ඒߛઔߒႃע
รԼᙀรԲཚʳ 2003 ڣ 6 ִʳ 1-27
оடড়րᘞݲؚۡҕωᏰఀىငາшٗ!
ΙএПݲޟၐ!
ừ ͽ ߡ*! ຆ ף ፹* *! ဢ ! ࡌ
ءઔߒᛀಘݺഏެࡳඒߛᆖ၄ऱֱڤΔࠀ಼ഏ؆ެࡳඒߛᆖ၄ךߩऱֱ
ऄΔބנᔞٽݺഏެࡳඒߛᆖ၄ךߩऱֱऄΔא܂ᒳ٨ඒߛቃጩऱഗ៕Ζءઔ ߒ࿇റ୮ܒឰऄ౨ᄑऱᨃԳࣔᖤެࡳඒߛᆖ၄ऱطΔᔞٽ࣍ڶᑑᄷ֏
ګ༉ྒྷ᧭ऱچֱΔڂڼެࡳאറ୮ܒឰऄ៴ءΔࠀאᡖം࠴ᓳഏփᖂृ
റ୮ऱრߠΔଥإګᔞٽ࣍ݺഏެࡳඒߛᆖ၄ךߩऱֱऄΔࠡޡᨏڶΚԫΕิګ
ംቸፖᙇ࠷ࠟิඒߛറ୮ΙԲΕംቸ༼נඒߛֱಾࠎറ୮ૠ՛ᖂᒤءऱەΙ ԿΕംቸᖕࠟิറ୮༼ࠎऱᇷᄭైፖᑇၦΔૠጩנޢسऱۯګءΙΕ ࠉᖕᖂسፖچࢤฆᓳᖞګءΙնΕᓳᖞᑓլᆖᛎΙքΕᓳᖞढᏝਐᑇΙ ԮΕᆖطՂ૪ऱޡᨏΔ່৵ױ౨נֆڤЈޢسۯګءŰᖂسᑇΰԫᖂسᑇ ЀᏁޣᖂسᑇŰᦞૹαЀچฆᓳᖞЀᑓլᆖᛎᓳᖞЀढᏝਐᑇᓳᖞΖ
ᜢᗖӷǺ௲ػǵࡹкىǵ୯҇λᏢ
*Ѡύѱεӕ୯λ௲ৣ
**୯ҥᄤࠄεᏢ୯Ҿسᖱৣ
ႝηແҹࣁǺ[email protected]
ዺВයǺ2003 ԃ 1 Д 25 Вǹ௦ҔВයǺ2003 ԃ 5 Д 9 В
Bulletin of Educational Research June, 2003, Vol. 49 No. 2 pp. 1-27
Determining the Education Budgetary Expenses of Taiwanese Elementary Schools through the Professional Judgment Approach:
The Exploration of a New Approach
Chiaoling Tu*! Phil Y. Yang**
A b s t r a c t
This study reviews the existing approaches toward budgeting educational expenses in Taiwan and tries to identify an appropriate resolution for determining educational funds. Since the Professional Judgment Approach is best in terms of providing rationale for determining educational expenses and is particularly more suitable for areas which do not implement standardized achievement tests, it is modified here and then used as a major approach to determine financial adequacy.
The following are the steps adopted in this research: First, a group of consultants and two groups of educational experts are recruited. Second, the consultants establish an educational budgetary principle so that the experts can design strategies to allocate
*Teacher, Da-Tong Elementary School, Taichung, Taiwan
**Lecturer, Department of International Business Studies, National Chi Nan University E-mail: [email protected]
Manuscript received: Jan. 25, 2003; Accepted: May 9, 2003
resources for elementary schools. Third, based on the information provided by the experts, the consultants calculate an individual student’s unit cost. Fourth, the cost is adjusted so as to stay in line with student characteristics and variations within different areas. Fifth, the situation of diseconomies of scale is corrected. Sixth, the cost is adjusted on the basis of the price index. Next, a formula is derivedthe unit cost of each student multiplied by the number of students, thus taking into account the average needs of general students plus the extra needs of handicapped students; finally, the adjustment for variations within areas, the correction for the diseconomies of scale, and the adjustment of the price index are added in.
Keywords: educational expenses, financial adequacy, elementary schools
ಥă݈! ֏
ψඒߛᆖ၄ךߩωΰadequacyαࠉᖕ Odden & Picusΰ2000αፖ Cluneΰ1994b, 1995αऱࡳᆠΔਐऱਢඒߛᆖ၄ߩജࠌᖂسሒࠩԫࡳऱګ༉ֽᄷΔൎᓳګ࣠ᐋ૿Δ ܛᣂࣹދԵፖขנհၴᇷᄭਢܡךߩΖࠡᨠ࢚ᄭ۞࣍ભഏ 1989 ڣ Kentucky ڠऱ ತਙ္Δᇠڠ່ऄೃᎁڠਙࢌآ౨༼ࠎࢬڶᖂسךߩऱඒߛΔۖܒᇠڠ ਙࢌሔᖆΔ֧ದԱඒߛತਙྤছࠏऱၞ୶Δࠌךߩऱᨠ࢚ګඒߛತਙऱխ
֨ᠲΔᇖඑԱᆖ၄ֆؓΰequityαൎᓳދԵᐋ૿ऱរΔലತਙፖᖂسګ༉ຑ
ದࠐΖךߩհࢬא່२ګભഏᑷ॰ऱᤜᠲΔਢഗ࣍Օฒբດዬૹီᖂسᖂ
ګ࣠ऱขנ૿Δۖլਢԫ࠺ऱૹီᇷᄭދԵᐋ૿Ζ९ՆאࠐΔඒߛᆖ၄ᆖൄ
ਢਙए࠰ࢬެࡳΔ࢙ۖฃຍࠄᆖ၄ਢܡߩജࠌᖂسኔԫࡳऱګ࣠ؾᑑΰClune, 1994a; Ladd & Hansen, 1999αΔڕٵભഏඒߛತਙᖂृ Odden & Buschΰ1998α
്Օڍᑇᖂسᚨᇠࠩߩאሒࠩᑑᄷඒߛګ༉ऱഗءᠰ৫ᆖ၄Δࠌٺᖂீ
ऱඒߛᆖ၄ຟሒࠩךߩ࿓৫Δթ౨റ֨ړඒߛޏऱՠ܂Ζ؆Δࣔΰ2000α ՈאભഏࡉᖾऱࠏΔᎅࣔඒߛᆖ၄ፖඒߛޏᤜᠲլᚨᇠਢထૹڇञ࠷ޓ ڍऱᆖ၄Δࢨᆖ၄ऱެࡳᦞᤜᠲؚ᠏Δۖਢᚨᇠאᆖ၄౨ܡڶயሒګඒޏؾऱΔ
༼֒ᖂسᖂګ༉ەၦᑑᄷΖڂڼΔCaldwell, Levacic & Ross ᎁᖂீԱ༼
ࠎޢԫۯᖂسࡳऱඒߛᔆࢬᏁऱᆖ၄ΔؘႊኙᖂسᖂᏁޣऱٺጟױ౨ֱ
ூ֗ࠡࢬᏁऱᆖ၄ॺൄᄑΰ֧۞ࣔΕ്ዾΔ2000αΔٍܛਙࠫࡳृႊ
ᖕޢԫଡᖂسऱᔞᅝᖂૠΔެࡳࢬᏁऱඒߛᇷᄭΔૠጩࠡګءΔࠀڶᆖ၄ אݙګհΔۖॺਢղޢԳઌऱඒߛᆖ၄Δڂٽඒߛᆖ၄ፖඒߛ࣠թ౨ إᒔवሐᏁڶڍ֟ᆖ၄ࠐٽᖂسࢬሒࠩऱᖂګ࣠Δࠌඒߛ౨אࠠ᧯ᢞ ᖕञ࠷ඒߛᆖ၄ऱᤂᒘΔۖլਢ္ᓯ࣍ฒԳऱტࢤፖሐᐚൣᖙΰࣔΔ 2000αΖ
ؾছڂഏփᒳ٨ᆖ၄ऱֱڤۿຟထૹڇދԵᐋ૿Δለ֟ထᕠ࣍ګ࣠ᐋ
૿Δᆖ၄ႈؾऱދԵڶאψᖂسሒԫࡳګ࣠ؾᑑհᏁޣωܒឰᑑᄷΔܛڶ
৸ەຍࠄދԵࢬሒګऱؾᑑਢչᏖፖሒګؾᑑࢬᏁऱދԵਢୌࠄΖ֘ᨠਙ
ࢌᒳ٨ᆖ၄ਢࠉᖕቃጩऄ֗۩ਙೃቇؒհψխ؇ዄچֱਙࢌቃጩᤂᒳঞω֗ψٺ ᗼ᜔ؑቃጩᒳ፹រωΔࠡխᑑᄷֆڤࠫࡳհطৰᑓᒫլࣔᒔΔࠏڕΚक़ᓊᗼ ऱᖂீᄐ೭၄ਢא 23,000 ցഗᑇΔאఄ్ᑇૠጩۯΔݺଚྤऄԱᇞຍጟ ᒳ٨ֆڤऱطΔՈྤऄԱᇞֆڤਢܡፖᖂسᖂګ࣠ઌᣂΔޓྤऄנቃጩऱ ᒳ٨ֱڤڶຑګ࣠ፖދԵΔਚᖿದઔߒृऱઔߒᘋᔊΔᎁڶؘ࿇୶ԫଡެ
ࡳᆖ၄ךߩऱֱऄΔޏၞطႚอެࡳඒߛᆖ၄ऱᆍ۠Δאૠጩנᖂسኔګ࣠ؾ ᑑऱᆖ၄ֽᄷΖ
ᨠᓯഏ؆ެࡳඒߛᆖ၄ךߩऱၞ୶Δᖕ֮ᖞवΔඒߛತਙךߩڇભ ഏመװԼڣऱඒߛਙޏխΔԫऴފዝထԫଡૹऱߡۥΔԱᘝၦᖂسࠆ࠹
ऱඒߛਢܡךߩΔऄೃऱᐉૹរբᆖլႛַ࣍ඒߛᆖ၄ऱฆणउۖբΔޓထ ૹ࣍ࠡהඒߛመ࿓խऱދԵΕመ࿓Δא֗ขנऱڂైΰClune, 1994a; Clune, 1994b;
Grossman, 1995αΖભഏؾছڶጟެࡳඒߛᆖ၄ךߩऱױ౨ֱऄΰGuthrie &
Rothstein, 1999; Ladd & Hansen, 1999; Odden & Picus, 2000αΔรԫጟֱڤਢอૠ։
࣫ऄΰstatistical analysisαΔ،ਢᙇࡳԫଡᖂسګ༉ֽᄷΔྥ৵ᓳᖞઌᣂऱᖂس
ᔆፖᖂسषᆖહནΔٵழەᐞᖂऱᑓᆖᛎፖլᆖᛎڂైΔ່৵ૠጩנԫګ༉
ֽᄷࢬᏁऱඒߛᆖ၄Ζڼֱڤऱᚌរਢױאٚ۶ᖂګ༉ֽᄷૠጩנࢬᏁऱඒ ߛᆖ၄Δࢬאઌᅝ֊ٽվֲඒߛޏࢬᏁΰຫᣝఇΔ2000ΙOdden & Picus, 2000αΖ รԲጟֱऄਢኔᢞᨠኘऄΰempirical observationαΔ،ਢᅃ٤ڠᖂسྒྷ᧭࣠Δ ᙇࡳਬԫଡګ༉ֽᄷΔྥ৵ބנ।ሒڼԫګ༉ֽᄷհᖂΔൕຍࠄᎁࡳᑑ ᄷ֏।ऱᖂխΔᙇנࠡ٥ٵᔆΔࠀૠጩנࠡؓ݁ᆖ၄֭נֽᄷΖط Illinois ፖ Ohio ڠऱઔߒຟ᧩قຍጟֱऄૠጩנऱ֭נઌᅝ൷२࣍ᇠڠ٤ڠඒߛᆖ၄֭
נऱխᑇΰAlexander et al., 1995; Augenblick, 1997; Hinrichs & Laine, 1996αΖรԿ ጟֱऄਢᖂீૹ৬ऄΰwhole-school designsαΔ،ਢ৬مԫଡᖂسګ༉।ᖂீ
ࢬᏁګءऱᑓীΔٍܛބנԫࢬᖂسګ༉ߩא܂ࠢᒤऱᖂீΔૠጩנፂຍᑌ ԫࢬᖂீࢬᏁऱᆖ၄ΖආشڼጟֱڤڶࠟଡࠏΔԫଡਢറࡺ۰ڇຟؑխ ऱ܅ࢬΔא֗இႨගᆢᖂسࢬૠऱ٤᧯ᖂس࠱။ֱூΰSuccess for All, Roots
and Wings ProgramαΔԫଡࠏਢזદرீॐֱூΰModern Red School-
houseαΖڍઔߒ࣠᧩قΔຍጟࢬڶ܅ګ༉ᖂீم٥ٵܘԺؾᑑऱֱڤΔ
ኙ࣍ᖂீඒஃඒᖄᖂسཛٻګ༉ֽؓڶઌᅝ᧩ထऱإ૿ய࣠ ΰEdison Project, 1997; Slavin & Fashola, 1998; Stringfield et al., 1996αΖOdden & Buschΰ1998α࿇
ࠉڼمਐᑑհᖂீࢬᏁऱᆖ၄Δ൷२࣍٤ഏޢسؓ݁ᆖ၄ऱխᑇΖรጟֱڤ ਢറ୮ܒឰऄΰprofessional judgmentαΔ،ਢܓشറ୮ࠐܒឰሒګԫࡳऱګ༉ֽᄷ ᏁୌࠄඒߛᇷᄭΔྥ৵ലඒߛᇷᄭԫԫղאૡᏝΔᔞٽ࣍ڶᑑᄷ֏ګ༉ྒྷ᧭
ऱچֱΰGuthrie & Rothstein, 1999αΖ
อૠ։࣫ऄፖኔᢞᨠኘऄຟᏁڶԫګ༉ྒྷ᧭ࠉᖕΔۖഏփؾছឈڶഗ ءᖂԺྒྷ᧭Δ܀ਢ،ਢྒྷ᧭ഏխԿڣ్ऱᖂسਢܡڶሒࠩഗء౨ԺΔࠀآ࿇୶
ေ۷ഏ՛ᖂ࿙ਢܡڶሒࠩഗء౨Ժऱᑑᄷ֏ګ༉ྒྷ᧭Δอૠ։࣫ऄࠌشᓤᠧऱ ಱូ։࣫լ࣐ࠌԳԱᇞֱࠡ࿓ڤऱطࠐΔۖኔᢞᨠኘऄঞਢൕբሒࠩԫࡳګ༉ֽ
ᄷऱᖂޣࠡؓ݁ᆖ၄ֽᄷΔឈለอૠ։࣫ऄ୲࣐ᨃԳԱᇞሒԫࡳګ༉ֽᄷᏁ
ୌࠄᇷᄭႈؾΔ܀ᝫਢᨃԳྤऄᄑᇷᄭދԵऱطΔڼऄآᓳᖞᖂسषᆖ
ฆګءΔࠌԳᡖጊࠡޣᆖ၄ֽᄷհᄷᒔ৫Ζڼ؆Δᖂீૹ৬ऄឈྥՈᔞش࣍
ڶګ༉ྒྷ᧭ऱچΔ܀ਢ،ਢאԫଡګ༉ֽᄷᖂீհᇷᄭךߩᆖ၄ऱය
ٙΔآەᐞٺچऱګءฆΔࠡࢬૠጩנऱᆖ၄ֽᄷױ౨ለլࠠཏሙࢤΖۖ
റ୮ܒឰऄঞਢطګ࣠ؾᑑެࡳᇷᄭైΔආشᓵᖂृറ୮ፖඒߛኔ೭ՠ܂Գ
ऱრߠΔ٥ٵ࠰ૡנᖂسኔڠᤜᄎࢬૡࡳګ࣠ؾᑑࢬᏁհᆖ၄ֽᄷΔൎ ᓳඒߛᆖ၄ऱᒳ٨ؘႊฤٽᖂسటإऱᏁޣΔᨃԳᄑࣔᛵᆖ၄ֽᄷެࡳऱ
طΔᆖطᓳᖞګءฆፖຏຄᘉ৵נऱᆖ၄ֽᄷױ౨ለᄷᒔΔԾᔞٽ࣍
ڶګ༉ྒྷ᧭ऱچΖط࣍ݺഏၸᒳ٨ᆖ၄ऱֱऄਢطඒߛݝᄎٵնଡᓰऱ
۩ਙԳΔࠉᖕᑑᄷֆڤᒳ٨ۖެࡳޢࢬᖂீऱඒߛᆖ၄ΔڶຑދԵፖګ࣠Δ
ؾছݺഏٍڶᑑᄷ֏ऱګ༉ྒྷ᧭ΖڂڼΔഗ࣍Ղ૪റ୮ܒឰऄૹီᖂسऱᏁ ޣΕֱऄᄑࣔᛵΔא֗،ᔞٽڶګ༉ྒྷ᧭ऱچ᥆ࢤΔ֧ದઔߒृ৸ەא റ୮ܒឰऄ៴ءΔࠀەഏփൣቼΔଥإګᔞٽݺഏެࡳඒߛᆖ၄ךߩऱֱऄΖ
ࢬאΔءઔߒऱؾऱΔڇ಼࣍ Guthrie Գެࡳඒߛᆖ၄ךߩऱࠠ᧯܂ऄΔ אറ୮ܒឰऄ៴ءΔࠀຘመഏփറ୮ᖂृऱრߠΔଥإګᔞٽݺഏެࡳඒߛᆖ ၄ךߩऱֱऄΖԱሒࠩຍଡؾऱΔء֮ଈ٣տฯආشऱઔߒֱऄፖૠΔࠡڻ
ܫءઔߒऱ࣠Δ່৵Δ༼נࠠ᧯৬ᤜࠎխ؇Εچֱඒߛ۩ਙጥᖲᣂەΖ
෮ăࡁտ͞ڱ
ሒઔߒؾऱΔءઔߒאᡖΰDelphi techniqueα܂ᇷற፦ႃऱֱ
ऄΔࠀ։࣫ભഏං೯ඒߛᆖ၄ךߩऱઌᣂ֮Δאᛧޓࠠ᧯ऱ܂ऄፖփ୲Δ܂
ം࠴ᒳ፹ऱەΖאՀ։ܑտฯءઔߒᙇᖗᡖऱطΕፖԳऱᎅࣔፖ ઔߒՠࠠऱૠΖ
ʙăᎵጅુᗄڟ୩Υ!
ᡖਢشԫຑۭം࠴ᓳऱֱऄΔࠐᛧԳଚኙംᠲհ٥ٵऄऱݾΔ
৬ዌᆢ᧯ᄮຏᖵ࿓ऱԫጟֱऄΰཾ୮ਙΔ1996Ι֮٤Δ1989Ι Ziglio, 1996αΖ ઔߒृ࿇ΔᚵࡳנኔᎾױ۩ऱֱऄΔೈᖕ֮ऱ։࣫ፖᖞ؆Δᝫؘႊᐖ
ᇠᏆઌᣂԳՓऱრߠፖऄΔݮګ٥ᢝΖط࣍റ୮ቸ᧯౨೯شՕޅऱԳԺፖ ढԺΔࠡࢬᕩፋ٥ᢝ۞ྥଖ्ࡳΔ܀ਢᡓՕऱᆖ၄থॺଡԳࢨ՛ᖲዌࢬ౨ᖜ ऱΖڂڼΔኙ࣍ࠠڶञᤜࢤࢨ൶ࢤऱᓰᠲΔᏁຘመቸ᧯ᄮຏא࠷ԫીࢤრ ߠࢨᨠរऱઔߒΔ܀Ծᡶ࣍ழၴΕ८ᙒፖԳԺऱૻࠫΔྤऄႃٽ٤ഏऱറ୮ᖂृ
۟ٵԫچរ״ၲڍڻᄎᤜΔאؘ֗ႊආ࠷ೳټࢤΕؓࡉڶயऱፖൻਜࠐ፦ႃ
ᨠऱܒឰᏁޣழΔᔞٽආشψᡖωऱֱऄΰ႓ਙໃΔ1994Ιཾ୮ਙΔ1996Ι
Ziglio, 1996αΔ،ਢא֘ࢤऱം࠴ᓳࠐᛧቸ᧯ऱ٥ᢝΔۖڶ૿ኙ૿ऱյ೯
መ࿓Ζ
ઔߒृ൶ಘڶᣂᡖऱ֮৵Δᖞנءઔߒආشᡖઔߒֱऄऱ
طڕՀΚ
(ԫ)ط࣍ψאറ୮ܒឰऄެࡳඒߛᆖ၄ךߩωਢԫଡֱऄᓵऱᇢ൶Δ᥆࣍໌
ທࢤऱ൶ಘፖञᤜࢤऱᤜᠲΔႊᆖطറ୮࿇ཀࠡཕᐝፖवᢝΔࠡહནवᢝႊࠠ
ڶඒߛᆖ၄ઌᣂᏆፖኔᎾᒳ٨ᆖ၄ᆖ᧭Δᆖط֘چၞ۩ം࠴ᓳΔ಼הԳ հܒឰᇷறΔଥإࠡڶܒឰΔࠌֱऄ౨ޓᄷᒔچቃྒྷΔਚႊଗૹᡖႪႃ
ᆢ᧯რߠ֗ᇷಛڃ㕘ऱࢤΔࠌެृ֘ေ۷Δ྇܅ެऱᨠࢤΖ
(Բ)ᡶ࣍ઔߒृऱڶૻᇷᄭΔᡓՕऱᆖ၄ॺଡԳࢬ౨ᖜΔྤऄႃٽ٤ഏ റ୮Ꮨፋԫഘ૿ኙ૿ᄮຏಘᓵΔڂڼᙇᖗطᡖࠐΖ
(Կ)ڂψެࡳඒߛᆖ၄ךߩհֱऄωऱઔߒ௫֗ᨠᏝଖܒឰΔլᔞٽ૿
ኙ૿ᄮຏΔࠡ௫֗ݾࢤംᠲΔፖृᏁڶך։ऱழၴ৸ەΔᝩ܍࠹ࠩᦞ
ᐙΔթ౨ሒګڶயऱܒឰΖᝩ܍ፖृऱൕฒயᚨΔࠌઔߒ࣠ޓףড়ᨠ ፖᄷᒔΔፖृᚨאೳټڤףಘᓵΔאଡܑߪ։࿇।რߠΔא܍ڂᦞऱᚘԺΔ
ۖࠌֱऄய৫྇܅Δءઔߒආೳټڤ֘ኔਜം࠴ऱᡖΖ ()ֱऄऱ৬مլႊଗૹጲᒔऱอૠ։࣫ݾΖ
(ն)ፖृਢط٤ഏᑌءխᙇנڶᆖ၄ᒳ٨ᄗ࢚ऱઌᣂԳՓΔኙڼ൶ಘം
ᠲڶך։ᄮຏᆖ᧭Ζ
ഗ࣍אՂڂΔሒڼઔߒؾऱΔᡖਢ່ᔞٽऱֱऄΖ
؆Δ׆֮ઝΰ1999αਐנᡖᔞش࣍षᄎംᠲऱԫጟ᧢ীਙ
ᡖΰPolicy DelphiαΔ،ፖႚอऱᡖݾฃڶլٵΔࠀլޣᇠิ࠹ᓳऱ റ୮ሒګԫીऱᨠរΔۖਢಾኙᅝছࢨቃཚऱਙംᠲΔࡳਬԫࡳᒤऱூ
ࢨኙᇠംᠲࢬ௫֗ٺጟཙזֱூऱऄΔאԱᇞࠡ։܉ᒤΖط࣍ਙᡖೈ
Աᇷறፖࠃኔհ؆ΔࡸץਔᨠរڇփΔڂڼუ៶ထԿ۟ٝം࠴ᓳΔܛሒ ګ٥ᢝΔԯլ֊ኔᎾΔڕ౨ނᓯറ୮ऱլٵრߠࢨ։ࣴᨠរףא᠖ፖࡳΔ༉
ګଖܘԺֱٻΖڕڼۖࠐΔሎشᡖऱ࣠Δឈլؘԫࡳ࠷٥ᢝΔ܀Ⴊ ፋฒڍࠠڶψய৫ωऱܒឰΔॾֺٚԫଡԳܒឰऱפயՕΖ
Ծڂءઔߒऱؾऱਢא Guthrie Գࢬ࿇୶ऱറ୮ܒឰऄଥإګᔞٽݺഏެ
ࡳඒߛᆖ၄ךߩऱֱऄΔሒڼؾऱΔઔߒृᖕഏփൣቼΔലڼऄଥإࠀૠ ᔞٽݺഏެࡳඒߛᆖ၄ךߩऱֱऄհം࠴Δ៶طڶઌᣂહནᆖ᧭ऱറ୮ࠐܒឰࠡ
փ୲ਢܡᔞٽݺഏൣቼΔၞ۩რߠऱᖞፖ։࣫Δᚵࡳנᔞٽݺഏެࡳඒߛᆖ၄ ךߩऱറ୮ܒឰऄΖਢਚΔءઔߒֱऄൎᓳ᠖റ୮ኙം࠴ऱრߠΔאᛧીڶش ऱಛஒΔઔߒ࣠ႊ࠷Օຝ։റ୮ऱ٥ᢝܛױΖ
ʠăჄʡࢷڟჳق!
ᡖऱറ୮՛ิګԳᑇΔႚอՂආ՛ᑌءΔ܀ױီઔߒؾऱᓳᖞΖZiglio ΰ1996αᎁᡖऄ່֟Ꮑط 10Ё15 Գิګറ୮՛ิΔࠡਐנ 50 ֗ 60 ڣזհ
ᡖኔ᧭࿇Δᅝറ୮՛ิ။ᡓՕ။౨ޏ՛ิګ࣠Δ૾܅՛ิհᙑᎄΖ՛ิ
ګհᙇᖗឈࠉࠡؾᑑ֗փ୲ۖڶࢬլٵΔྥۖψറᄐωਢޣΔࠡڻਢψ౨ Ժω֗ψრᣋωΖڼറᄐਐवᢝࡉઔߒᤜᠲհኔ೭ދԵΔۖॺറਐᖂګ༉ࢨᖂ ᖵΔګૉ౨ኙᤜᠲڶࢬԱᇞፖ൷ᤛΔױאࠩለᄷᒔհ࣠Δࠡࢬທګऱᆢ᧯
ᎄ່܅Δۖګᙇᖗૉ౨אڶᑷݵ֗ழၴࠐڃᚨംᠲΔؘ౨ֺਢჄየം࠴ޓ
ࠠრᆠΔࠩለᄷᒔհ࣠Δࢬທګऱᆢ᧯ᎄ່܅Ζਚءઔߒڂழၴ֗ತԺڶ
ૻΔቃ۷א 15 ԳઔߒᑌءΖ
ψެࡳඒߛᆖ၄ךߩऱֱऄωᚨଫᓵઔߒृፖڶᒳ٨ඒߛᆖ၄ᆖ᧭ृհ რߠΔط࣍ࠡխऱฃԯ௫֗ᏝଖܒឰऱञᤜፖެࠫࡳऱਙएࢤംᠲΔޣሒ ګױ۩ऱ٥ᢝΔᏁᐛᇬٺֱऄΖࠀەᖂृΰཾ୮ਙΔ1996Ι Ziglio, 1996α ऱᡖ՛ิհ࠷ᑌঞΔូءઔߒऱ࠷ᑌঞڕՀΚ
)Ι*ঙ౩፣ᇄᄂ!
ψެࡳඒߛᆖ၄ךߩऱֱऄωץܶᓵഗ៕ፖኔ೭ᆖ᧭ֱࠟ૿Δءઔߒറ୮ ګऱᙇᖗΔᏁᦖਔඒߛತਙᏆऱᓵઔߒृፖᑵ൜ᒳ٨ඒߛᆖ၄ऱኔ೭ՠ܂
ृΖ
)Π*ІᔖϚӣޟᢎᘈ!
ψެࡳඒߛᆖ၄ךߩհֱऄωךየԱᏝଖࢤऱञᤜፖਙएࢤۥΔؘႊආ
ᓵઔߒृፖڶኔچᒳ٨ඒߛᆖ၄ᆖ᧭ृհլٵᨠរΔܛਢאᑵ൜ඒߛᆖ၄ᒳ٨ ऱઌᣂԳፖઔߒඒߛತਙᏆऱᖂृറ୮Δ܂ᡖհፖറ୮ΖۖԱ
ַح٥ٵ৸ەऱᙑᎄΔႊᝩ܍՛ิګહནऱٵᔆࢤΔࢬאᑌءऱ࠷ࠐ۞լٵ ᖂீહནፖլٵᗼؑऱᖂृറ୮ԳՓΔආشฆᔆહནऱᖂृറ୮ԳՓΔ܀ਢຟႊ
ࠠڶඒߛᆖ၄ᒳ٨ᄗ࢚հٵᔆࢤቸ᧯Ζ )έ*ڎരྜᇄंـޟΨ!
ᡖਢԫጟᘜٽԱം࠴ᓳፖஆᓫᄎऱֱऄΔፖԳೈԱؘႊࠠໂ൶ಘ
ᠲऱറᄐైᕆፖᆖ᧭؆Δࡸႊࠠໂᄮຏፖઔߒऱ౨ԺΖڂፖګؘႊᐉშ
৸ەᖞଡᆖ၄ᒳ٨ऱੌ࿓ፖփ୲Δ༼נଡԳऱᨠរፖࠡהګ։ࠆΔࠀܓشࠡה
ፖृऱڃ㕘რߠΔଥإࢨᎅࣔଡԳऱᨠរΖڂڼΔءઔߒऱᡖ՛ิګႊ
ࠠໂᄮຏፖઔߒऱ౨ԺΔਚאᑵ൜ඒߛᆖ၄ᒳ٨ऱઌᣂԳΕીԺ࣍ඒޏՠ܂ृ
ፖઔߒඒߛತਙᏆऱᖂृറ୮Δ܂ᡖհፖറ୮Ζ
)Ѳ*ڎԤࡻ៉ᇄޟዥף!
ᡖᚨشԱԫߓ٨യႃऱॵڶრߠڃ㕘ऱം࠴ᓳΔຏൄڇԿΕଡڃٽ հၴΔছ৵ࢬᏁழ࿓ՕપڇԲଡִؐ׳Ζڂڼᡖ՛ิګؘႊࠠໂᥛፖ ऱᑷݵΔթ౨ᨃᡖऱኔਜመ࿓אႉܓݙګΔਚઔߒृᏁղჄृᔞ৫ऱ ᎈڂፖڃ㕘Δאᖿ࿇ࠡჄრᣋΖ
ࠉᖕՂ૪ႈ࠷ᑌঞΔءઔߒലᡖ՛ิګ։ඒߛᖂृΕኔ೭ՠ܂
ԳࠟᣊΖٺᣊऱᑌءᔆڕՀΚ
รԫᣊਢඒߛᖂृറ୮ΚࠠໂඒߛತਙΕᆖᛎΕ۩ਙऱറᄐહནΔ౨ኙެࡳ
ඒߛᆖ၄ךߩऱֱऄ༼ࠎᓵഗ៕Δ٥ૠ 8 ۯΖ
รԲᣊਢኔ೭ՠ܂ԳΚࠠڶඒߛᆖ၄ᒳ٨ᆖ᧭ऱઌᣂԳፖીԺ࣍ඒߛޏ
ृΔ౨ᖕኔൣउፖඒߛᆖ᧭ኙֱऄ༼ࠎࠠ᧯৬ᤜΔ٥ૠ 7 ۯΖ
ʭăࠂՀˎ֎ڟ௩ࡎ!
ءઔߒՠࠠψאറ୮ܒឰऄެࡳഏا՛ᖂඒߛᆖ၄ךߩֱऄᚵࡳհᓳം
࠴ωΔ٥ڶԿڻΖം࠴ආዌڤംᠲΔรԲڻፖรԿڻം࠴ঞᖕছԫڻം࠴ऱ
࣠ፖڃ㕘რߠଥૡۖګΔאՀಾኙรԫڻം࠴ऱᒳ፹መ࿓Εം࠴ऱփ୲Δא
֗อૠፖ։࣫ऱֱऄᎅࣔڕՀΖ )Ι*Ιԩ፡ࢥ୰ڢޟጡᇧ!
ءઔߒᆖመ֮։࣫Δݺଚᎁભഏತਙᖂृ Guthrie ࢬ࿇୶ऱറ୮ܒឰऄ່
ᔞٽഏփൣቼΖءઔߒऱؾऱܛڇאറ୮ܒឰऄ៴ءΔࠀຘመഏփറ୮ᖂृऱ რߠΔଥإګᔞٽݺഏެࡳඒߛᆖ၄ךߩऱֱऄΖሒઔߒؾऱΔઔߒृലءઔ ߒം࠴אറ୮ܒឰऄ៴ءΔەഏփൣቼΔଥإګՀ٨ԮଡޡᨏΔ։ܑאዌ ࢤംᠲࠐᐛᇬრߠΔאՀ٣ᎅࣔ Guthrie Գऱറ୮ܒឰऄհᇡาޡᨏΰGuthrie &
Rothstein, 1999αΔ٦ᇞᤩءઔߒࠉᖕഏփൣቼଥޏհփ୲Ζ
1.GuthrieԳऱറ୮ܒឰऄհᇡาޡᨏ
μรԫޡᨏνิګംቸΔطംቸ༼נඒߛฃࠎറ୮ᆜᇷᄭऱەΖ (1)ംቸਢطԫᆢࠠڶ໑ՓᖂۯऱᖂृิګΔਢΚa.൶ಘڶய౨ᖂீऱ ઔߒܫΙb.ᙇ࠷ࠟิඒߛറ୮Ιc.ᘬᇬ٤ഏറ୮࠰ᄎΙd.፦ႃࠡהڠऱᆖ᧭Ιe.
ڠऱᖂז।ᑌءΙf.፦ႃᖂऱඒߛઌᣂᇷறΙg.ᘬᇬڠऱࡴፖࠡהറ ୮ΔאᛧڶᣂؾছᖂீತਙᇷறፖسګءᘝၦऱრߠΙh.ެࡳᇷᄭऱګءΙi.
፦ႃޢԫৄؑޢתڣऱ၄ृढᏝਐᑇאެࡳسګءΖ
(2)ംቸᖕᖂઔߒܫΔא֗ᘬᇬٺڠඒޏᆖ᧭Δ༼נඒߛฃࠎറ୮
ᆜᇷᄭەΚ
a.ףൎ܅ڣ్ᇷᄭױޏᖂسګ࣠Κംط Tennessee ڠڇ՛ᖂ܅ڣ్ၸ
ආشԫۯඒஃჸ 15Ё16 ۯᖂسऱ՛ఄࠫΔ໌ທለऱᖂسګ༉ΰܑਢኙ܅گ Եᖂسαऱઔߒګ࣠Δ৬ᤜ܅ڣ్ආ՛ఄࠫא৬مለࠋऱᖂഗ៕Ζ
b.՛ఄࠫለ౨༼֒Ꮑޣᖂسऱګ༉Κംᎁലᖂسڜඈڇཏຏఄ
ආ՛ఄࠫΔለ౨༼ࠎᖂسࢬᏁऱ࠰ܗΔ༼֒ᖂسऱᖂګ༉Ζ c.՛ীᖂீԫᚌ࣍ՕীᖂீΚംطઔߒ࣠Δ࿇ᖂீऱᖂسԳᑇ࣍
200Ё400 ऱ՛ীᖂீΔ٦ආ՛ఄඒᖂΔലֺՕীᖂீڶܗ࣍ᖂΖ
d.ףൎඒஃറᄐ࿇୶ڶܗ࣍༼֒ඒஃய౨Κംᎁආ՛ఄ՛ீ༼֒ᖂس ᖂګ༉ΔႊףൎཏຏఄඒஃऱറᄐಝᒭΔ༼֒ඒஃറᄐైᕆΖ
e.ᏁޣऱᖂسᚨطᖂீࠐᦸࡳΚംᎁ౨إᒔऱܒឰᖂسΔᚨ ਢطᖂீऱඒஃࢨ۩ਙԳࠐᦸࡳΔ܀Ոַהଚመ৫ऱᦸࡳᏁޣᖂسΔ ᖄી၌ᠰऱᏁޣΖ
f.ᏁޣऱᖂسႃխऱᖂீᏁᠰ؆ऱګءΚംᎁᅝᏁޣᖂسመ৫
ႃխڇԫଡᖂீΔᄎທګఄᖄஃፖᖂீ۩ਙԳऱ๛መૹΔࢬאהଚ༼ࠎറூ
ᇖܗૠ߷ࠄᏁޣᖂسֺ၌መ॰ាऱᖂீΖ
g.່൷२ᖂسऱԳᚨᇠ່ڍඒߛެΚംᎁኔᎾਐᖄᖂسऱԳΔᚨᇠ ኙᇷᄭऱࠌشڶ່৵ऱެࡳᦞΔࢬא৬ᤜՂ్ਙࢌ։ᖂீऱቃጩΔᚨאψᖞ ޅᇖܗཱིωΰblock grantsαऱֱڤΔٌطᖂீ۞۩ެࡳᆖ၄ऱشຜΖ
μรԲޡᨏνᙇ࠷ࠟิඒߛറ୮Δറ୮ࠉᖕംቸࢬ༼ऱඒߛฃᆜᇷᄭΔ אެࡳᖂீᒤءΰץਔᖂسԳᑇΕఄ్Օ՛Εஃسֺαऱඒᖂైፖᖂீᛜሎ
ైΖ
(1)รԫิറ୮ਢط٤ڠڶնڣᆖ᧭ऱٽඒஃΕ᎖ᖄԳ֗۩ਙԳז।
รԫᒵᖂீԳࢬิګΔؘႊڶᖂՓᖂۯΔऱຂٚڇᒔᎁᖂسሒګᤜᄎ
ࡳऱඒߛؾᑑࢬᏁऱඒߛైΔץਔඒᖂైΰڕΚԳࠃΕඒޗΕඒࠠΕໂΕ ᖂس೯Εඒऱറᄐ࿇୶ΕᖂسऱᏁޣΕᖂீЯᖂЯچऱᏁޣ
αፖᖂீᛜሎైΰڕΚፂଥΕ۩ਙጥऱᏁޣΕٌຏሎᙁαΖ
(2)รԲิറ୮ਢطٺچऱீ९Εඒߛݝ९Δא֗ᆖᛎࡉچࢤፖᇠڠઌ ᣊۿऱࠡהڠז।ඒߛՠ܂ԳࢬิګΔࠐܒឰรԫิԳࢬᒔᎁऱඒߛᇷᄭ ਢܡ౨ࠌᖂسሒګᤜᄎࡳऱඒߛؾᑑΖ
μรԿޡᨏνം٦ᖕࠟิറ୮༼ࠎऱᇷᄭైΔૠጩנഗءऱޢسۯ ګءΚംലඒஃ֗ࠡהറᄐԳऱᜲᇷ్։ଡႈؾף᜔ૠጩΚ(1)ॣٚΙ (2)ઔߒࢬאՂᖂᖵΙ(3)ڣᇷΙ(4)ጝܓΖॣٚඒஃऱᜲᇷਢࠉᖕՕຟᄎՕᖂฅᄐऱ ඒஃᜲᇷࠐૡࡳΔࠡהറᄐԳऱॣٚᜲᇷΔڕΚ᎖ᖄΕቹᙴΕ۩ਙԳ
ΔਢࠉᖕڠऱޢԫᣊԳࠃ֭נᇷறנॣٚᆖ၄ᑑᄷΙ۟࣍ࠡהᣊܑऱԳࠃᜲ
ᇷΔڕΚښᓡΕᖲΕᙳᨚՠ܂ԳΔਢࠉᖕԫؑ۩ൣૡࡳΖެࡳॣٚᜲ
ᇷ৵ΔࠉᖕઔߒࢬאՂᖂᖵΕڣᇷፖጝܓᓳᖞۖנԳࠃ၄شΖ؆ΔڇॺԳࠃ ၄شऱᇷᄭైֱ૿Δط࣍ழၴऱૻࠫΔᑉࡳאছڣऱؓ݁ګءࠐެࡳైګءΖ
μรޡᨏνᓳᖞᖂسࢤฆΚലᖂسऱࢤฆ։ߪ֨ᎽᡶᖂسΕ
֮౨ԺլܓᖂسΕषᆖլܓᖂسፖᇷᚌᖂسΔሎشཏऱֱڤૡנอԫֺۖ
ղᖂറூᇖܗΔ܀ം৬ᤜኙᣤૹᎽᡶᖂسᚨղ٤ᠰᇖܗΔ֗ૠԫଡ॰ា
ฃࠐᇖᚍψ֮౨Ժլܓωፖψषᆖլܓωᖂس၌መอԫֺऱᖂΔղޢ سڍᇖܗ 500 ցΖ
μรնޡᨏνᓳᖞچګءฆΚംᎁٺچհၴऱటኔګءᄎڶࢬ
ฆΔۖඒஃᜲᇷԱ᜔ඒߛᆖ၄ऱ 82%Δࢬאലڠऱسګءਐᑇଥإ৵Δᓳᖞ ඒஃᜲᇷΖ
μรքޡᨏνᓳᖞᖂீᑓլᆖᛎΚംലᖂسԳᑇ܅࣍ 200 ऱᖂீၞ۩
ᑓլᆖᛎऱᓳᖞΔലᖂسԳᑇ܅࣍ 30 ऱ՛ᖂீΔא 10 ۯ։Կጟᆖ၄Κ (1)1Ё10 ԳऱᖂீΔױگࠩ 89,246 ցΙ(2)11Ё20 ԳऱᖂீΔױگࠩ 2Ű89,246Ј
178,493ցΙ(3)21Ё30 ԳऱᖂீΔױگࠩ 3Ű89,246Ј267,738 ցΖૉਢԳᑇտ࣍
31Ё199 ऱᖂீΔঞࠉᖂسԳᑇऱีၞΔᎠ྇ޢسඒߛᆖ၄ΔऴࠩᖂسԳᑇ 200 ԳΔޢسऱۯګءթਢאᒤءૠጩᑑᄷΖ
μรԮޡᨏνᓳᖞຏຄᘉΚംᎁᓳᖞޢڣऱຏຄᘉΔթ౨֘ᚨటኔ ऱᆖ၄ךߩΔࢬאറᄐԳࠃᜲᇷፖॺറᄐԳࠃᜲᇷऱຏຄᘉਢطભഏ໎ՠݝอ ૠհψᆤႄګءਐᑇωᓳᖞΙॺԳࠃऱຏຄᘉਢط໎ՠݝհढᏝਐᑇᓳᖞΖ
2.รԫڻᓳം࠴ऱփ୲
ᖕ Guthrie Գംቸऱิګፖٚ೭ΔࠉᖕഏփउΔઔߒृᎁം
ቸऱٚ೭ਢ፦ႃඒߛऱઌᣂᇷறΔ༼נඒߛฃᅝറ୮ᆜᇷᄭऱەΔ
່৵Δ٦ᖕറ୮ࢬެࡳऱᇷᄭైެࡳګءΖࠡԳᚨطࠠڶඒߛޏΕඒߛ ತਙፖઌᣂᏆറ९ऱᖂृิګΔۖᖂृՕຝ։ઃࠠڶ໑ՓᖂۯΔਚല໑Փᖂۯ ٨යٙΔೈԱᓵᝫႊଫኔ೭ᆖ᧭Δਚطඒߛݝංᙇᚌߐீ९ፖඒߛݝז।Δ ࠐ।قඒߛൣቼऱᏁޣΔۖႊڶຂತਙቃጩऱૠז।༼ࠎറᄐᄎૠव ᢝΖ؆Δઔߒृᎁ Guthrie Գ༼נऱԮႈඒߛฃױאᅝറ୮ެࡳᇷᄭ
ైऱەΔڂڼലࠡଥإ٨נΔᓮᡖ՛ิګေࡳࠡฃਢܡᔞش࣍ݺഏΔ ࢨृڶࠡהઌᣂඒߛฃٍױ༼ࠎ৬ᤜΖࢬאΔรԫޡᨏऱรԫڻം࠴փ୲Κ
μรԫޡᨏνิګംቸፖം༼נඒߛฃࠎറ୮ᆜᇷᄭऱەΖ (1)ംቸطࠠڶඒߛޏΕඒߛತਙΔא֗ઌᣂᏆറ९Δࠠڶ໑Փ ᖂۯऱᖂृնټז।Δፖඒߛݝංᙇᚌߐீ९Εඒߛݝז।Εૠז।ԿټΔ ٥ԶټΔਢ፦ႃඒߛऱઌᣂᇷறΔ༼ࠎඒߛฃᅝറ୮ᆜᇷᄭऱەΔ ٦ᖕറ୮ࢬެࡳऱᇷᄭైࠐެࡳګءΖ
(2)Guthrie֗ࠡംቸམ༼נՀ٨ԮႈඒߛฃΔຍࠄฃਢܡᔞٽᚨش࣍
ݺഏඒߛᛩቼΚ
a.ףൎ܅ڣ్ᇷᄭױޏᖂسګ࣠Κ՛ᖂ܅ڣ్ၸආ՛ఄࠫΔ໌ທለ
ऱᖂسګ༉ΰܑਢኙ܅گԵᖂسαΖ
b.՛ఄࠫለ౨༼֒Ꮑޣᖂسऱګ༉Κലᖂسڜඈڇཏຏఄආ՛
ఄࠫΔለ౨༼ࠎᖂسࢬᏁऱ࠰ܗΔ༼֒ᖂسऱᖂګ༉Ζ
c.՛ীᖂீԫᚌ࣍ՕীᖂீΚᖂீऱᖂسԳᑇտ࣍ 200Ё400 ऱ՛ীᖂ
ீΔ٦ආ՛ఄඒᖂΔലֺՕীᖂீڶܗ࣍ᖂΖ
d.ףൎඒஃറᄐ࿇୶ڶܗ࣍༼֒ඒஃய౨Κආ՛ఄ՛ீ༼֒ᖂسᖂګ
༉ΔႊףൎཏຏఄඒஃऱറᄐಝᒭΔ༼֒ඒஃറᄐైᕆΖ
e.ᏁޣऱᖂسᚨطᖂீࠐᦸࡳΚ౨إᒔऱܒឰᏁޣऱᖂسΔᚨ ਢطᖂீऱඒஃࢨ۩ਙԳࠐᦸࡳΔ܀Ոַהଚመ৫ऱᦸࡳᏁޣᖂ سΔᖄી၌ᠰऱᏁޣΖ
f.ᏁޣᖂسႃխऱᖂீᏁᠰ؆ऱګءΚᅝᏁޣᖂسመ৫ႃխڇ ԫଡᖂீΔᄎທګఄᖄஃፖᖂீ۩ਙԳऱ๛መૹΔࢬאᚨ༼ࠎറூᇖܗૠ
߷ࠄᖂسֺ၌መ॰ាऱᖂீΖ
g.່൷२ᖂسऱԳᚨᇠ່ڍඒߛެΚኔᎾਐᖄᖂسऱԳኙᇷᄭऱࠌش ڶ່৵ऱެࡳᦞΔڂڼΔՂ్ਙࢌ։ᖂீऱቃጩᚨאψᖞޅᇖܗཱིω ΰblock grantsαऱֱڤΔ٦طᖂீ۞۩ެࡳᆖ၄ऱشຜΖ
h.ࠡהඒߛฃऱ৬ᤜΖ
٦ृΔઔߒृᎁᖂீඒߛՠ܂Գ່ࣔᛵᖂسሒԫࡳګ༉ֽᄷࢬᏁऱᇷ ᄭΔࢬאٵრطࠟิඒߛറ୮װެࡳᒤءऱᇷᄭైΔรԫิඒߛറ୮ࠉᖕᖂس
ሒԫࡳګ༉ֽᄷװެࡳᇷᄭై৵ΔႊᆖรԲิඒߛറ୮ᛀီຍࠄᇷᄭਢܡױ אࠌᖂسሒࠩԫࡳऱګ༉ֽᄷΔթ౨టإᒔᎁᖂسటإࢬᏁऱඒߛᇷᄭΖڂ
GuthrieԳലඒߛറ୮ࡳڇնڣאՂඒᖂᆖ᧭ΔࠠڶጚՓᖂۯृΔۖรԫิ
ඒߛറ୮ਢطፖᖂس່൷२ऱรԫᒵඒߛՠ܂ԳิګΔรԲิඒߛറ୮ঞطร Բᒵඒߛՠ܂ԳิګΔਚઔߒृലรԫิඒߛറ୮ࡳڇڶնڣאՂඒᖂᆖ᧭
ऱᚌߜඒஃፖնڣאՂ۩ਙᆖ᧭ऱᚌߜᖂீٚΔԾڂஃᑻࠐլ࣐Δਚലᇠ ᑻ٨ԳᙇΖࢬאΔรԲޡᨏऱรԫڻം࠴ᓳփ୲Κ
μรԲޡᨏνᙇ࠷ࠟิඒߛറ୮Δࠉᖕംࢬ༼ࠎऱඒߛฃᆜඒߛᇷ ᄭΔאެࡳԫଡ՛ᖂᒤءऱᖂسԳᑇΕఄ్Օ՛ΕஃسֺΔא֗ࢬᏁऱᇷᄭై
ፖᑇၦΖ
(1)รԫิറ୮՛ิطնڣאՂඒᖂᆖ᧭ऱᚌߜඒஃΰܶஃᑻαז।Ԯ ټΔඒߛݝංᙇڶնڣאՂ۩ਙᆖ᧭ऱᚌߜᖂீٚΰܶஃᑻαז।ԿټΔ ٥ԼԳΔႊࠠᖂՓᖂۯΔٚ೭ਢᒔᎁᖂسሒࠩԫࡳګ༉ֽᄷࢬᏁऱඒᖂ
ైΰڕΚԳࠃΕඒޗΕඒࠠΕໂΕᖂس೯Εඒऱറᄐ࿇୶Εᖂسऱ ᏁޣΕᖂீЯᖂЯچऱᏁޣαፖᖂீᛜሎైΰڕΚፂଥΕ۩ਙጥ
ऱᏁޣΕٌຏሎᙁαΖ
(2)รԲิറ୮՛ิطඒߛݝංᙇڶնڣீ९ᆖ᧭ऱᚌߐீ९ΰܶಯٖז।ք ټΔڶԿڣᆖ᧭ऱᅮᖂԲټΔႊࠠڶᖂՓᖂۯΔፖࠠڶඒߛઌᣂᏆ໑Փᖂۯऱ ᖂृԲټΔ٥ԼټΔٚ೭ਢေࡳรԫิറ୮ࢬᒔᎁऱᇷᄭైਢܡױࠌᖂس ሒࠩԫࡳऱګ༉ֽᄷΖ
ڇඒߛറ୮ެࡳᇷᄭై৵ΔᏁެࡳᇷᄭऱګءΔۖംቸ៶ط፦ႃऱઌᣂ ᇷறΔലᇷᄭైղאૡᏝΔאૠጩנᒤءऱޢسۯګءΔط࣍ݺഏᖂீऱᒳ
ࠫփᠰਢࠉᜲᇷڣ।ૠጩΔࠡהॺᒳࠫփऱᠰਢאറᄐᜯழԳᜲ్ᒳ٨ ᑑᄷૠጩΔۖࠡהॺԳࠃᣊऱᇷᄭైڂດႈૡᏝլ࣐Δਚઔߒृאছڣؓ݁
ګءૡᏝᑑᄷΖڂڼΔรԿޡᨏऱรԫڻം࠴փ୲Κ
μรԿޡᨏνംቸᖕࠟิറ୮༼ࠎऱᇷᄭైૠጩנޢسऱۯګءΖ (1)ࠉᖕᜲᇷڣ।ऴ൷ૠጩඒஃΕറᄐԳፖՠ֖ऱᜲᇷΔאറᄐᜯழԳ
ᜲ్ᒳ٨ᑑᄷެࡳࠡהᣊܑΰᖲΕᐓՠαऱԳࠃᜲᇷΖ
(2)הॺԳࠃऱᇷᄭΰڕΚໂΕፂଥΕඒޗαאছڣհؓ݁ګءၴ൷ૡᏝΖ
ઔߒृᎁڇެࡳᒤءऱޢسۯګءհ৵Δૉ։ᆖ၄ٺீΔᏁေ۷ ᖂسፖچऱլٵࢤΔࠉլٵࢤ٦ၞ۩ګءᓳᖞΔթ౨ޣנటإऱךߩᆖ၄Ζ ࢬאΔรޡᨏऱรԫڻം࠴փ୲։ᖂسࢤፖچࢤࠟຝ։Δڇᖂسࢤ
ֱ૿Δઔߒृ৬ᤜലᖂسࠉլٵषᆖહནፖᖂسऱᏁޣေ۷ࠡᦞૹΔ٦ࠉᦞ ૹղլٵऱᆖ၄Δࠡխᖂسਢਐߪ֨ᎽᡶᖂسፖᇷᚌᖂسΔط࣍ݺഏࠀॺ
ߓഏ୮Δਚല֮౨ԺլܓᖂسඈೈΙۖڇچࢤֱ૿Δط࣍ݺഏऱඒஃ
ᜲᇷඒߛᆖ၄ᆖൄ॰ऱګאՂΔٺچऱढᏝֽᄷઃڶฆΔࢬאԱࠌ ඒஃڶߩജऱس౨ԺΔઔߒृᎁᚨࠉٺچऱढᏝਐᑇᓳᖞඒஃᜲᇷΖࠡം
࠴ऱรޡᨏփ୲ڕՀΚ
μรޡᨏνࠉᖕᖂسΕچࢤฆۖᓳᖞګءΚ
(1)ᚨەᐞլٵषᆖહནΕᖂسऱᏁޣۖղլٵऱᦞૹאᓳᖞګء
ฆΖ
(2)چፖچၴऱढᏝֽᄷᄎڶฆΔԾڂඒஃᜲᇷԱඒߛᆖ၄ᆖൄ॰ऱ
ګאՂΔࠌඒஃ౨ڶߩജऱس౨ԺΔᚨᓳᖞچၴඒஃᜲᇷऱګءฆΖ ط࣍ᒤءऱޢسۯګءբਢךߩऱګءΔࢬאᏁەᐞᖂீᑓ֜՛ऱᖂ
ீڂԳᑇ֜֟Δאી࣍ࠉᖕޢسۯګءࢬᛧऱඒߛᆖ၄ྤऄፂԫࢬᖂீऱ إൄሎ܂Δਚઔߒृᎁᚨಾኙ՛ீऱᑓլᆖᛎᓳᖞࠡګءΖࢬאΔรնޡᨏ ऱรԫڻം࠴փ୲Κ
μรնޡᨏνᓳᖞᑓլᆖᛎΚᚨەᐞᖂீᑓլᆖᛎऱᏁޣΔࠏڕΚᖂس Գᑇ֜֟ऱᖂீขسᑓլᆖᛎΔૉאޢسۯګءଊՂԳᑇΔױ౨ᄎᖄીᖂீ
ྤऄᛜሎΔࢬאႊ۷ጩፂԫࢬᖂீऱഗᑇאᓳᖞᖂீᑓլᆖᛎΖ
ط࣍ޢڣढᏝᄎլឰچᥛՂይΔᖂீຏຄᘉऱຒ৫ݶ࣍ԫ၄ृढ ᏝਐᑇऱຏຄᘉΔૉ౨ૠጩנటإךߩऱᆖ၄Δլᚨא၄ृढᏝਐᑇࠉ ᖕΔۖਢႊ۷ૠޢᣊైऱຏຄᘉΔ٦ၞ۩ګءᓳᖞΖڂڼΔรքޡᨏऱรԫ ڻം࠴փ୲Κ
μรքޡᨏνᓳᖞຏຄᘉΚޢڣऱढᏝֽᄷຟᄎ᧢೯ΔԱ౨۷ૠנటኔ ऱګءΔࠌګء౨ᇿՂढᏝֽᄷऱ᧢೯ΔᚨࠉᖕຏຄᘉᓳᖞګءΖ
ᆖطՂ૪ऱޡᨏΔઔߒृᎁႊ٣۷ૠፂԫࢬᖂீإൄሎ܂ऱഗᑇΔ٦ף Ղ٤ຝᖂسऱഗء᜔ګءΔհ৵٦ᖕٺጟլٵऱൣउΰچฆΕᑓլᆖᛎΕ ຏຄᘉαᓳᖞګءฆΖࠡխڇ٤ຝᖂسऱഗء᜔ګءຝ։ΔᚨࠉᖕᖂسऱᏁ ޣۖղլٵऱᦞૹΖ່৵ΔូנՕฃऱૠጩֆڤรԮޡᨏΰഗᑇਢፂ
ԫࢬᖂீࢬᏁऱᆖ၄αΚ
μรԮޡᨏνᆖطՂ૪ऱޡᨏΔ່৵ױ౨נֆڤЈഗᑇЀޢسۯګءŰ ΰᖂسᑇŰᦞૹαЀچฆᓳᖞЀᑓլᆖᛎᓳᖞЀຏຄᘉᓳᖞΖ
)Π*Өԩ୰ڢޟϱৠ!
ٺڻം࠴ऱփ୲ຟץܶڶઔߒᎅࣔࠤΕം࠴ჄᎅࣔΕႈؾփ୲ፖጵٽ৬ᤜ
ຝ։ΔڇรԲࡉรԿڻം࠴ঞॵڶছԫڻം࠴ऱڃ㕘࣠Ζ 1.ઔߒᎅࣔࠤ
ઔߒᎅࣔࠤڱڇٻറ୮ګᄮຏءઔߒऱઌᣂࠃࡵΖรԫڻം࠴ऱᎅࣔࠤຫ ૪ءઔߒऱؾऱΕᡖऱኔਜֱऄࡉၞ৫Ε՛ิګऱٚ೭ፖᓮޣ࠰ܗऱࠃႈΔ א֗ઔߒृऱᜤֱڤΖԱᏺၞ՛ิګኙءઔߒऱԱᇞΔઔߒृڇം࠴ബ࿇
հ৵Δ೯ፖ՛ิګᜤᢀΔԫঞಳ᠋ം࠴ਢܡᒔኔگࠩΔԲঞᒔᎁ՛ิګኙ ءઔߒऱԱᇞΖรԲΕԿڻം࠴ऱᎅࣔࠤΔঞᎅࣔؾছऱઔߒၞ৫Εᓮޣ࠰ܗࠃ
ႈΔא֗ઔߒृऱᜤֱڤΖ 2.ം࠴Ⴤᎅࣔ
Ⴤᎅࣔڱڇຫ૪ം࠴ऱዌፖჄֱऄΖԿڻം࠴݁ڶψٵრωፖψڶৱ ଥإωࠟଡᙇႈၞ۩֍ᙇΔࠀع૪ࠡრߠΖ
3.ႈؾփ୲
รԲΕԿڻം࠴ऱႈؾփ୲݁ࠉᖕছԫڻऱრߠ࣠ଥޏۖࠐΖ 4.ڃ㕘࣠
ڇรԲΕԿڻം࠴խ݁ॵছԫڻऱം࠴࣠ፖრߠნᖞڃ㕘ᇷறΔࠀ
ፖଥإ৵ऱം࠴ઌኙᚨܧګڇᇠᠲႈऱჄۯᆜګڇᇠᠲႈऱჄۯᆜΔ
֗ܧګڇᇠᠲႈऱჄۯᆜΔאֱঁറ୮ګኙᅃەፖૹᄅ܂Ζ )έ*ಛॎᇄϷݙޟПݲ!
Բڻം࠴ऱ։࣫ઃಾኙٺᠲႈऱଥإრߠ່֗৵ऱጵٽ৬ᤜຝ։ᇡาܒᦰΔ
ូᖞࠀ։࣫ࠡփොΔ܂ଥإႈؾऱࠉᖕΖٺڻം࠴༼ࠎറ୮ऱڃ㕘ᇷறΔ אψٵრЁ༓ԳωፖψڶৱଥإЁ༓ԳωࠐܧٺᠲႈऱႃխൣݮΖ٦ृΔط࣍
ءઔߒऱᇷறਢ᥆࣍ټᆠ᧢ႈਢ՛ᑌءΔਚڇլٵᆢ᧯ၴऱေࡳฆΔאψ၄ ຳዿإᒔᄗە᧭ωΰFisher’s exact probability testαࠐၞ۩ྤئᑇᛀࡳΖ
ણăඕڍᄃኢ
ࠉᖕՂ૪ઔߒֱऄፖૠၞ۩֘ऱറ୮რߠᓳΔءઔߒ࿇ፖᡖ
ം࠴ᓳհറ୮ኙՕڍᑇᠲႈऱٵრፖܡေࡳ࣠ΔܧՂ֒ऱႨΖٍܛΔᠲ
ႈऱٵრᙟထം࠴ऱڻᑇۖᓳ֒Ζױ౨ऱڂڶԲΚࠡԫΔᠲႈऱփ୲ᆖመࠟڻ ऱଥૡΔඖ૪ດዬࠠ᧯ࣔᒔΔᨃေࡳृޓ୲࣐ԱᇞࠡრᆠΙࠡԲΔࠟڻ૿რߠ ऱ।ሒፖڃ㕘ᇷறΔ༼ࠎᖲᄎᨃေࡳृለגาچװ৸ەፖᒔᎁٺᠲႈऱრᆠΖ᧩
ྥΔڇᡖऱၞ۩መ࿓խΔբ࿇ཀԱઌյᖿᛯऱפ౨Ζ
؆Δאψ၄ຳዿإᒔᄗە᧭ωࠐၞ۩ྤئᑇᛀࡳΔᖕءઔߒऱ࣠᧩
قΔݺଚٍ࿇ڇรԿڻം࠴ऱᠲႈխΔڇլٵહནေࡳृհၴऱฆֱ૿Δ٤ ຝઃآሒ᧩ထฆΔ༉อૠՂऱᑇڗۖߢΔᡖ՛ิኙءઔߒࢬ࿇୶ऱψאറ ୮ܒឰऄެࡳഏا՛ᖂඒߛᆖ၄ךߩωհֱऄΔբᕩፋԫࡳ࿓৫ऱ٥ᢝΖאՀ٣ տฯءઔߒࢬᛧऱ࣠Δࠀ༉ം࠴ᓳऱመ࿓ΔಾኙԳิګΕඒߛֱಾΕګ ءެࡳΕګءฆᓳᖞຝ։֗ം࠴࣠ףאಘᓵΖ
ʙăࠂՀൖَ!
ط࣍ެࡳඒߛᆖ၄ךߩऱֱऄഏփྤറ॰֮ףא൶ಘΔᝩ܍ઔߒृऱ
ᨠრᢝא֗৸ەऱळរΔءઔߒආشᡖऱֱڤၞ۩რߠऱ፦ႃፖნᖞΔ៶א ᕩፋ٥ᢝࢤऱᨠរΖᆖመԿڻऱം࠴ᓳΔറ୮ኙᠲႈေࡳऱ࣠ດዬႃխڇψٵ რωΔ᧩قᆖطᡖऱኔਜመ࿓Δ࿇റ୮რߠբ࣍ࡳΔ৬مದᆢ᧯ऱ٥ ᢝΔਚլ٦ၞ۩รڃٽऱം࠴ᓳΖࢬאΔรԿڻം࠴ᓳ࣠ءઔߒ່৵ ԫڻऱᡖᓳΔ಼റ୮რߠၞ۩ଥૡΔូנאറ୮ܒឰऄެࡳݺഏඒߛ ᆖ၄ךߩऱֱऄΔࠡڶאՀԮଡޡᨏΚ
μรԫޡᨏνิګംቸፖᙇ࠷ࠟิඒߛറ୮Ζ
(ԫ)ംቸऱٚ೭ਢ 1.፦ႃٺጟઌᣂᇷறΔ༼ࠎඒߛֱಾ܂റ୮ᆜ ᇷᄭऱەΔ2.ᖕറ୮ࢬެࡳհᇷᄭైࠐެࡳ՛ᖂᒤءऱޢسۯګءΖࠡ
ԳขسএطࠠڶඒߛޏፖඒߛತਙઌᣂᏆറ९Δࠠڶ໑Փᖂۯऱᖂृ
ټΔፖඒߛݝංᙇᚌߐீ९ፖඒߛݝז।ٺԫټΔૠංז।ԫټΔ٦ף
Ղ୮९ᄎፖඒஃᄎٺංז।ԫټΔ٥ԼټΖ
(Բ)รԫิറ୮՛ิऱٚ೭ਢࠉᖕംቸࢬ༼ࠎऱඒߛֱಾᆜඒߛᇷ ᄭΔאެࡳԫଡ՛ᖂᒤءऱᖂسԳᑇΕఄ్Օ՛ΕஃسֺΔא֗ᒔᎁᖂسሒࠩ
ԫࡳګ༉ֽᄷࢬᏁऱඒᖂైΰڕΚԳࠃΕඒޗΕඒࠠΕໂΕᖂس೯Εඒ
ऱറᄐ࿇୶ΕᏁޣᖂسࢬᏁऱᇷᄭΕᖂீЯᖂЯچऱᏁޣαፖ ᖂீᛜሎైΰڕΚፂଥΕ۩ਙጥऱᏁޣΕٌຏሎᙁαΔא֗ᇷᄭᑇၦΖࠡԳ
ขسএطඒߛݝᄎٵംቸංᙇڶնڣאՂඒᖂᆖ᧭ऱᚌߜඒஃז।ԮټΔፖ ڶնڣאՂ۩ਙᆖ᧭ऱᚌߜᖂீٚז।ԿټΔ٥ԼټΖ
(Կ)รԲิറ୮՛ิऱٚ೭ਢေࡳรԫิറ୮ࢬᒔᎁऱ՛ᖂᒤءհᇷᄭ
ైਢܡױࠌᖂسሒࠩԫࡳऱګ༉ֽᄷΔࠡԳขسএطඒߛݝᄎٵംቸංᙇ ڶڣאՂீ९ᆖ᧭ऱᚌߐீ९ΰܶಯٖαז।քټΕԿڣᆖ᧭ऱᅮᖂፖᓰ९ٺ ԫټΔፖࠠڶඒߛઌᣂᏆ໑ՓᖂۯऱᖂृࢨඒԲټΔ٥ԼټΔ
μรԲޡᨏνം༼נඒߛֱಾࠎറ୮ૠ՛ᖂᒤءऱەΰᒤءऱૠΔ ڇૠጩޢسሒԫࡳګ༉ֽᄷࢬᏁऱഗءᆖ၄ΔࠀॺװᒤޢԫࢬᖂீऱՕ՛
ࢨሎ܂αΖ
Guthrie ֗ࠡംቸᖕڶய౨ᖂீऱઔߒ࣠ፖ፦ႃࠡהઌᣂඒߛᇷற
৵Δ༼נԮႈඒߛฃΔᆖଥإ৵ױᚨش࣍ݺഏඒߛᛩቼΚ
(ԫ)ףൎ܅ڣ్ᇷᄭױޏᖂسګ࣠Κ՛ᖂ܅ڣ్ၸආ՛ఄࠫΔ౨໌ທᖂ سለऱګ༉ΰܑਢኙ܅گԵᖂسαΖ
(Բ)՛ఄࠫለ౨༼֒ᏁޣᖂسΰڕΚߪ֨ᎽᡶΕषᆖլܓΕᇷᚌፖ֟ᑇ ගᆢαऱګ༉ΚലᏁޣᖂسΰլץਔૹ৫Ꮍᡶᖂسαڜඈڇཏຏఄආ՛
ఄࠫΔףൎཏຏఄඒஃऱඒߛᎁᢞ֗հറᄐ౨ԺΔለ౨༼ࠎᏁޣᖂ سࢬᏁऱ࠰ܗΔ༼֒Ꮑޣᖂسऱᖂګ༉Ζ
(Կ)՛ীᖂீԫᚌ࣍ՕীᖂீΚഏا՛ᖂऱᖂسԳᑇ࣍ 400Ё800 ऱ՛ী
ᖂீΔ٦ආ՛ఄඒᖂΔലֺՕীᖂீڶܗ࣍ᖂΖ
()ףൎඒஃറᄐ࿇୶ڶܗ࣍༼֒ඒஃய౨Κආ՛ఄ՛ீ༼֒ᖂسᖂګ
༉ΔႊףൎཏຏఄඒஃऱറᄐಝᒭΔ༼֒ඒஃറᄐైᕆΖ
(ն)ᏁޣᖂسΰڕΚߪ֨ᎽᡶΕषᆖլܓΕᇷᚌፖ֟ᑇගᆢαᚨطᖂ
ீࠐᦸࡳΚ౨إᒔऱܒឰᏁޣऱᖂسΔᚨطඒߛຝ࿇୶ᦸࡳՠࠠࠎٺீࠌ شΔ٦ᦞطᆖመറᄐ౨Ժಝᒭհᖂீᦸࡳࡡᄎၞ۩ॣᐉΔ່৵Δطᗼؑิګ
ᏁޣඒߛᦸࡳࡡᄎᓤᐉΖ
(ք)ᏁޣᖂسΰڕΚߪ֨ᎽᡶΕषᆖլܓΕᇷᚌፖ֟ᑇගᆢαႃխऱ ᖂீᏁᠰ؆ऱګءΚᅝᏁޣᖂسመ৫ႃխڇԫଡᖂீΔᄎທګఄᖄஃፖᖂ
ீ۩ਙԳऱ๛መૹΔࢬאᚨ༼ࠎᠰ؆ᇷᄭΰڕറூᇖܗૠࢨࠡהֱڤα
߷ࠄᏁޣᖂسֺለ၌መ॰ាऱᖂீΖ
(Ԯ)່൷२ᖂسऱԳᚨᇠ່ڍඒߛެΚኔᎾਐᖄᖂسऱԳኙᇷᄭऱࠌش ڶ່৵ऱެࡳᦞΔڂڼΔՂ్ਙࢌ։ᖂீऱቃጩᚨאψᖞޅᇖܗཱིωΰblock
grantsαऱֱڤΔٌطᖂீࠉᖕՂ్ਙࢌுໂհீ೭࿇୶ૠࠐެࡳᆖ၄ऱشຜΖ
μรԿޡᨏνംቸᖕࠟิറ୮༼ࠎऱᇷᄭైፖᑇၦૠጩנޢسऱۯ ګءΖ
(ԫ)ඒஃΕറᄐԳΕიࠃፖՠ֖ऱᜲᇷࢬࠉᖕᜲᇷڣ।ऴ൷ૠጩΔࠀ ףૠٺႈऄࡳᇖܗΕጝܓհ᜔ᠰΔࠡהॺᒳࠫփᣊܑऱԳࠃᜲᇷאറᄐᜯழԳ
ᜲ్ᒳ٨ᑑᄷެࡳΖ
(Բ)ࠡהॺԳࠃऱᇷᄭΰڕΚໂΕፂଥΕඒޗαאԿڣփኔᎾച۩ᑇऱ
ؓ݁ګءଖഗءଖૡᏝΔՕႈऱ৬ᗰᆖ၄ᚨطറூᇖܗհΖ μรޡᨏνࠉᖕᖂسΕچࢤฆۖᓳᖞګءΖ
(ԫ)ᚨەᐞᖂس୮அषᆖહནΰਐ܅گԵ֪αΕ֟ᑇගᆢ֗ᖂسΰਐߪ֨
ᎽᡶፖᇷᚌαΔۖղլٵऱᦞૹאᓳᖞګءฆΖ
(Բ)ڶய૾܅ೣچඒஃऱੌ೯Δኙ࣍چೣऱඒஃΔچף
ᇖܗΔאܓೣچඒஃఎٚΖ
μรնޡᨏνᓳᖞᑓլᆖᛎΚᚨەᐞᖂீᑓլᆖᛎऱᏁޣΔࠏڕΚᖂس Գᑇ֜֟ऱᖂீขسᑓլᆖᛎΔૉאޢسۯګءଊՂԳᑇΔױ౨ᄎᖄીᖂீ
ྤऄᛜሎΔࢬאႊ۷ጩፂԫࢬᖂீऱഗᑇΔאᓳᖞᖂீᑓլᆖᛎΖ μรքޡᨏνᓳᖞढᏝਐᑇΚޢڣऱढᏝֽᄷຟᄎ᧢೯ΔԱ౨۷ૠנటኔ ऱګءΔٍܛࠌګء౨ᇿՂढᏝֽᄷऱ᧢೯Δᚨ۷ૠٺႈᇷᄭైऱढᏝਐ ᑇΔۖףאᓳᖞګءΖ
μรԮޡᨏνᆖطՂ૪ऱޡᨏΔ່৵ױ౨נֆڤЈޢسۯګءŰᖂسᑇʳ ΰԫᖂسᑇЀᏁޣᖂسᑇŰᦞૹαЀچฆᓳᖞЀᑓլᆖᛎᓳᖞЀढ ᏝਐᑇᓳᖞΖ
ઔߒृ࿇Ղ૪Ԯଡޡᨏፖ Guthrie Գࢬ༼נऱᑓڤઌฆլՕΔଳ࣫ࠡطਢ ڂඒߛᆖ၄ךߩਢԫଡᄅऱᤜᠲΔ௫֗റᄐݾᐋ૿ለڍΔം࠴ᎅࣔڶᨃ
ᡖറ୮ৰᄑءઔߒؾऱΔאી࣍ᄎڶڼ࣠נΖ
ʠăਆባ!
)Ι*ΡষಢԙޟഋϷ!
Ա౨ᒔኔެࡳךߩऱඒߛᆖ၄Δءֱऄ։ګԿิԳΔ։ܑംቸፖࠟ
ิඒߛറ୮Δࠡխٺ۞ႊݙګऱٚ೭٤ຝᛧറ୮ऱٵრΔ܀ਢڇԳऱิګຝ
։Δറ୮ଚऱრߠլԫΖଈ٣Δڶऱᎁ୮९ᄎፖඒஃᄎኙඒߛᆖ၄լԱᇞΔྤ
ऄ༼ࠎڶԺऱ৬ߢΔڶऱᎁ୮९ᄎፖඒஃᄎਢፖᖂسᖂ່ஒஒઌᣂऱԳΔ
ᚨڶהଚऱףԵΖઔߒृᎁ୮९ᄎፖඒஃᄎਢፖᖂس൷ᤛ່᙮ऱԳΔឈྥڇ
ެࡳඒߛګءֱ૿ױ౨ԱᇞլڍΔ܀ਢΔኙ࣍ඒߛֱಾֱ૿ऱ༼ࠎᄎڶࢬಥΖ
ਢհਚΔ່৵ݺଚսᎁംቸႊڶ୮९ᄎፖඒஃᄎऱז।հᏁΖ
ࠡڻΔψઔەԳωਢᗼؑਙࢌઔߒ࿇୶ەுࡡᄎऱԳΔᗼؑऱૹՕࠃႈ
݁ႊᆖመுໂթ౨ຏመΔڶऱറ୮ٵრംቸႊڶהऱףԵΔۖڶऱറ୮ᎁψઔ ەԳωڶറᄐઔߒહནΔլᏁהऱףԵΖԱԱᇞψઔەԳωऱહནΔ ઔߒृᇬംक़ᓊᗼᗼਙࢌԱᇞઔەᄎऱԳΔवሐהଚഗءՂਢറᄐઔߒહ ནΔኙ࣍ඒߛᆖ၄ऱԱᇞΖࢬאΔ່৵ऱઔߒ࣠ലψઔەԳωܔೈΖ
)Π*ఀىПବޟഋϷ!!
1.ףൎ܅ڣ్ᇷᄭױޏᖂسګ࣠
ط࣍՛ᖂ܅ڣ్ၸऱഗ៕౨ԺࡳړΔലڶܗ࣍խڣ్ऱᖂΔ
ᖕഏ؆ऱઔߒ࣠࿇՛ᖂ܅ڣ్ၸආ՛ఄࠫΰஃسֺ 1Κ16αΔ౨໌ທᖂس ለऱګ༉ΔڂڼΔءઔߒٵრףൎ܅ڣ్ᇷᄭױޏᖂسګ༉Ζط࣍ം࠴ᎅࣔ
ױ౨ᨃڶࠄറ୮ᎄᇞءઔߒਢᒤԫࢬኔᎾᖂீऱՕ՛ፖሎ܂ΔࢬאΔઔߒृ
ڇรԿڻം࠴ᓳխᎅࣔءઔߒਢૠԫଡ՛ᖂᒤءΔא࠷റ୮ऱᎁٵΖ
2.՛ఄࠫለ౨༼֒Ꮑޣᖂس
ڇรԫڻം࠴ᓳխآࡳᆠᏁޣᖂسऱࡳᆠ۶Δᖄીᡖറ୮ᎁ
Ꮑޣᖂسਢਐߪ֨Ꮍᡶࠝ࿙ΔࢬאڇรԲڻം࠴ᓳᎅࣔᏁޣᖂسਢਐ Ꮑ࠰ܗऱࢬڶᖂسΔץਔߪ֨ᎽᡶΕषᆖլܓΕᇷᚌΔ؆ΔڇรԿڻ
ം࠴ᓳխڶറ୮༼נᏁޣᖂسᚨץਔࡺ۰ೣፖ֟ᑇගᆢΔઔߒृᎁ֟
ᑇගᆢࡺ֮࣍֏լܓΔ༼֒ࠡᖂګ༉ΔᏁऱ࠰ܗΔ܀ਢࡺ۰ೣृࠀ լ।ق༉Ꮑऱ࠰ܗΖۖڶറ୮ᎁषᆖլܓᖂسլᚨီᏁޣᖂسΔ ڇڼઔߒृᎁषᆖլܓᖂسຏൄፖԫᖂسઌٵऱᇷᄭۖᐙᖂګ༉Δ Ꮑ༼ࠎᠰ؆ऱᇷᄭא༼֒ᖂګ༉ΖࢬאΔᆖطᡖऱ֘ം࠴ᓳࠩழ
Ꮑޣᖂسਢਐߪ֨ᎽᡶΕषᆖլܓΕᇷᚌፖ֟ᑇගᆢᏁᠰ؆ᇷᄭ࠰ܗऱ ᖂسΔૉലᏁޣᖂسڜඈڇཏຏఄආ՛ఄࠫΔףൎཏຏఄඒஃऱඒ ߛᎁᢞ֗հറᄐ౨ԺΔለ౨༼ࠎᏁޣᖂسࢬᏁऱ࠰ܗΔ༼֒ࠡᖂګ༉Ζ
܀ਢΔૹ৫ᎽᡶᖂسᏁ᠔᛭ᅃΔॺཏຏᖂீࢬ౨༼ࠎΔᚨڜඈڇఄ
ࢨᖲዌΔࠀղറூᇖܗΖ 3.՛ীᖂீԫᚌ࣍Օীᖂீ
ڇรԫڻፖรԲڻം࠴ᓳխԱᇞᡖറ୮ਢאؾছᖂீऱኔᎾൣݮࠐေ
۷Δᎄאءֱऄਢڇᒤԫࢬ՛ᖂऱՕ՛Δࢬאઔߒृڇം࠴խڃ㕘ψءֱऄ ਢૠԫଡუऱ՛ᖂᒤءΔૠጩޢسሒԫࡳګ༉ֽᄷࢬᏁऱഗءᆖ၄Δ ࠀॺװᒤޢԫࢬᖂீऱՕ՛ࢨሎ܂Δംቸࢬ༼ࠎऱඒߛֱಾਢࠎറ୮ૠ՛
ᖂᒤءऱەΖωᡖറ୮Ζᖕഏ؆ઔߒ࣠࿇Δഏا՛ᖂऱᖂسԳᑇ
࣍ 200Ё400 ऱ՛ীᖂீΔ٦ආ՛ఄࠫΔലֺՕীᖂீڶܗ࣍ᖂΖ܀ਢᆖመ
ᡖऱം࠴ኔਜ࣠Δ࿇ᡖറ୮ڇรԿڻം࠴ᝫڶۯࡸլٵრ 200Ё400 ऱԳᑇᒤΔᎁഏ؆ऱൣݮլᔞش࣍ഏփΔۖ 400Ё800 ऱᖂسԳᑇᒤለᔞٽ ݺഏൣቼΔਚઔߒ࣠ലԳᑇ࣍ 400Ё800Ζ
4.ףൎඒஃറᄐ࿇୶ڶܗ࣍༼֒ඒஃய౨
ڼඒߛֱಾڇԿڻം࠴ᓳխΔ٤ຝᡖറ୮ઃٵრආ՛ఄ՛ீ༼֒ᖂ سᖂګ༉ΔႊףൎཏຏఄඒஃऱറᄐಝᒭΔ༼֒ඒஃറᄐైᕆΔਚᚨ༼ࠎ᠆༄
ऱඒஃڇಝᒭ೯Ζ
5.Ꮑޣᖂسᚨطᖂீࠐᦸࡳ
ᖂீਢᖂسᖂऱࢬΔፖᖂسઌയ֊Δ౨إᒔऱܒឰᏁޣऱᖂسΔ ᚨطᖂீࠐച۩Δ܀ਢڶࠄറ୮ᎁᖂீඒஃፖ۩ਙԳറᄐ౨ԺஎڶլߩΔ
طᖂீᦸࡳᏁޣᖂسΔڶৱዎΔ৬ᤜ࿇୶ᦸࡳՠࠠࠎٺீࠌشΔᦸࡳԳ
ႊڶറᄐᢞᅃΖڂڼΔԱ౨ޓᣤ᠃ऱᦸࡳᏁޣᖂسΔႊطᆖመറᄐ౨Ժ ಝᒭऱᖂீᦸࡳࡡᄎၞ۩ॣᐉΔ່৵ΔطᗼؑิګᏁޣඒߛᦸࡳࡡᄎᓤ ᐉΖឈྥڇรԲڻം࠴ᓳխڶԫۯറ୮ᎁؾছԫഏխ՛ࠀྤᦸ᎖ᄎΔڼऄ ፖ۩ࠫ৫ฆᏅՕΔ܀Օຝ։റ୮ઃٵრױאطᗼؑิګᏁޣඒߛᦸࡳࡡ
ᄎΔڇ່৵ԫڻം࠴ᓳխ٤ຝറ୮ઃઌٵऱऄΖ 6.ᏁޣᖂسႃխऱᖂீᏁᠰ؆ऱګء
ᏁޣᖂسᏁᠰ؆ऱ࠰ܗΔૉਢᏁޣᖂسመ৫ႃխڇԫଡᖂ
ீΔᄎທګఄᖄஃፖᖂீ۩ਙԳऱ๛መૹΔࢬאΔᚨૠᏁޣᖂسऱ॰
ាֺΔኙ၌መڼ॰ាऱᖂீױא༼ࠎࠡהऱᠰ؆ᇷᄭΔۖլႛૻറூᇖܗૠΔ թ౨ղᏁޣᖂسటإࢬᏁऱ࠰ܗΖڇڼຝ։ڶԫۯᡖറ୮Կڻം࠴
१ઃᎁਙࢌؾছբኙᖂீࢨඒᇷᄭఄ༼ࠎᠰ؆ऱᇷᄭਢԫൄኪΔլਢറ
ூࠎᚨΔױנറ୮ലᏁޣᖂسᇞᦰᖂسΰץਔߪ֨ᎽᡶፖᇷᚌαΔਚ ڇรԲڻം࠴ᓳխലᏁޣᖂسࡳᆠΔࠀ࣍รԿڻം࠴ᓳ৵אሽᇩᎅࣔࠡ
ࡳᆠΔᇞᤩඒߛֱಾऱؾऱਢᚥܗറ୮ެࡳᖂسሒԫࡳګ༉ֽᄷࢬᏁऱᇷ ᄭైΔא࠷റ୮ऱᎁٵΖ
7.່൷२ᖂسऱԳᚨᇠ່ڍඒߛެ
ኔᎾਐᖄᖂسऱԳኙᖂسऱᏁޣ່ԱᇞΔኙᇷᄭऱࠌشᚨڶެࡳᦞΔਚՂ్
ਙࢌլᚨૻࠫᖂீᐘࢤሎشᆖ၄ऱᦞܓΔᚨطᖂீࠉᖕՂ్ਙࢌுໂհீ೭࿇୶ ૠࠐެࡳᆖ၄ऱشຜΖឈྥڇรԿڻം࠴ᓳխڶԫۯറ୮ᎁڍᗼؑਙࢌ
լᄎኙٺீீ೭࿇୶ૠுໂΔڍᖂீڶீ೭࿇୶ૠΔ܀ਢઔߒृઃ
ᎁீ೭࿇୶ૠਢᖂீಾኙ٥ٵᣋནࢬ࿇୶נࠐऱૠΔᖂீࠉᖕૠࠌشᆖ ၄Δթ౨ኔᣋནΔࠀ౨৬مڶயऱᒝுᖲࠫΔՕڍᑇറ୮ઃᎁᖂீᚨࠉᖕ Ղ్ਙࢌுໂհீ೭࿇୶ૠࠐެࡳᆖ၄ऱشຜΔࢬאڼֱಾګمΖ
)έ*ԙҏؚۡޟഋϷ!
ඒߛګءᚨᖕᖂسࢬሒࠩऱګ༉ֽᄷࠐެࡳᇷᄭైΔ٦۷ૠైऱګ ءΔאૠጩޢسךߩऱۯګءΖ܀ਢΔؾছݺഏऱඒߛᆖ၄ለ֟אᖂسᖂګ
࣠ࠐ۷ጩΔທګᖂீ໗ᒡऱᜢᥛլឰΖڇඒߛګءֱ૿ΔڂԳࠃ၄ݺഏբ ڶᑑᄷऱૠጩֱऄΔࢬאΔઔߒृലඒߛګء։Գࠃຝ։ፖॺԳࠃຝ։ऱૠጩ
ֱڤΖڇԳࠃຝ։Δط࣍ഏփԳࠃᜲᇷ։ᒳࠫփፖࠡהॺᒳࠫփΔࠉᅃഏփࢬ
ࡳऱᜲᇷڣ।ऴ൷ૠጩΔܛਢਊԳᙰ֗ᜲ్ૠጩΔԾԳࠃګءڕٵറ୮ࢬߢΔ լ౨ڶᜲᇷΔᚨץਔࠡה၄شΔࢬאඒஃΕറᄐԳΕიࠃፖՠ֖ऱᜲᇷࢬ
ೈԱࠉᖕᜲᇷڣ।ऴ൷ૠጩΔࠀףૠٺႈऄࡳᇖܗΕጝܓհ᜔ᠰΔࠡהॺᒳࠫ
փᣊܑऱԳࠃᜲᇷאറᄐᜯழԳᜲ్ᒳ٨ᑑᄷެࡳΖڇॺԳࠃຝ։ΰڕໂΕ ፂଥΕඒޗαΔط࣍าؾጅ࠹ૻ࣍ழၴऱڂైΔྤऄԫԫ۷ૠࠡګءΔޓڂ ޢڣऱॺԳࠃຝ։ຟڶࢬ᧢೯ΔࢬאΔאছԿڣऱኔᎾച۩ᑇհؓ݁ګءଖഗ ءଖૡᏝΔףԵኔᎾച۩ᑇΔڶԱᖇᢞࠉូΔթ౨ᒔኔૠጩԿڣփऱؓ݁ګءΔ ለড়ᨠΖ܀ਢΔڶழଢᖂீڶՕႈऱ৬ᗰᆖ၄࿇سழΔૉਢࠓԵॺԳࠃຝ։Δ ঞᄎᐙࠩ۷ጩऱؓ݁ګءଖΔࢬאΔᚨאറூᇖܗհլૠԵؓ݁ګءଖխΖ
ૉڇழၴױऱᒤΔᚨԫԫૠጩॺԳࠃຝ։ऱګءΔڕڼΔױૠጩנޓᄷᒔऱ ඒߛګءΖ
)Ѳ*ԙҏ৯፡ᐌޟഋϷ!
ط࣍ᖂسࢤլٵࢬᏁऱᇷᄭٍլٵΕچၴऱढᏝֽᄷٍլઌٵΔא֗ޢ ᣊᇷᄭైऱढᏝਐᑇլٵΔᄎขسګءฆΔૉૠጩנԫࢬᖂீࢬᏁऱඒߛ ᆖ၄ΔᚨࠉլٵൣउᓳᖞګءฆΖڕᏁޣᖂسऱᏁޣ࿓৫լٵΔױࠉࢤ
ղլٵऱᦞૹΔ܀ڇඒஃऱᜲᇷֱ૿Δط࣍ݺഏ९ཚբࠉԫࡳऱᜲᇷᑑᄷבΔ
ૉᖕٺچլٵऱسֽᄷᓳᖞඒஃᜲᇷΔพᡶᣄ۩ΔࢬאΔ౨ኙೣچ
ࣚ೭ऱඒஃΔᇖܗΔא૾܅ೣچඒஃऱੌ೯Ζ٦ृΔᖂீԳᑇ֜֟
ऱ՛ীᖂீᄎขسᑓլᆖᛎΔૉਢࠉᖕޣऱޢسۯګء։ᆖ၄Δᄎ ᖄીྤऄإൄᛜሎΔࢬאΔᚨ۷ૠፂԫࢬᖂீإൄᛜሎࢬᏁऱګءΔၞ۩
ᑓլᆖᛎऱᓳᖞΖڇૠጩࠡהॺԳࠃګءຝ։ڶറ୮ᎁګءᚨࠉছԫڣऱढᏝ ਐᑇᏺףΔڼრߠإፖءֱऄऱᓳᖞढᏝਐᑇΰรքޡᨏαمრܭٽΔڂޢڣ ऱढᏝֽᄷຟᄎ᧢೯ΔढᏝਐᑇڶױ౨ՂይࢨՀၓΔૉᓳᖞຏຄᘉΔڶ
ຏຄጹᜍΔঞྤऄ۷ጩנటኔऱךߩګءΔࢬאءઔߒڇรԿڻം࠴ᓳ৵ല ຏຄᘉޏढᏝਐᑇΔԾڂढᏝਐᑇڶৰڍጟΔᖂீൣቼլٵ࣍؆૿ؑΔᚨ ۷ૠլٵైऱढᏝਐᑇΔ٦ၞ۩ګءऱᓳᖞΔթ౨ฤٽኔᎾᏁޣΖ
)Ϥ*୰ڢ๖ݎޟഋϷ!
ઔߒृڇรԫڻം࠴ڃگᖞ։࣫ழΔ࿇ᤚᡖറ୮ᎁءઔߒਢװ
ᒤޢԫࢬ՛ᖂऱՕ՛ፖሎ܂Δ࣍ਢڇڃ㕘რߠխᇞᤩءઔߒਢބנԫଡუᖂ
ீऱᑓΔ܀ਢഗ࣍ءઔߒڍ᥆റᄐݾᐋ૿ΔךߩڇഏփԾਢᄅऱᤜᠲΔ٦ ףՂءം࠴ᎅࣔڶᨃറ୮ᄑچԱᇞءઔߒؾऱΔݮګ່৵ऱઔߒ࣠ፖ
GuthrieԳࢬ༼נऱᑓڤઌฆլՕΖڂڼΔૉਢڇழၴፖᆖ၄ױऱᒤՀΔ౨
ࠌᡖറ୮ᏘፋԫഘಘᓵࠀᇡףᇞᎅΔᆰԺᖿᛯאᕩፋޓऱ٥ᢝΔലױࠌ
࣠ޓࡌࠀᚦᇖം࠴ᎅࣔհΖ
່৵Δءઔߒᎁറ୮ܒឰऄ່ᔞٽ܂ݺഏެࡳඒߛᆖ၄ךߩऱֱऄΔڂ
،ਢԫଡ໌ᄅऱֱऄΔᏁ፦ႃٺֱറ୮ऱრߠΔᕩፋറ୮٥ᢝΔԾᡶ࣍ઔߒ ᆖ၄ऱૻࠫΔሎشᡖऱኔਜ࣠Δױא֭Ղ૪ऱᓵΔࢬא່ᔞٽءઔߒ ආ۩Ζۖݺഏڇᒳ٨ඒߛᆖ၄ለ֟ᣂࣹګ࣠૿Δֱࠡऄፖֆڤྤऄנፖ ᖂسᖂګ༉ऱຑΔທګᖂீ໗ᒡথஞլנࠠ᧯ᢞᖕࠐञ࠷ᆖ၄Δᖄીৰڍᖂ
ீऱᆖ၄լߩא֭ᚨᖂسऱᏁޣΖڇᅝվඒߛޏऱᑪՀΔެࡳඒߛᆖ၄ऱֱ
ऄՈᚨଈᅝࠡᓢޏ᧢៱ڶૹီދԵऱᆍ۠ΔཛٻދԵፖขנଫᤂࠀެࡳךߩ ऱඒߛᆖ၄Δထૹ࣍ψڕ۶ࠌᖂسሒࠩԫࡳऱګ༉ֽᄷωՂΔۖॺထณڇψڕ۶
։ᆖ၄ωΔࢬאΔءઔߒ৬ᤜՂ్ۯലެࡳඒߛᆖ၄ךߩऱֱऄ٨ᒳ٨ඒߛ ቃጩऱؘޡᨏΔթ౨ඒߛޏړⲯሁΖ
ણ҂͛ᚥ
׆֮ઝΰ1999αΖఀىंـݲΖፕקΚնতΖ
ࣔΰ2000αΖඒߛᆖ၄ፖඒߛޏΖৱЄТѐȂ4:2Δ 5-10Ζ
ࣔΕ്ዾΰ2000αΖఀىஅҏሯؑᇄఀىஅҏݲΖඒߛഗءऄፖඒߛᄅઔ ಘᄎΖፕקΚፕקؑمஃᒤᖂೃΖ
ຫᣝఇΰ2000αΖछఀىࢇ८ΖፕקΚնতΖ
ཾ୮ਙΰ1996αΖᡖ֗ࠡڇᓰ࿓ઔߒՂऱᚨشΖ߆ጸৱᏰൢȂ7Δ 1-24Ζ ႓ਙໃΰ1994αΖ፞แຟᠦΔ4 ठΖፕקΚஃՕΖ
֮٤ΰ1989αΖᡖڇඒߛઔߒՂऱᚨشΖሉ࣍ఀىࢇ፣Мΰ٦ठαΖፕ קΚ֮ནΖ
Alexander, K., Augenblick, J. G., Driscoll, W., Guthrie, J. & Levin, R. (1995). Propos- als for the elimination of wealth-based disparities in public education. Columbus, OH: Department of Public Instruction.
Augenblick, J. G. (1997). Recommendations for a base figure and pupil-weighted adjustments to the base figure for Use in a new school finance system in Ohio.
Report presented to the School Funding Task Force, Ohio Department of Education.
Clune, W. H. (1994a). The cost and management of program adequacy: An emerging issue in educational policy and finance. Educational Policy, 8(4), Newbury Park, CA: Corwin Press.
Clune, W.H. (1994b). The shift from equity to adequacy in school finance. Educational Policy, 8(4), 376-375.
Clune, W. H. (1995). Introduction: Educational adequacy: A theory and its remedies.
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform, 28(3), 481-491.
Edison Project. (1997). Annual report on school performance. New York: Author.
Grossman, M. (1995). Oklahoma school finance litigation: Shifting equity to adequacy as the theme. University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform, 28(3), 521-557.
Guthrie, J. W. & Rohstein, R. (1999). Enabling adequacy to achieve reality: Translating adequacy into state school finance distribution arrangements. In Ladd, Chalk &
Hansen (Eds.), Equity and adequacy in education finance (pp. 209-259).
Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
Hinrich, W. L. & Laine, R. D. (1996). Adequacy: Building quality and efficiency into the cost of education. Springfield, IL: Illinois Board of Education.
Ladd, H. F. & Hansen, J. S. (Eds.) (1999). Making money matter. Washington, DC:
National Academy Press, 101-133.
Odden, A. R. & Busch, C. (1998). Financing schools for high performance: Strategies for improving the use of educational resources. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Odden, A. R. & Picus, L. (2000). School finance: A policy perspective (2nded.). NY:
McGraw-Hill.
Slavin, R. E. & Fashola, O. (1998). Show me the evidenceΜProven and promising program for America’s schools. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.
Stringfield, S., Ross, S. & Smith, L. (1996). Bold plan for school restructuring: The new American school designs. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Ziglio, E. (1996). The Delphi method and its contribution to decision-making. In Ziglio, E. & Adler, M. (Eds.), Gazing into the Oracle: The delphi method and its application to social policy and public health (pp. 1-33). London: Jessica Kingsley.
