• 沒有找到結果。

The Effects on Job Adaptation and Work Performance of Cross-Cultural Training and Conditions of the Taiwan Expatriates 陳涵涓、高立箴

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2022

Share "The Effects on Job Adaptation and Work Performance of Cross-Cultural Training and Conditions of the Taiwan Expatriates 陳涵涓、高立箴"

Copied!
3
0
0

加載中.... (立即查看全文)

全文

(1)

The Effects on Job Adaptation and Work Performance of Cross-Cultural Training and Conditions of the Taiwan Expatriates

陳涵涓、高立箴

E-mail: 9706729@mail.dyu.edu.tw

ABSTRACT

Due to the competition of globalization in the world, the numbers of Taiwanese entrepreneurs investing in China and expatriate Taiwanese businessman in China has increased. The prominent issues of the effective training those oversea Taiwanese

busi-nessmen in order to create their successful business and to maintain their benefit are important. The purpose of this study is to discuss the relationships among the cross-cultural training, conditions/qualifications of the Taiwanese expatriates, and their adjustment and working performance. We propose five main hypotheses after reviewing the litera-tures. In the first hypothesis, we discuss the relationship between the cross-cultural training and expatriate adjustment. In the second hypothesis, we discuss the relationship between the cross-cultural training and working performance. In the third hypothesis, we discuss the relationship between the conditions of the Taiwanese expatriates and ex-patriate adjustment. In the fourth hypothesis, we discuss the relationship between condi-tions of the Taiwanese expatriates and working performance. In the fifth hypothesis, we discuss the relationship between the expatriate adjustment and working performance. The conclusion of this study can be analyzed as following description:

1. It is significant that the cross-culture training has positive impacts on expatriate ad-justment. 2. It is significant that cross-cultural training has positive effects on working perform-ance. 3. The conditions of the Taiwanese expatriates have significant positive effects on the expatriate adjustment. 4. The conditions of the Taiwanese expatriates have significant positive effects on working

performance. 5. The expatriate adjustment has significant positive effects on working performance.

Keywords : Cross-Cultural Training ; Working Perform-ance ; Expatriate Adjustment Table of Contents

內容目錄 中文摘要 ..................... iii 英文摘要 ................

..... iv 誌謝辭  ..................... vi 內容目錄 ..............

....... vii 表目錄  ..................... ix 圖目錄  ............

......... xii 第一章  緒論................... 1   第一節  研究背景與動機.

........... 1   第二節  研究目的與問題............ 2 第三節  研究流程.....

.......... 4 第二章  文獻探討................. 6   第一節  跨文化訓練...

........... 6 第二節  海外適應............... 9 第三節  跨文化訓練與海外適應之 關係...... 13 第四節  工作績效............... 14 第五節  跨文化訓練與工作績效之關係

...... 16 第六節  外派者條件.............. 17 第七節  外派者條件與海外適應之關係..

.... 20 第八節  外派者條件與工作績效之關係...... 21 第九節  海外適應與工作績效之關係.....

.. 22 第三章  研究方法................. 24   第一節  研究架構...........

.... 24 第二節  研究假設............... 25 第三節  研究變項之操作性定義與衡量....

.. 25 第四節  研究對象與樣本特性描述........ 35 第五節  資料分析與統計方法..........

40 第四章  實證分析................. 42   第一節  問卷的效度與信度.........

.. 42 第二節  修正後的研究架構與假設........ 51 第三節  相關分析...............

53 第四節  迴歸分析............... 56 第五章  結論與建議................

65   第一節  研究結論............... 65 第二節  研究意涵...............

70 第三節  研究限制與後續研究建議........ 73 參考文獻 .....................

75 附錄A  研究問卷設計版.............. 86 附錄B  研究問卷發放版.............

. 94 表目錄 表 3- 1 跨文化訓練內容實施程度衡量題項........ 26 表 3- 2 生活適應衡量題項........

....... 28 表 3- 3 工作適應衡量題項............... 29 表 3- 4 家庭適應衡量題項......

......... 30 表 3- 5 工作績效衡量題項............... 30 表 3- 6 異文化接納衡量題項...

........... 31 表 3- 7 工作技能衡量題項............... 32 表 3- 8 回收樣本依性別劃分之 外派人員數與百分比.... 36 表 3- 9 回收樣本依年齡劃分之外派人員數與百分比.... 36 表 3- 10 回收樣本依在大 陸所屬部門劃分之外派人員數與百 分比..................... 37 表 3- 11 回收樣本依在大陸所

(2)

屬職位劃分之外派人員數與百 分比..................... 37 表 3- 12 回收樣本依在台灣工作年 資劃分之外派人員數與百 分比..................... 38 表 3- 13 回收樣本依在大陸工作年資劃 分之外派人員數與百 分比..................... 38 表 3- 14 回收樣本依教育程度劃分之外派人 員數與百分比.. 39 表 3- 15 回收樣本依其他地區駐外經驗劃分之外派人員數與. 百分比.............

....... 40 表 4- 1 KMO值與Bartlett球型檢定表.......... 43 表 4- 2 跨文化訓練因素分析結果...

......... 44 表 4- 3 海外適應因素分析結果............. 46 表 4- 4 工作績效因素分析結果..

........... 47 表 4- 5 異文化接納因素分析結果............. 48 表 4- 6 工作技能因素分析結 果............. 49 表 4- 7 研究構面之信度分析.............. 50 表 4- 8 「跨文化訓練」

與「海外適應」之相關分析表... 53 表 4- 9 「跨文化訓練」與「工作績效」之相關分析表... 54 表 4- 10 「外派者 條件」與「海外適應」之相關分析表... 55 表 4- 11 「外派者條件」與「工作績效」之相關分析表... 55 表 4- 12 「 海外適應」與「工作績效」之相關分析表.... 56 表 4- 13 「跨文化訓練」與「工作適應」之迴歸分析.... 57 表 4- 14 「跨文化訓練」與「家庭與生活適應」之迴歸分析. 58 表 4- 15 「跨文化訓練」與「溝通適應」之迴歸分析...

. 59 表 4- 16 「跨文化訓練」與「工作績效」之迴歸分析.... 60 表 4- 17 「異文化接納」與「工作適應」之迴歸分析

.... 61 表 4- 18 「異文化接納」與「生活與家庭適應」之迴歸分析. 62 表 4- 19 「異文化接納」與「溝通適應」之迴 歸分析.... 62 表 4- 20 「工作技能」與「工作績效」之迴歸分析..... 63 表 4- 21 「海外適應」與「工作績效」

之迴歸分析..... 64 表 5- 1 本研究之各項假設驗證結果彙整表........ 69 圖目錄 圖 3-1 研究流程圖...

............... 5 圖 3-1 研究架構圖.................. 24 圖 4-1 修正後研究架構 圖............... 51

REFERENCES

參考文獻 一、 中文部份: 木下昭(1983),人力資源海外移轉—海外派遣人員考評,日本京都: 啟文社。 田文彬、林月雲(2003),台灣歷年 海外派遣管理研究分析,人力資源管理學報,3(3),1-25 白宗傑(1981),駐台美籍管理員之研究,政治大學企業管理研究所未出版之碩士 論文。 甘珮珊(1999),台灣企業派外人員跨文化訓練有效性之實證研究,成功大學企業管理研究所未出版之碩士論文。 李宰敏(1993),

中韓兩國多國及企業海外派遣人員人事問題之比較研究,中國文化大學企業管理研究所未出版之碩士論文。 李淑媛(2000),派外人員特 質與其家庭特質對海外適應之影響,交通大學經營管理研究所未出版之碩士論文。 吳李長(1995),我國企業駐外管理人員遴選與工作績 效之研究,中山大學企業管理研究所未出版之碩士論文。 吳萬益、陳碩珮、甘珮姍(2000),台灣企業派外人員跨文化訓練有效性之實證 研究,台大管理論叢,10(2),167-203。 吳萬益、蔡明田、林佳姿(1999),海外派遣人員工作績效及其影響因素之評估-以投資大陸地區 之台商為例,台大管理論叢,18(3),1-34。 吳萬益、譚大純(1999),海外派遣人員甄選標準與其效果之知覺一致性分析-以海峽兩岸台、

美、日資企業外派人員為實證對象,台大管理論叢,9(2),33-67。 林介鵬、張紹勳(2003),工作滿足之因果模式-以台灣日商銷售人員為 例,管理學報,20(3),547-577。 林彩梅(1982),多國籍企業論,台北:五南圖書出版公司。 林彩梅(1994),多國籍企業論,台北:五南圖 書出版公司。 林燦螢、簡詩怡 (1990),談跨文化訓練與發展,人力培訓專刊,6月號,7-13 柯元達(1994),台商派駐大陸經理人適應問題 研究,國立中山大學企業管理研究所未出版之碩士論文。 張芳哲(2004),台灣外派人員內外控人格特質與跨文化訓練對海外適應之探討 以中部地區製造業為例,大葉大學企業管理研究所未出版之碩士論文。 陳明琪(2005),台商赴大陸投資企業跨文化訓練對海外適應與工 作績效影響之研究,北商學報,1,51-75 陳美黛(1997),我國海外派遣人員人格特質與海外適應之相關研究,中國文化大學國際企業管 理研究所未出版之碩士論文。 張鷺琪(1997),台灣大陸管理人員之跨文化訓練模式,大葉大學事業經營研究所未出版之碩士論文。 黃仁 傑(1997),海外派遣人員績效評估以大陸台商為例,成功大學企業管理研究所未出版之碩士論文。 黃英忠、鍾昆原、溫金豐(1998),台商 派駐大陸人員跨文化訓練模式初探,輔仁管理評論,5(1),19-47 黃國隆、黃敏萍、蔡啟通、陳惠芳(1999),台商派駐大陸合資企業之管 理人員的生活適應與該合資企業的人力資源管理,台大管理論叢,9(2),1-32 黃瓊慧(1999),我國企業駐外儲備人員的駐外適應與駐外意 願之研究,中山大學人力資源管理研究所未出版之碩士論文。 趙必孝(1994),國際企業子公司的人力資源管理:策略、控制與績效,中山 大學企業管理研究所未出版之博士論文。 趙必孝(1999),我國企業為建立國際競爭優勢的國際經理人才能發展研究,中山管理評論,7(2)

,437-466 簡明城(1993),企業國際化海外派遣人員人力資源培育之研究,中國文化大學企管研究所未出版之碩士論文。 蔡淑君(1988),

我國多國籍企業海外派遣人員人事問題之研究,中國文化大學企管研究所未出版之碩士論文。 繆敏志(2001),文化類型、強度、均衡性 及集群對經理人工作適應之研究,中山管理評論,9(3),425-446 韓志翔、高景彬、吳宜貞(2002),駐外人員人力資源管理制度對海外適 應與工作績效影響之研究-以政府機關為例,人力資源管理學報,2(1),37-55 藍婉菁(1996),我國企業赴大陸地區投資人員任用與訓練策 略研究,中央大學人力資源管理研究所未出版之碩士論文。 藍雅馨(2002),跨文化訓練實施程度、派外人員能力與海外適應之關聯性研 究–以台灣派駐大陸人員為例,中原大學企管研究所未出版之碩士論文。 顧鳳姿(1993),資訊業駐外經理海外適應之研究,政治大學企 管研究所未出版之博士論文。 二、英文部分: Adler, N. J. (1983). Cross-Cultural Management Research: The Ostrich and the Trend. Academy of management Review, 8, 226-232. Aycan, Z. (1997). Expatriate Adjustment as a Multifaceted Phenomenon: Individual and Organizational Level Predictors. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 8(4), 434-456. Baliga, G., & Baker, J. C. (1985). Multinational Corporate Policies for Expatriate Managers:Selection, Training, and Evaluation. Ad-vanced Management Journal, 8(4), 31-38. Backer, J. C. (1984). Foregin Language and Predeparture Taining in U.S. Firms. Personal Administrator, 29, 68-72. Bennett, R., Aston, A., & Colquhoun, T. (2000).

Cross-Culturan Training:Acritical Step in Ensuring the Success of International Assignments. Human resource Management, 39(2), 239-250.

(3)

Berman, E. M., Wext, J. P., & Wang, X. H. (1999). Using performance measurement in human resource management. Review of Public Personnel Administration, 19(2), 5-16. Black, J. S. (1988). Work Role Transitions:A Study of American Expatriate Managers in Japan. Journal of

International Business Studies, 19, 277-294. Black, J. S., & Mendenhall, M. E. (1989). Apractical but theory based framework for selecting cross-cultural training metnods. Human Tesource Management, 28(4), 511-539. Black, J. S., & Mendenhall, M. E. (1990). Cross-Cultural Training Ef-fectiveness: A Review and a Theoretical Framework for Future Research. Academy of Management Revies, 15, 113-136. Black, J. S.,

Mendenhall, M. E., & Oddou, G. (1991). Toward A com-prehensive Model of International Adjustment: An Integration of Multiple Theoretical Perspectives. Academy of Management Review, 16, 291-317. Black, J. S. (1991). The U-Curve Adjustment Hypothesis Revisited: A Review and Theoretical Framework. Journal of International Business Studies, Second Quarter, 227. Black, J. S., & Stephens, G. K. (1989). The Influence of the Spouse on American Expatriate Adjustment in Pacific Rim Overseas As-signments. Journal of Mangement, 15(4), 525-544. Blocklyn, P. L.

(1989). Developing the international executive, Per-sonnel, 66(3), 44-47. Bjorkman, I., & Schaap, A. (1994). Outsiders in the Middle Kingdom.

European Management Journal, 12(2), 171-192. Boyatzis, R. E. (1982). The competent manager:A Model for effective performance. New York : Random House. Brewster, C., & Pickard, J. (1994). Evaluating Expatriate Training. In-ternational Studies of Management and Organization, 24(3), 18-35. Copeland, L., & Griggs, L. (1985). Going International. New York:Random House. Dawis, Rene. V., & H. Lofquist Lloyd.(1984). A Psychological Theory of Work Adjustment. Minneapolis, Minnesota:University of Minnesota Press. Demirag, I. S. (1987). How UK Companies Measure Overseas Per-formance. Accountancy, March, 101-103. Dowling, P. J., Schuler R.S., & Welch , D. E. (1994). International Dimensions of Human Resource Management (2nd Ed), CA:Wadsworth. Early, P. C. (1987). Intercultural Training for Managers: A Com-parison of

Documentary and Interpersonal Methods. Academy of Management Journal, 30, 685-698. Frazee, V. (1998). Send Your Expats Prepared for Success. Global Workforce, 3(3), 15-22. Fukuda, K. J., & Chu, P. (1994). Wrestling With Expatriate Family Problems: Japanese Experience in East Asia. International Studies of Management & Oranixation, 24(3), 34-37. Fukukawa, S. (1997). Cross-cultural Management. Asia Business, 33(2), 18.

Gonzalez, R. F., & Negandhi , A. R. (1967). The United States Execu-tive:His Orientation and Career Patterns. Unpublished manuscript, Michigan States University. Gregersen, H. B., Hite J. M., & Black, J. S.(1995). Expatriate per-formers Appraisal in U.S. Multinational Firms.

Journal of In-ternational Business Studies, 4, 711-738. Harris, P., & Morgan, R.T. (1979). Managing cultural difference, Houston, Texas:Gulf.

Hockin, L. (1995). Managing cultural difference: Strategies for com-petitive advantage. London: Addison-Wesley. Hodgetts, R. M., & Luthans, F.

(1993). U.S. Multinational’s Expatriate Compensation Strategies. Compensation and Benefits Review. 25(1), 57-62. Hofstede, G. H.(1980).

Culture’sConsequences. Beverly Hills, Cali-fornia: Sage. Kemper, L. C. (1998). Global Training’s Critical Success Factors. Training &

Development, Feb, 35-37. Kobrin, S. J. (1984). International Expertise in American Business:How to learn to play with the kinds on the street.

NY:Institute of International Education. Kroeber, A. L., & Kluckhohn, C.(1952). Culture:Acritical review of concepts and definitions.

Cambridge:Mass. McDonald, (1993). G.M.E.T. Go Home? The Successful Management of Expatriate Transfers. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 8(2), 18-29. Mendenhall, M., & Oddou, G. R. (1986). Acculturation Profiles of Expatriate Managers:Implication for Cross Cultural Training Programs. Columbia Journal of World Business, 21(4), 73-79. Mendenhall, M. E., Dunbar E., & Oddou, G. R. (1987). Expatriate Se-lection, Training and Career-Pathing: A Review and Critique. Human Resource Management, 26(3), 331-345. Misa, K. F., & Farbricatore, J.

M.(1979). Return on investment of overseas personnel. Financial Executive, April, 42-46. Molnar, D. E., & Loewe, G. M. (1997). Seven JKeys to International HR Management. Hrfocus, May, 11-12. Nicholson, Nige (1984). A Theory of Work Role Transitions, Adminis-trative Science Quarterly, 29, 172-191. Peterson, L. A. (1997). International HRD: What We Know and Don’t know?. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 8(1), 63-79. Schermerhorn, J. R. (1989). Management for productivity. New York:Wiley & Sons. Searle, W., & Ward, C.(1990).The Prediction of Psychological and Socio-Cultural Adjustment during Cross-Cultural Transitions. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 14, 449-464. Shaffer, M. A., Harrison, D. A., & Gilley, K. M. (1999). Demisions, Determinants, and Differences in the expatriate Adjustment Process.

Journal of International Business Studies, 30, 557-581. Soloman, C. M. (1994). Candidate and Spouse Self-selection Program. Personnel Journal, 73(1), Jan., 99. Torbiorn, I. (1982). Living Abroad. New York:Wiley. Tung, R. L. (1981). Selection and Training of Personnel for Overseas Assignments. Columbia Journal of World Business, 16(1), 68-78. Tung, R. L. (1982). Selection and Training or Procedures of U.S., European and Japanese Multinationals. Califormia Management Review, 25(1), 57-71. Tung, R. L. (1986). Corporate Executives and Their Families in China:

The Need for Cross-Cultural Understanding in Business. Co-lumbia Journal of World Business, 21(1), 21-25. Tung, R. L. (1987). Expatriate Assignments: Enhancing Success and Minimizing Failure. Academy of Management Review, 1(2), 117-125. Tung, R. L. (1988). The New Expatriates:Managing Human Re-sources Abroad. N.Y.:Ballinger. Zeira, Y., & Bania, M. (1981). Selecting Managers for Foreign As-signments.

Management Decision, 25(4), 38-40.

參考文獻

相關文件

substance) is matter that has distinct properties and a composition that does not vary from sample

- Informants: Principal, Vice-principals, curriculum leaders, English teachers, content subject teachers, students, parents.. - 12 cases could be categorised into 3 types, based

Wang, Solving pseudomonotone variational inequalities and pseudocon- vex optimization problems using the projection neural network, IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks 17

volume suppressed mass: (TeV) 2 /M P ∼ 10 −4 eV → mm range can be experimentally tested for any number of extra dimensions - Light U(1) gauge bosons: no derivative couplings. =>

Define instead the imaginary.. potential, magnetic field, lattice…) Dirac-BdG Hamiltonian:. with small, and matrix

• Formation of massive primordial stars as origin of objects in the early universe. • Supernova explosions might be visible to the most

(Another example of close harmony is the four-bar unaccompanied vocal introduction to “Paperback Writer”, a somewhat later Beatles song.) Overall, Lennon’s and McCartney’s

Jesus falls the second time Scripture readings..