institution.

Problems

Action 1. The man told his wife that he saw a unicorn in the garden.

2. The wife didn’t believe what he said and answered him coldly.

3. The man tried again to tell his wife the unicorn was eating a lily.

4. The wife called the police and the psychiatrist.

5. The police asked the man if he had seen a unicorn and the man’s answer was no.

Ending The wife was taken to an institution by the police and the psychiatrist.

Solution

Reaction The man lived happily ever after

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The Story Grammar Units of Just A Taxi Ride SG Units

Main Characters

1. A taxi driver

2. The taxi driver’s son: Robbie, 15

3. Fred Plum: Chief-Neurologist in N. Y. Hospital Locale New York

Setting

Time A sunny Monday morning in the spring of 1966

Starter Event A taxi driver had a chat with his passenger on the way to the airport.

Goal The taxi driver wanted to find a summer job for his son.

Problems

Action 1. The taxi driver had a chat with his passenger as usual.

2. After knowing his passenger was a doctor, he asked the doctor a favor:

to give his son a summer job.

3. The doctor agreed.

4. The taxi driver’s son: Robbie, worked as a volunteer in the hospital in summer.

5. Robbie continued to work for Dr. Plum, and with Dr. Plum’s recommendation, he completed college and got M.D.

Ending With the help of Dr. Plum, an ordinary taxi driver’s son became OB-GYN chief resident at Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center in N. Y.

Solution

Reaction The taxi driver appreciated the great opportunity coming from ordinary encounters.

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Appendix F: Sequential pictures designed by Chih-ju Huang

1. Pictures for Week 2 (Pretest)

2. Pictures for Week 3

3. Pictures for Week 4

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4. Pictures for Week 5

5. Pictures for Week 6

6. Pictures for Week 7 (Posttest)

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Appendix G: The Blank Format of Story Map

SG Units

Main Characters Locale Setting

Time

Starter Event Goal

Problems

Action

Ending Solution

Reaction

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Appendix H: The JCEE Rating Scale

(Chen, K.Y., Huang, T.S., Lin, C.I., Su, S.F., & Kang, S.O., 1992)

(3-4 分)

(2 分)

(1 分)

(0 分)

內容 能清楚界定一

個切合命題、有 意義的主題,並 有具體、完整的 相關細節來支 持。

有主題、但發展 不全;或主題不 夠突顯、有與主 題不相關之敘 述。

有些句子與題 意有關,但重 複、未能發展成 與題意有關之 主題,或主題混 淆不清。

文不對題或沒 寫。(凡文不對 題或沒寫者,其 他各項均以零 分計算)

組織 有開頭、發展、

結尾,轉承語使 用良好,段落連 貫,行文統一。

有佈局,但要點 安排不妥;開 頭、發展、結尾 比例不當;轉承 語使用不好,以 致文不甚流暢。

題意分散在各 處,未能連貫發 展,行文不流 暢。

全文沒佈局,段 落不連貫、不統 一。行文不流 暢,毫無組織可 言或末按提示 寫作。

文法(句構修 辭)

句子統一、有變 化,修辭妥當。

文法無誤或錯 誤極少。

錯誤主要為時 態、數、一致 等,句子單調,

偶有結構錯誤 如句子片斷與 修辭語誤置現 象。

內容切題,但大 部分句子有文 法錯誤。

每句均有文法 錯誤。

用字 清新、精確、合

乎習慣用法。沒 有或極少用字 錯誤。

偶有錯別字或 過度使用的陳 腔濫調,但不影 響段落、全文之 表達。

不合乎習慣用 法,錯誤多,導 致段落或全文 不通順。

全文只有零碎 的字詞或一、二 句與題意有關。

拼字 標點 大小寫

拼字、標點、大 小寫等無誤或 錯誤極少。

有拼字、標點、

大小寫等錯 誤,但不影響段 落或全文之了 解。

拼字、標點、大 小寫等錯誤甚 多 ,顯示幾乎 沒有寫作能力。

與題意有關的 主要詞彙均拼 錯,標點、大小 寫不合體例。

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英文作文評分指標使用說明

為了使以上的評分指標更清楚,補充說明如下:

1.內容:

作文首重內容,內容不對題者以零分計算。準此,評分者在評分時應該首先 決定「內容 J 等級。如作文內容甚「差」,組織「尚可」,文法、用字、標點 等均無錯誤,若全根據分項式標準評分,此篇作文最高可得 (內容 1+組織 2+文 法 3+用字 4 十標點 4) 15 分。這種評分方式顯然不合理。為了改正這種不合理的 現象,應兼顧分項式及整體式的評分精神。凡是內容為差者,其他各項的成績至 多只給一分,如此則總分至多五分。

內容為『優』的作文,給分的彈性由評分者視情況而定。『優』級並沒有提

到任何的缺點,『可』級中對缺點的陳述較多。如『可』級所述的缺點在某文中

出現,但極為輕微,例如只有一句不相關或草率的描述,讓作文應可以得到 4 分 (畢竟,完全沒有錯誤的作文是很難找的)。如果缺點達到 2 個以上,就可給 3 分,再嚴重一點就只能給 2 分了。此外,因代名詞轉換而導致的不統一視為 一個缺點。

內容一項在評分時可能遭遇到的情況是,考生由於時間分配不良,寫了一 半就收卷了。而這半篇作文除了沒寫完之外,其他均很好。這種情況各項分數 都給一半。

2.組織

組織的給分視內容而定,如前所述。組織優者,不論用何種方法呈現內容,

均有開頭、發展及結尾,而且有連貫和統一的特性。如果文章開頭或結尾不甚妥 當,或有輕微不挺一情形,可酌給 3 分; 若切題,但段落內容不統一的情況,就 只能給 2 分了。此外,如果開頭、發展、結尾比例不當或主題混淆不清,規定文 法、用字、拼字等只給 I 分。

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3.文法

《The Harper Handbook》將文法與拼字、標點合併為一項。研究小組一方 面參考聯招會的辦法,一方面考量本國學生寫作的特性,決定將文法一項獨立,

但以括弧加上句構與修辭兩項。文法也可以包含句構,此處括弧說明的用意有 二: 第一是為配合翻譯的評分,其次則為了說明方便。一般所謂文法錯是指句 中某一部份錯誤 (如字尾沒有"S")。作文時,很多學生的文法錯是結構上的錯 誤,例如誤把副詞子句當作獨立句,或者缺少述部動詞。這類錯誤可歸成一類,

作文中常見。另外,我國中學生也常有修辭上的錯。綜合上述,才把句構和修 詞用括弧標示出來,作為評分參考。

凡文法 (句構和修辭) 錯誤少的,可酌給 3-4 分,錯誤稍多時,就只能給 2 分了。

4.用字

用字方面特別值得一提的是,有學生為了湊成所需要的字數,用了很多沒 有實質意義的字,這些情形在用字這一項應酌予扣分。用字錯 2 個以上可算『優』

等,3 個以上才考慮列為『可』等。如有錯誤致使全文文意不解,則視為劣等。

此外,如果全文只有一、二個句子與題意有關,則用字及拼字兩項均給 0 分。

5. 拼字、標點、大小寫

這一項的評分比較沒有爭議。值得參考的一點是,很多學生不知標點符號 除了引號之外,不能置於一行的開頭。凡在作文中出現這種情形,應扣些分數。

總之,作文評分指標首重內容和組織,評分時內容和組織為首之考量,亦即 評分者可用整體式評分法只看內容和組織二項,便大約可以決定一篇作文的優 劣了。細部的分數只要花評分表上稍微斟酌,就很快可得總分了。

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Appendix I: The Scoring Sheet

The Story Grammar Units No ___________

Score

0 1 2 3 4

Main Characters X

Locale X

Setting

Time X

Starter Event X

Goal X

Problems

Action

Ending X

Solution

Reaction X

Total Word numbers

The Writing Performance No ___________

Items Score 1 2 3 4 5 Content

Organization

Vocabulary X

Grammar X

Mechanism X

Total

SG Units

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Appendix J: The Samples of the Students’ Stories

The story of S313 in the pretest

One day, John took part in his friends’ wedding ceremony, and he had a lot of wine, too. He had a happy time. When he drive the car on he way home, he was dazzled because of the alcohol was bring into affected. He was drunken to drive a car.

Although he kept very carefully to drive his car, the bad thing has hit him. He striked on the wire pole and got hurt. Luckily, he just had a minor wound. (81 words)

The story of S313 in the posttest

Ray and Sophia are lovers. Ray is Sophia’s boyfriend, he is a honest and frank person. One day in a afternoon tea time, Ray had a date with Sophia, a girl with long straight hair, and bright eyes in a well atmosphere coffee shop. Ray wanted to tell Sophia something important. At first, they cheated happily. But when Ray talked about that he will going to study abroad, Sophia was so sad. Ray can’t have the heart to see Sophia crying, so he comforted Sophia and promised that he would come back.

Then Ray left a letter and contact way to Sophia and departed from the coffee shop.

In the period of time Ray study abroad, they wrote letters to each other once a week. After five years, Ray graduated with a doctor’s degree from America. When Ray came back, he eager to see Sophia. They met each other and so happy. After they got married, they usually had a date at that coffee shop. They lived happily ever after.

(170 words)

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The story of S306 in the pretest

One day, there was a special wedding ceremony took place in a restaurant.

Everyone is glad to celebrate the wonderful day, and all of the guests gave the newly-wed couple best wishes.

On the ceremony, two men sat over there drinking joyfully. They’re friends that havn’t seen each other for a long time. Both of them were so happy that they drank too much.

Finally, on one man’s way home, he bumped into a wirepole, a tragedy happened.

It caused by his careless. He broke his legs and lost his money. (91 words)

The story of S306 in the posttest

Lucy, a divorced woman, looked tired lately. She had a child named Johnny.

Lucy and her husband strived for the right to raise their child. So she hired a lawyer named Howard Liu to help her keep her son. One afternoon, they appointed a time in the moon café. She was very excited to know the result of the case. “Please tell me the result. What was the judge’s decision? My little Johnny belongs to me, right?” Lucy said nervously. “Um….I’m so sorry for that you losed the case.” Said the lawyer, Howard Liu. “You can’t support a family, so your former husband won the case.”

Lucy was disappointed with the result and just cried. How she wished to live with her only son for the rest of her life! After crying for a long time, she wiped her tears and she made up her mind to give up her only dream. She wanted to become a independence woman and start her new life. She would pray for her son every day, but she won’t cry for anyone anymore. (179 words)

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The story of S418 in the pretest

Tom’s friend married with his girlfriend. They invited Tome to their wedding.

Everybody on the wedding was very happy and excited, so they all had a grate time, they played many games, speak, and laugh loudly, and drink a lot of wine.

When wedding overed, Tom was totally drunken, but he still insist to drive home himself. On Tom’s way home, he sang a song happily, suddenly, he’s car pumped into a electric cord. But Tom really drunk serious, he even don’t know what’s happened.

Then he started slept on the road, like the person we saw on the TV.

The tomorrow, Tom was found with a police, he finally wake up and found how embarrassed he is. He sure that he will never do this again. (127 words)

The story of S418 in the posttest

That was a moon night in winter. Bess sat in a warm coffee shop waiting for her boyfriend, Thomas. When it passed half an hour, a man came in, but he was not Thomas. He was Thomas’ best friend, Robin.

Robin went near Bess and sat down. “Hi, Robin, long time no see. I’m waiting for Thomas. It is strange that he would be late.” said Bess to Robin. Ronib looked sadly at Bess and said “Well, I just met Thomas. He couldn’t come today” “Why?

Why can’t he come?” Bess asked anxiously. “Did you know he got sick?” “Sure, but he said it’s nothing. What on earth was going on?” Robin told her that Thomas got cancer and was dying. The time was freeze. The coffee shop was silent as the grave.

After a long time, Bess shouted “You must be joking! Tell me the truth, please. I just can’t believe it!” Bess burst out crying. Robin gave Bess a letter and said “This is for you. Thomas hoped you to be strong.”

Bess opened the letter and read it. “To my dear daring Bess. How are you now. I think you should know my condition when you see this letter. I didn’t know how to say, but I just wanna tell you that I always love you. As you know, I am dying. And I won’t let you see my appearance now. I know you must be crying now, but it’s not what I want to see. Promise me you will be strong, OK? See you in an after life. Your love, Thomas”

After Bess read up the letter, her tears were full of her face. She looked at Robin and gave him a sad smile. She said “ Tell Thomas I will be OK. He is always on my mind and I will live on for him. Some day we’ll meet in Heaven.” Then she left the coffee shop. She told herself she can’t live miserably because she would live her life for Thomas. (337 words)

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