論革新課程實驗之難成

ඒߛઔߒႃע

รնԼᙀรԫཚʳ 2004 ڣ 3 ִʳ ଄ 1-32

፣८ཱི፞แᄂᡛϞᜲԙ

౐ ̜ ༄ ဢ ! ࡌ

ඒߛຝ࣍ 2000 ڣ 9 ִ 30 ֲֆؒऱπഏاխ՛ᖂ԰ڣԫ຃ᓰ࿓ጼ૞ρࣔػ৙

قഏاխ՛ᖂհᓰ࿓෻࢚ᚨאس੒੡խ֨Δۖࠡᓰ࿓๻ૠᚨאᖂس੡׌᧯Δאس

੒ᆖ᧭੡ૹ֨ΖྥۖΔڼԫᓰ࿓ጼ૞ኔਜ۟վΔۿ׏ᅸࠩլ֟ംᠲΔ੷່۟२ڶ

๺ڍԳՓࡅᩃᑉೖࢨᒷᙄΖᣊڼ଀ᄅᓰ࿓ऱޏ଀ࢨኔ᧭Δ੡۶ᣄאᘊࠡפΔਢء

֮܂ृॻ඿൶ಘृΖ

ء֮։੡ԮᆏΖรԫᆏছߢΔᎅࣔംᠲऱહནΖรԲ۟նᆏΔ։ܑᎅࣔ

1896-1904 ڣޙ৖ᖂீऱᓰ࿓ኔ᧭Δ1934-1940 ڣోપؑऱ՛ᖂ੒೯ᓰ࿓ኔ᧭Δ

1933-1941ڣ٤ભխᖂऱψԶڣઔߒωᓰ࿓ኔ᧭Δ1952-1963 ڣ֗ 1973-1979 ፕ᨜

ઊऱس੒խ֨ᓰ࿓ኔ᧭Ζຍ؄ᆏ׌૞ڇਐຫΚឈྥ଀ᄅᓰ࿓ኔ᧭ᣄګΔ܀ਢսྥ

ڶԳլឰچၞ۩ኔ᧭ऱ׾ኔΖรքᆏᇢထൕ׌ࠃृऱฆ೯ፖ֨ቧ෼ွΕषᄎՕฒ ኙඒߛࡳߠΕᖂீऱิ៣௽ࢤ࿛Կଡֱ૿ࠐ։࣫ࠡխऱ଺ڂΖ່৵Δঞᄥא࿨ᓵΖ

ᜢᗖຒǺॠཥፐำჴᡍǵ׹࠶Ꮲਠǵࢲ୏ፐำǵΖԃࣴزǵғࢲ ύЈፐำ

ൂЎ࿶Ǵ୯ҥᆵ᡼ৣጄεᏢ௲ػᏢس௲௤

ႝηແҹࣁǺ[email protected]

׫ዺВයǺ2003 ԃ 8 Д 17 ВǹঅुВයǺ2003 ԃ 11 Д 14 Вǹ௦ҔВයǺ2004 ԃ 1 Д 9 В

Bulletin of Educational Research March, 2004, Vol. 50 No. 1 pp. 1-32

On the Problems in Experimenting with Curricular Transformation

Wen-Jing Peter Shan A b s t r a c t

Since “The Grade 1-9 Coherent Curriculum Framework” was promulgated in Taiwan in September, 2000, the new emphasis on adopting a more life-centered cur- riculum and more student-centered instruction has encountered many problems. Based on historical data, this article analyzes the difficulties we face in implementing this curricular “transformation.” The author introduces the background of curriculum re- form and discusses similar reform models, including those of the Dewey School (1896-1904), the Activity Curriculum Experiment in New York City (1934-1940), and the Eight-Year Study (1933-1941), as well as two life-centered curriculum experiments in Taiwan (1952-1963 and 1973-1979). The analysis indicates three factors which tend to obstruct the implementation of curricular transformation: (1) turnover and burnout among reformers; (2) the public bias against the curriculum transformation; (3) disad- vantageous characteristics of school organization.

Keywords: curricular reformǵcurricular transformationǵDewey SchoolǵActiv- ity curriculumǵThe Eight-Year Studyǵlife-centered curriculum

Wen-Jing Peter Shan, Professor, Department of Education, National Taiwan Normal University E-mail: [email protected]

Manuscript received: Aug. 17, 2003; Modified: Nov. 14, 2003; Accepted: Jan. 9, 2004

ಥă݈! ֏

ڰཚऱԳᣊषᄎΔڍ੡ᘣ՗९ؔհၴΔ༉ልౙΕድᐵΕ੭៊Ε೸၉Εՠᢌ࿛

ٺᄐհव౨Δֲൄ۪গΕႏଇΕദໜ࿛س੒៖ᏚΔፖ֛ࣔԳ଩հ૞ΕৱԳ๠ࠃհ

ֱ࿛ΔאقᒤᅮᖄΕՑۘႚ፽Ε૿ࡎ༼រհऄΔၞ۩ऱॺإڤඒߛΖউ৵षᄎၞ

୶Δ։ՠֲาΔֱթڶإڤඒߛᖲዌѧѧᖂீհ๻ᆜΔཙזᘣ९ച۩ඒᖄ᎖ߛհ ຂΖ

ྤᓵխ۫Δᖂீհ๻ᆜΔઃ۩հՆߎΖഄലᖂسψૠڣ༉ᖂωΰgradationαΕ ψ։ఄ๻ඒωΰclassificationαΕψ։ઝܑؾωΰspecialization and departmentaliza- tionαΔঞ੡२זհขढΖ༉ભഏۖߢΔڼጟᄅࠫඒߛᅝࡨ࣍ 19 ׈ધխᆺΰ໢֮ᆖΔ 1994Κ29-40αΖ༉ݺഏۖߢΔঞᅝࡨ࣍ 1901 ڣΰܛ٠ፃ 27 ڣΔاছ 11 ڣαΔط ऴជ᜔ᅮಒ׈້৉ຫᙄ෻ऱψ՞ࣟᖂഘωΰ׹ྐྵΔ1981Κ21αΖڇڼհছΔঞڍਢ طԫۯ֛՗൅Ꮖૉեۯᖂ࿙ᢝڗऱߏቻΔࢨਢطԫۯඒஃ൅Ꮖԫଡ෗᤿ఄ్ۖګ ऱᗑ৛ᖂீΰone-room schoolαΖ

ߏቻඒᖂڍאᆖ஼հڽહᖂ฾੡׌ΰ׹ྐྵΔ1981Κ24αΖۖભഏᗑ৛ᖂீऱඒ ஃٍڍאπᄅ૎௑ᥞഗءᦰढρΰNew England Primerα૞ޣᖂسڽಖፖᓤ૪ΰrote and recitationαΰTanner & Tanner, 1990: 37-43αΔࢨृאം࿠ΰquestion-and-answer, Ծጠඒᆠڤऱം࿠ catecheticalα࿛ᖲඳڤऱΰmechanicalαඒᖂֱڤၞ۩ᦰᐊጩऱ ඒᖂΖ৵ࠐΔܛࠌ๺ڍᖂீऱඒஃආشԱط૎ഏႚࠐऱ Lancaster ڤᖄسࠫඒᖂ ΰmonitorial instructionΔԾጠઌյඒᖄ mutual instructionαΔՈๅᠦլԱψᖲඳڤ ऱඒᖄፖᓤ૪ωΰmechanical parts of instruction and recitationαΰTanner & Tanner, 1990: 45-46αΖ

۞ൕఄ్ඒᖂݮኪཏ֗Δԯ۟ᖂீઝᐋ᧯ࠫ৬مհ৵Δᖂسᖂ฾ऱᓰ࿓ጟᣊ ለছᏺף๺ڍΔ܀ਢߒࠡኔᔆΔۿ׏آ౨၌။ψઝؾءۯᓰ࿓ωΰsubject centered curriculumαࢨψवᢝխ֨ᓰ࿓ωΰdiscipline-centered curriculumαΰܨფੴΔ1987Κ 42αऱݮኪΖ۟࣍ࠡඒᖂऱֱڤΔঞڍ੡ඒஃᝑ஼ΕᖂسᦫᝑΙඒஃᐊڗΔᖂس ݻᙕΙඒஃەംᇢ᧭ΔᖂسᑵᦰᚈહΙᖂس܂֮Δඒஃޅᔹ࿛೚ऄ੡׌ऱψඒஃ խ֨ඒᖂωΰteacher-centered instructionαΰ׹ྐྵΔ1981Κ61Ι୪߶إΔ1968Κ2-3Ι

໢֮ᆖΔ1994Ι໢֮ᆖΔ2000aαΖ࣍ਢΔψ๊ε೽ϩޑύλᏢ௲ৣϝฅࢂ௙๱௲ࣽ

ਜǴ٩ྣձΓೕჄޑፐำǴ௲๱೏୏ᏢಞޑᏢғȩΰ໢֮ᆖΔ2000bΚ18αऱᐊᅃΔ ګ੡२ۍᕉڣࠐխ՛ᖂ෼໱հխཏሙױߠऱኔᎾणउΰCuban, 1984, 1993αΖ

९ڼא࢓Δᖂீᓰ࿓መࣹٝૹ஼ءवᢝऱႚᎠΔ࢙ฃԱԳᣊኔ೭੒೯ऱᆖ᧭Δ ࠌඒߛፖس੒։ຜΙᖂீऱඒᖂመࣹٝૹඒஃ໢ٻऱᥒᙁΔ࢙ฃԱԳᣊ׌೯ޣव ऱ೯ᖲΔࠌඒᖂፖᖂ฾ๅ㾣Ζ࣍ਢΔڰڶڶᢝհՓΔ༼ଠאψس੒խ֨ᓰ࿓ω ΰlife-centered curriculumα࠷זψઝؾءۯᓰ࿓ωࢨψवᢝխ֨ᓰ࿓ωΔࠀאψᖂ سխ֨ඒᖂωΰstudent-centered instructionα࠷זψඒஃխ֨ඒᖂωΔۖګ੡ۍڣࠐ խ۫ඒߛ׾ՂΔٺႈඒߛࢨᓰ࿓ፖඒᖂޏ଀ൻਜࢬ඿ሒګऱਙ࿜ߢᎅΰpolicy talkαΖ

ڼጟᓰ࿓ޏ଀ऱਙ࿜ߢᎅ׌૞փ୲ױូ౏੡ΚԫΕࣹૹኔᎾس੒ऱᆖ᧭Δధ

ೈ஼ءඒߛऱᨠ࢚ΙԲΕࣹૹᖂ฾ᆖ᧭ऱอᖞΔؚధᖂઝऱ੺ૻΙԿΕ᎖ᖄᖂس

۞׌ᖂ฾Δޏ᧢๯೯൷࠹ऱ฾ክΙ؄ΕආشڍցऱඒᖂֱڤΔડధ໢ԫᝑ඄ֱऄ ऱૻࠫΙնΕଫ᥽ଡࢤፖᆢࢤຯ܏Δࣹૹ٤ԳඒߛΖຍնႈ૞រΔբᆖڍڍ֟֟

چڇݺഏᖵڻխ՛ᖂᓰ࿓ᑑᄷऱଥૡΔ᠏֏੡ਙ࿜ऱ۩೯ΰpolicy actionαΔࠀᇢ ቹޓၞԫޡچ᠏֏੡ਙ࿜ऱኔਜΰpolicy implementationαΔݦඨ౨ᆵኔڇխ՛ᖂீ

ᓰ࿓ፖඒᖂऱኔᔌΰpracticeαհՂΖ

່२ԫंऱᓰ࿓ޏ଀Δսྥਢאڼԫਙ࿜ߢᎅऱᆵኔ੡ࠡ׌ၗΖطඒߛຝ࣍

2000ڣ 9 ִ 30 ֲֆؒऱπഏاխ՛ᖂ԰ڣԫ຃ᓰ࿓ጼ૞ρΰඒߛຝΔ2000αհ խऱࣔػ৙قΔױא઎נࠡխऱጤଧΚ

୯҇ύλᏢϐፐำ౛ۺᔈағࢲࣁύЈǴଛӝᏢғيЈૈΚว৖ᐕำǹ൧ ख़ঁ܄ว৖ǴᐟวঁΓወૈǹ఼ݚ҇ЬનᎦǴ൧ख़ӭϡЎϯሽॶǹ୻Ꭶࣽ

ᏢޕૈǴ፾ᔈ౜жғࢲሡाǶ……୯҇௲ػ໘ࢤޑፐำ೛ीᔈаᏢғࣁЬ ᡏǴағࢲ࿶ᡍࣁख़ЈǴ୻Ꭶ౜ж୯҇܌ሡޑ୷ҁૈΚǶʳ

ྥۖΔڼጟψس੒խ֨ᓰ࿓ωࡉψᖂسխ֨ඒᖂωऱ଀ᄅ೚ऄΔ౨ܡࣂᖒψઝ ؾءۯᓰ࿓ωΕψवᢝխ֨ᓰ࿓ωࢨψඒஃխ֨ඒᖂωऱႚอੋੌΛԾΔڼխऱᒴ ط۶ڇΛԫऴਢ܂ृ२ڣࠐॻ඿൶ಘृΖ੡ڼΔ܂ृڇԲᒧࢿ֮հխΰ໢֮ᆖΔ

1999, 2000bαམᆖฃ੡૪֗Ζվ௽஼ء֮Δ٣១૪խ۫ඒߛ׾ૉեထټऱ଀ᄅ ΰtransformativeα¹ᓰ࿓ኔ᧭Δאঁᒔᎁࠡਢܡ࣠టψᣄګωΔྥ৵Δ٦ᇢထ։࣫

ࠡ଺ڂΔ܂ګױ౨ऱᇞᤩΖૉ౨ڂڼۖگψᦸײवվωհயΔኙᅝছං೯଀ᄅᓰ

࿓ኔ᧭ऱඒߛ੺ٵոڶࢬ༼قΔঞٍ੡۟ࢬٞઐृΖ

෮ăĶՆރጯ७ķ۞ኝ඀၁រ

1894ڣΔJ. Dewey ࠹ᆤ੡॒ףୂՕᖂୃᖂΕ֨෻ᖂፖඒߛᖂᖂߓΰDepartment of Philosophy, Psychology and Pedagogyαऱඒ඄ଫߓ׌ٚΖ1896 ڣΔהࢬ໌๻ऱ ޙ৖ᖂீΰDewey SchoolαΔױאᎅਢભഏ່ڰאψس੒խ֨ᓰ࿓ω੡׌ڱऱኔ᧭

ᖂீΰܨფੴΔ1987Κ25αΖ

Dewey໌ᙄኔ᧭ᖂீऱ׌ڱΔԯڇ࣍Κψ၂๱аჴᡍᏢਠޑՉࡹ௛ࡼǵ௲׷ޑ

ᒧ᏷ǵΏԿᏢಞǵ௲Ꮲᆶᆅ௲฻଺ݤǴעᏢਠᒤԋࣁ΋ঁΓΓ࣬ϕӝբޑޗ཮Ǵ ٠Ъ٬؂ঁΓޑወૈ೿ளډкҽޑว৖ωΰMayhew & Edwards, 1966: xx-xviαΖ

Deweyΰ1972aαᝫݦඨނኔ᧭ᖂீᙄګԫଡψڀᡏԶ༾ޑλޗ཮ǴᡣᏢғӧځύ

ғࢲǵୖᆶکଅ᝘Ǵаߡว৖ځঁ܄ǴಖԶ୍ܺځޗ཮ωΰp. 224αΖ

ޙ৖ᖂீ੡԰ڣࠫ՛ᖂΔ։੡Կଡ׌૞ऱၸ੄Κ4-5 ᄣ۟ 8 ࢨ 8 ᄣתΕ8 ᄣ۟

10ᄣΕ13 ᄣ۟ 14-15 ᄣΔࠡၴࠀڶԲଡመྀऱၸ੄Κ6 ۟ 7 ᄣΕ11 ۟ 12 ᄣΖຍ ࠄၸ੄հၴऱ༼ࣙԯਢዬၞۖᒷኬऱΔڂڼΔᖂ࿙ࠀլᄎᤚኘࠩࠡၴऱ᠏᧢Ζၸ

੄ፖၸ੄հၴΔՈآ܂ॺൄᣤ௑ऱ੺ࡳΔۖյڶૹᦤΰMayhew & Edwards, 1966:

1 ҁЎаȨॠཥޑȩȐtransformativeȑ΋ຒ಍ᆀȨғࢲύЈፐำȩᆶȨᏢғύЈ௲Ꮲȩ ࣁЬԑޑፐำჴᡍǴঈߡᆶȨࣽҞҁՏፐำȩǵȨޕ᛽ύЈፐำȩ܈Ȩ௲ৣύЈ௲Ꮲȩ ޑЬࢬȐmainstreamȑ଺ݤ࣬ჹྣǶᇂȸtransformative”΋ຒόܰ᝿ԋύЎǴόၸǴ

྽բޣࢗ᎙ Henderson ᆶ Hawthorne (2000)ჹ“mainstream”ک“transformative”ޑ! ၍ ញࡕǴว౜“mainstream”ڀԖ“traditional”Ȑ໺಍ޑȑཀကǴԶ“transformative”߾֖Ԗ

“innovative”ȐॠཥޑȑཀကǶќѦǴJackson (1968: 115-145)Ψаȸtransformative teachingȹǴᆶаኳү܈໺ሀࣁૈ٣ޑ௲ᏢȐmimetic or transmission teachingȑჹᆀǶ ᙍࢂϐࡺǴբޣ،ۓаȨॠཥޑȩᆀϐǶ

52-53αΖDeweyΰ1976a: 326αא੡՛ᖂඒߛऱؾऱլ׽ڇ࣍ඒᖄറ॰ऱवᢝΔࢨ ਢ฾൓ઌᅝᑇၦऱಛஒΔۖਢ૞ᨃࠝ࿙ኙהࡌ໮ऱس੒Δܛط୮அၲࡨΔດዬ୶

ၲΔא۟ᔣߺΕषᄎΕഏ୮Ε׈੺Δݮګԫ୚մྥڶݧऱᎁᢝΖང؁ᇩᎅΔٺႈ

ᖂ฾ຟᚨᇠطᖂسऱس੒ᆖ᧭ၲࡨΔ೭ؘຘመٺጟ੒೯ലᖂسऱཕᐝ۞ྥ֧࿇נ ࠐΖ

รԫ֗รԲၸ੄ऱᓰ࿓ΔאԳᣊس੒੡ு֨ऱ׌ᠲΔດޡឩ୶Ζ4Ε5 ᄣᖂس ᖂ฾ऱ׌ᠲፖ୮அس੒ڶᣂΔۖא֫ՠΕ෪ႌΕֵՠ࿛੒೯੡׌૞ऱᖂ฾ႈؾΔ ඒᖂऱૹរڇ࣍ፂᢀ୮அΕᔣߺࡉᖂீհၴس੒ऱຑᥛࢤΖ6 ᄣᖂسऱᖂ฾׌ᠲ

੡ፖ୮ࠃڶᣂऱٺႈषᄎ੒೯Δࠏڕᖂسᖂ฾৬ທል໱ऱᑓীΔڇீႼጟཬ՛ຽΔ ᨠኘ՛ຽऱس९ᖵ࿓ፖگᡸΔᙟ৵ঞലຽ՗ᗣګ᤺ృΔࠀ׊௷ྠ᤺ץ։ଇΖ7 ᄣ ᖂسऱᖂ฾׌ᠲਢ׾ছ٣اऱ੒೯Δطઝᖂඒஃ൅Ꮖᖂس൶౉ຍଡழזऱٺ۩ٺ ᄐΖ8 ᄣᖂسऱᖂ฾׌ᠲਢطဂ؍ഗԳऱ೸ᄐ੒೯ၲࡨΔၞԵ׈੺ऱ൶౉ፖ೸၉

੒೯Ζ9 ᄣᖂسऱᖂ฾׌ᠲਢભഏᖵ׾Δૹរ࣋ڇ॒ףୂچ೴ऱၲ᥸Δא֗֗ࠡ

ڰཚ࿇୶ऱᖵ׾Ζ10 ᄣᖂسऱᖂ฾׌ᠲਢཷاழཚऱᖵ׾ࡉ଀ࡎΖ11 ᄣᖂسऱᖂ

฾׌ᠲ੡ཷاृऱᑛ੊હནΖೈԱຍࠄ׌ᠲڤऱ੒೯Δڕ፿ߢΕ֮ᖂΕᑇᖂΕᢌ

๬ΕՠᢌΕઝᖂΕଃᑗΕᖵ׾ࡉچ෻࿛ࠠڶᖂઝࢤᔆऱᖂ฾੒೯ΔՈאݔ࿳๵ቤ ऱֱڤດޡ୶ၲΔۖ௽ܑૹီࠡषᄎس੒ऱრᆠΖᜰࠏۖߢΔᖵ׾ᚨᇠس೯چ֘

ਠԳᣊመװऱᆖ᧭Δࢬאᖵ׾ऱᖂ฾ೈԱ൶ಘመװऱԳ৻ᏖګפΛ৻Ꮦ؈ඓΛޓ

૞൶ಘຍࠄᆖ᧭੡Գଚ൅ࠐୌࠄඒಝΛ֮ᖂঞᚨᇠಖሉլٵழזऱԳଚΔڇ௽ࡳ

ऱழ़ᛩቼհխΔس੒խऱݦඨࡉࣄ૤ΖࢬאΔඒஃᚨᇠ൅Ꮖᖂس៶ထ׌ᠲ੒೯

ၞԵ଺ࠢࢨਢ೛ԳऱႚಖΔ൶౉ࠡኙ࣍Գᣊषᄎس੒ऱᐙ᥼ΰMayhew & Edwards, 1966: 64-65αΖ

ԫ؟ᖂسၞԵॹ֟ڣཚΔᓰ࿓ऱૹរؘႊطထૹ֨෻ิ៣ऱ׌ᠲ੒೯Δດዬ

᠏ฝࠩࠠڶᓵ෻ิ៣ऱറᠲઔߒΰprojectΔࢨ᤟ֱூαΖຍࠄറᠲઔߒױאࡉਬԫ ଡࢨૉեଡᖂઝऱᖂ฾ઌ಻ٽΙױאࡉٵᖂٽ܂ΔՈױאᗑԺݙګΰMayhew &

Edwards, 1966: 223αΖངߢհΔޙ৖ኔ᧭ᖂீรԿၸ੄ऱૹ૞ٚ೭༉ਢ૞ᨃᖂسނ

ࢬᛧ൓ऱٺጟवᢝΔא֗ᖙ܂ऱΕ֨ཕऱࡉषᄎऱ࿛ٺႈ౨ԺΔኔᎾᚨش࣍ംᠲ ऱઔߒࡉ৸ەΔൕۖኙ࣍वᢝխऱຏঞհؘ૞ࢤ֗ࠡრᆠΔڶᒔ֊ऱᎁᢝΖࠩԱ

ຍଡၸ੄Δהଚբᆖᚩ൓ڕ۶ٽ܂چࢨਢଡܑچݙګറᠲઔߒΔࠀ׊౨א෎ᄑۖ

ጲ១ऱֱڤ।ሒנࠐΖԫ؟ຍࠄٚ೭ݙګΔ༉ױאၞԵխ࿛ඒߛऱၸ੄Ζ੡Աࠌ

ࠡၞԵխ࿛ඒߛၸ੄հ৵Δ౨ႉܓᔞᚨറጲऱᖂ๬૞ޣΔءၸ੄ऱٺଡᖂઝᏆ഑

հၴΔࡐྥႊ࿑܂։֏Δ܀սᚨᇠࣹრࠩᖂீس੒ፖषᄎس੒ऱ࿨ٽΔᖂઝፖᖂ ઝհၴऱᣂᜤΔא֗ඒઝፖֱऄऱയ֊಻ٽΰMayhew & Edwards, 1966: 54αΖ

ޙ৖ᖂீऱ՛ᖂᓰ࿓ΔױՕܑ੡ԿᣊΚรԫᣊ੡ፖٺ۩ٺᄐΰoccupationsα ڶᣂऱ੒೯Δᓯڕ֫ՠΕ෪ႌΕֵՠ࿛੒೯ΰDewey, 1976d: 230αΖ֫ՠऱؾऱլ ڇ࣍ಝᒭڶشऱ೯܂ݾ౨Δۖڇ࣍ഛᕆࠡᗨᄕ೶ፖषᄎऱጲళΔၞۖᨃᖂسൕᖂ

฾ऱᆖ᧭ᅝխΔאس೯ऱΕ৬ዌऱֱڤ൷ᤛࠩႚอऱᖂઝΖ۟࣍෪ႌᓰऱؾऱΔ ঞਢ૞ᨃᖂس۞۞ྥྥچ൷ᤛࠩ១໢܀ਢഗءऱ֏ᖂࠃኔࡉ଺෻Δٵழᖂ฾ࠩࠎ ᚨଇढऱٺጟཬढΖֵۖՠᓰऱؾऱլ׽૞ᨃᖂس฾൓ࠌشᙏ՗ࡉᥳᠠ࿛ऱݾ

؏Δۖޓਢݦඨᨃᖂسڇటኔऱس੒ൣቼᅝխΔطף྇ሎጩऱመ࿓ᅝխ฾൓ᑇڗ ऱრᆠΰDewey, 1897a, 1901αΖ

รԲᣊΔਢፖषᄎس੒ऱહནڶᣂᜤऱᖂઝΔڕᖵ׾ࡉچ෻࿛ΰDewey, 1901:

230αΖຍࠄᖂઝऱᖂ฾ထૹԳᣊس੒હནڂైऱ൶ಘΔۖլ׽ਢԫࠄषᄎࠃኔऱ տฯۖբΖ༉ᖵ׾ۖߢΚψᏢಞᐕўǴόࢂѝӧᑈಕ႟࿗ޑૻ৲ǴԶࢂाа೭٤ૻ

৲ࣁન׷ǴࣁΓᜪၸѐک౜ӧޑقՉǴࡌᄬ΋൯ғ୏ޑკႽǴ٠Ъ௖૸ځጔҗω ΰDewey, 1900: 109αΖࢬאΔᖵ׾ऱඒᖂԯਢ૞൅Ꮖᖂس෻ᇞषᄎس੒ऱᏝଖΔ ࠀ׊ࣔػআګԳᣊٽ܂ऱ೯ԺΰKleibard, 1986: 75-77αΖDewey א੡Δᖵ׾ಖᙕԱ Գᣊሎشཕᐝ༳༽ᛩቼऱመ࿓ΔٍܛΔᖵ׾ಖᙕԱԳᣊᖂ฾ሎش৸ە౨ԺΕޏ࿳

س੒යٙΔאঁࠌس੒լឰၞޡऱመ࿓ΰDewey, 1976c: 199αΖՈڂڼΔڇޙ৖ᖂ

ீհխΔࠀآၲ๻վ֚ݺଚԫ౳ᖂீ઎ࠩऱᖵ׾ᖂઝΰKleibard, 1986: 76αΖᓫࠩ

چ෻ழΔהᎅΚψόाעӦ౛྽բѝࢂ΋ಔёаϩᜪޑ٣ჴکচ౛Ǵᗋᔈ၀ݙཀډǴ Ӧ౛ځჴࢂΓॺჹܭځғࢲШࣚԖ܌གᆶԖ܌ࡘޑ่݀ωΰDewey, 1972b: 168αΖ

รԿᣊΔਢፖԳᣊၞ۩ཕᐝ൶ߒऱݮڤࡉֱऄڶᣂऱᦰΕᐊΕጩ࿛ᓰ࿓

ΰDewey, 1976d: 230αΖψ᠐ǵቪǵᆉޑፐำǴख़ᗺόӧܭ೭٤ૈΚҁيޑᏢಞǴ Զࢂமፓ೸ၸ೭٤ૈΚޑڐշǴௗ᝻Γᜪ࿶ᡍޑᆒ๮ωΰMayhew & Edwards, 1966:

53αΖང؁ᇩᎅΔᦰΕᐊΕጩհࢬאૹ૞Δਢڂ੡،ଚψࠌ൓֨ᨋऱس੒ךኔۖ׊

ᐈᐖωΰDewey, 1972c: 255αΖຍԫᣊᓰ࿓ՈࠠڶषᄎࢤᔆΔࠡ׌ڱڇ࣍ፂᢀԳᣊ

֮ࣔऱຑᥛࢤΔא֗ཕ౨ऱ࢏୶ࢤΰDewey, 1901: 230αΖ

Deweyڇ॒ףୂՕᖂऱԼڣհၴΔ៶ထኔ᧭ᖂீऱᆖ᧭ݙګԱπاء׌ᆠፖ

ඒߛρΰ1916α؎ထऱՕຝ։փ୲Δ৬ዌԱה׌૞ऱඒߛ෻ᓵΰCremin, 1961; Kliebard,

1986; Tanner & Tanner, 1990αΖהڇຍ੄ཚၴࢬ࿇।ऱ๺ڍᓵរΔ௽ܑਢה੡๻م

ኔ᧭ᖂீۖࠫૡऱᓰ࿓ૠ྽Δኙ࣍ء֮ࢬ༴૪ऱ଀ᄅᓰ࿓ኔ᧭Δڶထૹ૞ऱඔقΖ

ࠡԫΔDeweyΰ1898α׌്ΚψঁΓޑЈᡫόёૈԾՉว৖ǴԶѸ໪٩ᒘޗ཮

ғࢲуакჴǶωΰp. 69αࢬאΔኔ᧭ᖂீऱٺႈ๻ਜຟਢψவᏢғޑᑫ፪рวǴ кჴځғࢲ࿶ᡍǴаߡቚ຾ځඓඝࡕٰ࿶ᡍޑૈΚωΰDewey, 1972a: 224αΖ࣍ਢΔ ψ٬Ꮲਠԋࣁ΋ঁғࢲޑӦБǴԶόѝࢂ΋ঁᏢಞфፐޑӦБωΰDewey, 1976b:

28αԯګ੡ޙ৖ᖂீऱ׌૞္ޣΖ

ࠡԲΔDewey ڇ੡ኔ᧭ᖂீ๻ૠᓰ࿓ழΔ׌്ᙇᖗᖂ฾փ୲ऱᑑᄷᚨᇠ࣋ڇ ᖂسߪՂΔۖॺඒޗհՂΖה֠ࠡ֘ኙψપᆐ٩ྣၸѐޑ଺ݤǴӃӼ௨Ꮲಞޑࣽ

ҞΰstudiesαǴฅࡕǴӆעࣽҞޑϣ৒ϩࣁऩυঁፐΰlessonsαωΰDewey, 1966: 469α ऱ೚ऄΖ׼؆ΔהՈլᢥګᨃψᏢғޑ࿶ᡍکՉ୏ԾҗࢬᘺǴӢࣁǴջ٬೭٤Ϫ ߈ޑ࿶ᡍکՉ୏۳۳ӧག۔΢ࡐ֎ЇΓǴՠࢂࠅёૈᡣᏢғᏢόډҺՖܿՋω ΰDewey, 1966: 469αΖຍԲႈ׌്Δګ੡৵ࠐאᖂس੡׌᧯Εس੒ᆖ᧭੡խ֨੡

׌ڱऱ଀ᄅᓰ࿓ኔ᧭հڈ౭Ζ

1896ڣޙ৖ᖂீၲᙄழΔ׽ڶ 2 ۯඒஃΔ16 ټᖂسΖDewey ۞᜔ٚ጑Δהऱ

֛Գٚீ९Δۖط৵ࠐᖜ॒ٚףୂؑรԫۯՖࢤᖂ೭᜔጑ΰsuperintendentαऱ Ella Flagg Young૤ຂඒᖂီᖄΰsupervision of instructionαΰCremin, 1961: 135αΖ1902 ڣழΔᇠீܛᏺ۟ 140 ټᖂسΔ23 ټඒஃΔ10 ۯܗ෻Ζ׼؆ΔᝫڶԼڍۯࠐ۞॒

ףୂՕᖂٺᏆ഑ऱඒ඄Δڇᓰ࿓ፖඒᖂֱ૿༼ࠎڍૹऱ࠰ܗΖᅝழΔຍᑌऱஃᇷ

ೄ୲ΔᒔኔԼ։ഒൎΖֹࢡ׏ Creminΰ1961αڶຍᑌऱေᓵΚψӧ೭܌ಃ΋ࢬ௲ ػπբޣᒤ౛ޑಃ΋ࢬᏢਠ……๊ε೽ϩޑᏢғ೿ᏢಞளࡐӳǶ……׳ख़ाޑ

ࢂǴDewey ԋфӦஒдᝄ቉ץຑޑഋᙑፐำǴ࿼ඤԶࣁִ๓ೕჄǵ೛ीᆶಔᙃޑ ॠཥፐำȩΰp. 141-142αΖ

Dewey࣍ 1904 ڣᠦၲ॒ףୂՕᖂছ࢓ୂ଩ֺࠅՕᖂհ৵Δຍࢬᖂீսྥᤉᥛ

ᛜሎԱԫ੄ழၴΔ܀ਢբᆖດዬໜ؈Ա Dewey ࢬᓿղऱᓰ࿓௽ۥΔۖԾߨڃᖂ฾

ፖᆖ᧭։مΕඒޗፖس੒ԲցΕᖂீፖषᄎๅᆏऱ۔ሁ՗ΰKleibard, 1986: 85αΖ 1920ڣזΔطٱรڜ߷ڠ Gary ؑၲࡨං೯ऱ።ᅗࠫᓰ࿓ኔ᧭ΰGary PlanαΔയᤕ ߺՕᖂॵ᥆ኔ᧭՛ᖂං೯ऱᓰ࿓ኔ᧭Δא֗ࠡהڍࢬኔ᧭ᖂீං೯ऱᓰ࿓ኔ᧭²Δ ױא઎ࠩޙ৖ᖂீऱᐙ᥼ΰTanner & Tanner, 1990: 133αΖ܀ਢΔຍࠄᓰ࿓ኔ᧭ऱ ࡎሎΔڍתፖޙ৖ᖂீԫᑌΔຟፂ਍լՆܛᔭᜢೳᇾΔࢨਢᙟထழֲऱޓ૯ۖᘜ Ե଺ڶऱᓰ࿓ਮዌΔאી؈װԱኔ᧭ᓰ࿓ऱ௽ۥΖ

Kleibardΰ1986αऱေᓵΔଖ൓ݺଚגาन࠺ΚψDewey ޑׯॠ౛ۺǴຬ߻ܭ

ځਔжޑᖿӛǴԶᆶऍ୯ޗ཮ޑЬࢬሽॶࡘགྷ਱਱όΕǶдޑፐำׯॠԋ݀Ǵӭ ъ੮ӸӧᢀۺޑШࣚǴԶ҂ӧჴ፬ޑШࣚғਥय֧Ƕωΰp. 88αޙ৖ᖂீࢬኦ᧩

ऱᓰ࿓ޏ଀ߢᎅΔᣄא᠏᤟ګ੡ኔᔌΔਢܡ੡լױլ૿ኙऱ෼ኔΛࢨृΔឩۖך հچᎅΔᓰ࿓ޏ଀ߢᎅፖኔᔌؘڶࠡլ࣐ᚦٽऱ़ᎼΔਢܡటਢڕڼΔՈଖ൓ݺ ଚᨠኘΖ

ણă৸ࡗξ̈ጯ߿જኝ඀၁រ

1934ڣΔోપؑᖂ೭᜔጑ Harold Campbell Ղٚհ৵լՆΔ༉ႉᚨᅝழભഏ ඒߛ੺ૹီ଀ᄅᓰ࿓ኔ᧭ऱ৸ᑪΔڇᇠؑऱ՛ᖂං೯Աԫႈψ੒೯ᓰ࿓ωΰactivity

curriculumαኔ᧭ΖᅝழΔՕપڶԼ։հԫऱ՛ᖂΔՈ༉ਢ 69 ࢬ՛ᖂऱ 2,200 ۯ

ඒஃࡉ 75,000 ۯᖂس೶ፖຍႈኔ᧭ΰCuban, 1993: 65αΖքڣऱኔ᧭࿨ޔհ৵Δో

પؑऱඒߛᅝݝނຍႈ੒೯ᓰ࿓ΔឩՕ࣍٤ؑऱ՛ᖂኔਜΖຍਢోપؑڶ׾אࠐΔ ڇ՛ᖂၞ۩ऱאᖂسس੒ᆖ᧭੡խ֨ऱᓰ࿓ኔ᧭Δ๵ᑓ່ՕऱԫڻΔຍᑌऱᓰ࿓

ኔ᧭ڇભഏՈլሚڍߠΰCuban, 1993; Tanner & Tanner, 1990αΖࠡګඓ൓؈ڕ۶Δ ڶؘ૞אറᆏඖ૪հΖ

ࢬᘯ੒೯ᓰ࿓ΔԾټᆖ᧭ᓰ࿓ΰexperience curriculumαΔਢطֱூᓰ࿓ΰproject

2 Deweyکζٽӝ๱ޑȠܴВϐᏢਠȡਜύ૶ၩԖځдᜪ՟ޑჴᡍᏢਠȐԙ࿶ၭǵዐ

ఌԃ᝿Ǵ1961ȑǶ

curriculumαዝ᧢ۖࠐΰKliebard, 1986: 168αΖڕছࢬ૪Δڰڇ 1896 ڣ໌ᙄऱޙ৖

ᖂீΔܛམඒᖄᖂسၞ۩Ծټ੡ֱூऱറᠲઔߒΔאঁอٽᖂسࢬᖂ฾ऱٺႈव ᢝΕݾ౨ፖᆖ᧭ऱԫጟֱऄΖ1908-1909 ڣΔ຾៳ᓯႾڠԫࢬልᄐᖂீٍᇢ۩אψ୮ அֱூωΰhome-projectαΔ࠷זመװᓰ৛ᝑ඄ࡉ஼ءಖ፽ऱᓰ࿓Δא༼ࣙᖂسऱ ᖂ฾ய࣠ΰKliebard, 1986: 154, Tanner & Tanner, 1990: 158αΖD. Sneddenΰ֧۞

Kliebard, 1986: 156αၞۖ׌്Κֱூլ׽ױאॵףऱֱڤګ੡ᖂ฾ઝؾऱԫຝ։Δ

ᝫᚨᇠאኛᄅ໢ցऱݮڤΔ࠷זᖂઝΰsubjectαۖګ੡ᓰ࿓ऱഗفΖࠡ৵ΔKilpatrick ΰ1986: 161-169αല Deweyψီ৸ە੡ംᠲᇞެωऱᎅऄᘜԵֱࠡூඒᖂऱࡳᆠΔ

ۖᎁ੡Յඒᖂ੒೯Δૉאᖂسऱᆖ᧭੡ದរΔࠀאᇞެംᠲ੡׌ڱΔۖၞ۩ڶრ ᆠᖂ฾ऱΔຟױጠհ੡ֱூΖ

1940ڣΔోપڠඒߛᨚಾኙోપؑං೯՛ᖂ੒೯ᓰ࿓ኔ᧭ऱൣउΔၞ۩ေᦸ ழΔ௽ܑጵٽԱٺ୮ᖂृऱᎅऄΔࠀ׊೶಼ኔᎾऱणउΔ༼נԱՀ٨Զႈਐᑑ ΰCuban, 1993: 65αΚ

ԫΕஃس٥ٵ೶ፖᙇᖗඒޗፖ๵ቤඒᖂ੒೯Ζ ԲΕ੒೯ᓰ࿓אଡԳࡉఄ్ऱᏁޣፖᘋᔊ੡ྡྷរΖ ԿΕפᓰ।אᐘࢤᒳඈ੡଺ঞΖ

؄Εᖂ฾אኔ᧭ऱֱڤၞ۩੡଺ঞΖ

նΕאઔಘΕઔߒΕቸ᧯ள۩ΕዝᚭΕ৬ທΕᇭᤩΕေၦ࿛੒೯Δଥإᝑዝ ፖᓤ૪࿛ඒᖂֱऄΖ

քΕא۞ݺ൳ࠫ࠷ז؆ڇ൳ࠫऱጥඒֱڤΖ

ԮΕ࿯ղඒஃለڍᓰ࿓ࡉඒᖂऱ۞׌Δࠀ׊ቔᚐඒஃ೶ፖ໌ᄅࡉኔ᧭Ζ ԶΕᢌ๬ࡉՠᢌ࿛ऱඒᖂૹီ໌რऱ।ሒΖ

ຍԶႈਐᑑױאᎅਢ੒೯ᓰ࿓ऱ௽ۥΖ૤ຂ੒೯ᓰ࿓ኔ᧭ऱܗ෻ᖂ೭᜔጑

John LoftusڇԫڻኙඒஃऱᝑᇩհխΔޓऴਐ੒೯ᓰ࿓ਢψჹܭȬྣҁ࠹ࣽȭޑ

ϸ୏ǴךॺᄇۭӦϸჹȬਜҁЬကȭȐtextbook masteryȑϷȬᖱॊЬကύΰliteral

recitationαωΰ֧۞ Cuban, 1993Κ65αΖהࠀ׊׌്ᓰ࿓ᚨᇠףאอᖞΔۖඒᖂঞ

ᚨᇠࠉᅃޢଡᖂسऱणउၦߪૡ೚ΰCuban, 1993: 65αΖLoftus ऱᎅऄΔޓԫ፿ሐ խᇠႈᓰ࿓ኔ᧭ऱૹរΔ৾ፖء֮ࢬ׌૪ऱ଀ᄅᓰ࿓ኔ᧭אᖂس੡׌᧯Εس੒ᆖ

᧭੡խ֨ऱጲళૉઌฤٽΖ

ڇքڣऱኔ᧭ཚၴΔోપؑඒߛݝຘመᅝچऱՕᖂΕඒߛᇀࠃᄎΕࡉீ९࠰

ᄎ࿛໢ۯΔ੡ኔ᧭ᖂீࡉԫ౳ᖂீᙄ෻Ա๺ڍআၞറᄐګ९ऱඒஃၞଥ੒೯Ζਐ ᖄ֫םΕ৙ᖄᇷறΕఄ్ኔ೭৬ᤜ஼Εष೴ᇷᄭਐ֧࿛ٺጟ֮ٙΔՈຟཋ࿇࿯ኙ

੒೯ᓰ࿓ኔ᧭ڶᘋᔊऱԳՓΖ׼؆Δ੡Ա༳༽ኔ᧭ऱګ࣠Δోપؑඒߛݝԫֱ૿

ᨃᖂسΕඒஃࡉ۩ਙԳ୉೶ףٺႈྒྷ᧭ࢨം࠴ᓳ਷Δ׼ԫֱ૿ঞᝮႃ࠹መಝᒭऱ ᨠኘ୉ิګቸၷΔၞԵኔ᧭ᖂீࡉԫ౳ᖂீऱఄ్Δಖᙕᖂسࡉඒஃऱ۩੡।෼Ζ

ోપؑඒߛݝՈ૞ޣኔ᧭ᖂீᢆಬኔ᧭໴ܫࡉٺڤٺᑌऱᖂس܂঴ΰCuban, 1993:

66αΖ

ຍႈኔ᧭ऱൣݮڕ۶ࡋΛ௅ᖕܗ෻ᖂ೭᜔጑ J. Loftus ऱ໴ᖄΔ࿪Օຝ։ऱኔ

᧭ఄ్ຟਢޢ֚ኔਜԿ՛ழאփऱ੒೯ᓰ࿓Δۖآ٤֚ኔਜΖ௅ᖕ A. Jersild ࿛Գ ڇ 1937-1939 ڣհၴΔא 8 ࢬኔ᧭ᖂீࡉ 8 ࢬԫ౳ᖂீ٥ 50 ଡఄ్Δࢬݙګऱᨠ ኘ໴ܫਐנΚኔ᧭ఄ్ֺԫ౳ఄ్ለڍ۞ݺᖄٻऱ੒೯Εᖂ฾ऱ੒೯ለڍᑌ֏Ε ለڍอᖞٺႈඒޗඒऄऱֱூඒᖂΕᖂس୶ق܂঴ऱᖲᄎՈለڍΖԾΔJersild ࿛ Գࢬ໴ᖄ 24 ଡఄ్ऱ๶਷࿨࣠᧩قΔኔ᧭ఄ్հխڶ࿑ڍऱழၴش࣍ᢌ๬Εݾᢌ

࿛ऱᖂ฾ΔࠌشՑᙰ໴ܫΕಘᓵࡉᖂسዝᚭ࿛ඒᖂֱऄऱൣउՈֺለڍΖ܀ਢΔ ኔ᧭ఄ్ࡉԫ౳ఄ్ࠌشڇᦰΕᐊΕጩࡉषᄎ࿛ᖂઝऱழၴΔথਢઌ஁ྤڍΰ֧

۞ Cuban, 1993Κ66-67αΖ

1940ڣΔోપڠؑඒߛᇀࠃᄎ௅ᖕေᦸ՛ิڇ 14 ࢬኔ᧭ᖂீࡉ 14 ࢬԫ౳ᖂ

ீ٥ 194 ଡఄ్Δࢬݙګऱྒྷ᧭ࡉ๶ᓫ໴ܫਐנΰCuban, 1993: 67-69αΚ

(ԫ)༉ 100 ଡኔ᧭ఄۖߢΔ੒೯ᓰ࿓ऱኔਜᏅࠠ๵ᑓृڶ 42%Δࡸױृ 38%Δ

ࠡᕉ 20%ঞࡸآၞԵणउΖ۟࣍ 94 ଡԫ౳ఄ్ΔঞՕપڶ 10%ࡸ౨ނ༽੒೯ᓰ

࿓ऱ૞ᏆΖ

(Բ)ኔ᧭ᖂீച۩ለګפृڶڕΚᖿ࿇ᖂس։ิٽ܂ᖂ฾Εቔᚐᖂسڇඒ৛

۞طฝ೯Εᖂسኙᖂீऱኪ৫ޓݮᗨᄕΕᖂسऱ।෼ޓݮڶݧڶ៖࿛Ζച۩ለܺ

ᣄृঞڶΚඒ৛़ၴऱᐘࢤڜඈΕඒ৛຿ଟऱฝ೯۞ڕΕࡳཚٻ୮९໴ܫᖂسᖂ

฾ൣݮ࿛Ζ

(Կ)༉ᖂઝवᢝऱᛧ൓Εٺႈݾ౨ऱಝᒭΔא֗໌რऱᖂ฾ګ࣠࿛ֱ૿ۖߢΔ

੒೯ᓰ࿓ፖԫ౳ᓰ࿓ऱய࣠ઌٵΖྥۖΔ༉৸ە౨ԺऱᕆګΕٽᆢ۩੡ऱ।෼Δ א֗ޣᖂኪ৫ऱᕆګ࿛ֱ૿ۖߢΔ੒೯ᓰ࿓ऱய࣠᎛ֺԫ౳ᓰ࿓ऱய࣠੡ࠋΖ

௅ᖕ Cubanΰ1993αऱᎅऄΔຍႈኔ᧭ၞ۩ழإນભഏᆖᛎՕஎჩΔٺچತ ਙཏሙܺᣄΔోપؑ۞ٍլࠏ؆ΖᅝழΔ೶ፖኔ᧭ऱᖂீլ܀آڇ๻ໂΕ຿ଟΔ ࢨਢඒᖂᇷᄭ࿛ٺֱ૿ᛧ࠷ٚ۶ᠰ؆ऱᆖ၄ᇖܗΔ੷۟ᝫڇቃጩጹᜍऱൣउհ ՀΔጲ១ඒஃ୉ᠰאીఄ్Գᑇլ྇֘ᏺΖ٦ףՂԳ୉ฆ೯᙮᜗ѧѧᜰࠏۖߢΔ 69ࢬኔ᧭ᖂீऱீ९հխ༉ڶ 45 ۯฆ೯ΖڇຍᏖᜱᣄऱൣݮհՀΔ౨ڶՂ૪ऱ ګ࣠Δᇨ᥆ᣄ౨ױ၆Ζ੷۟Δڕছࢬ૪Δપڶ 10%ऱԫ౳ఄ్Ո౨ނ༽੒೯ऱ૞

ᏆΔ᧩قԫ౳ᖂீՈ࠹ࠩ੒೯ᓰ࿓ኔ᧭ऱᐙ᥼Ζ

ឈྥᅝழऱᖂ೭᜔጑ Harold Campbell ൷࠹ေᦸ՛ิऱ৬ᤜΔ۞ 1942 ڣ 1 ִ ದނຍႈ੒೯ᓰ࿓ΔດޡឩՕ࣍٤ؑऱ՛ᖂኔਜΖլመΔឩՕኔਜऱய࣠ڕ۶Δ

܂ृᑉழآބࠩኔᐛऱᢞᖕΖྥۖΔط Cubanΰ1993: 69-71α֧૪ᅝழܗ෻ᖂ೭

᜔጑ Loftus ऱᎅऄࠐܒឰΔຍႈኔ᧭ऱய࣠ࠀլ֜෻უΖLoftus མᆖං۷ΔՕપ 25%ऱోપؑ՛ᖂڍڍ֟֟ڇኔਜԫࠄፖ੒೯ᓰ࿓ઌᣂᜤऱᓰ࿓ፖඒᖂΖឈྥΔ ຍ׽ਢԫଡՕીऱٱွۖբΔ܀ਢբᆖᎅࣔԱսڶլ֟ᖂீ௅ء༉լ೯ڕ՞Ζ੷

۟Δᝫઌᅝڍᑇऱඒஃ௅ء༉֘ኙ੒೯ᓰ࿓ऱ෻࢚ΔඒஃଚཏሙऱᎅဲਢΔຍᑌ ऱᓰ࿓ኔ᧭ኔ᧭լߠ൓੡ඒஃऱඒᖂ൅ࠐչᏖړ๠ΔথஈྥᏺףԱඒஃլ֟ऱᠰ

؆ՠ܂Ζေᦸ՛ิऱ໴ܫਐנΚኔ᧭ᖂீհխڶ 36%ऱඒஃֺለᑗ࣍ආشႚอऱ ᓰ࿓Δۖԫ౳ᖂீհխঞڶ 93%ऱඒஃֺለᑗ࣍ආشႚอऱᓰ࿓Ζࠠ᧯ۖߢΔڶ ઌᅝڍऱඒஃֺለ฾ክ࣍ՕఄऱඒᖂΔᆖൄආشඒஃ༼ംΕᖂسڃ࿠ऱႚอඒऄΔ Ոֺለլ໛ᦟᖂسڇඒ৛ᇙᙟრߨ೯Ζ᜔հΔຍࠄඒஃսྥઌॾႚอऱᓰ࿓ፖඒ ᖂֺለױ۩Ζ

དྷăБ࡚̚ጯĶˣѐࡁտķኝ඀၁រ

Ղԫᆏࢬ໴ᖄऱ੒೯ᓰ࿓ኔ᧭Δਢאోપؑऱ՛ᖂ੡ᒤ໮ΖྥۖΔᅝழભഏ Ոڶࠡהچ೴ᇢထڇխᖂං೯ຍႈኔ᧭Ζ܀ਢΔᇨڕ Kliebardΰ1986: 169αࢬਐ נऱԫႈࠃኔΚψ൩λᏢᆶύᏢޑКၨԶقǴࢲ୏ፐำჴᡍӧλᏢ՟ЯКၨԋфǶω

הࠀ׊ᇞᤩຍਢڂ੡՛ᖂऱิ៣ڶֺለՕऱᐘࢤΔۖխᖂऱᓰഘழၴֺለࡐࡳΔ ඒஃࠉᖂઝറ९։ઝܑؾऱႚอΔࠌ൓ૹီඒᖂழၴᐘࢤΕᓰ࿓ඒᖂᖞٽऱ੒೯ ᓰ࿓Δڇխᖂֺለᣄאං೯ΰKliebard, 1986: 169-170αΖೈԱຍࠄ଺ڂհ؆Δ࠹ࠩ

ՕᖂԵᖂࠫ৫ऱጪࠫΔՈਢૹ૞ऱ଺ڂΰKliebard, 1986: 213; Tanner & Tanner, 1990:

227αΖ

طၞޡ׌ᆠඒߛᖂᄎΰProgressive Education Associationα๻مऱᖂீፖՕᖂ ᣂএࡡ୉ᄎΰCommittee on Relation of School and Collegeα³Δڇ 1933-1941 ڣհ

ၴၞ۩ऱψԶڣઔߒωΰEight-year studyαΔܛਢᇢထؚధຍᐋૻࠫऱԫႈᓰ࿓ኔ

᧭Ζڍۯભഏᓰ࿓׾ᖂृઃֆᎁΔຍਢ٤ભ׾Ղ່Օ๵ᑓאխᖂ੡ᒤ໮ऱᓰ࿓ኔ

᧭ΰCremin, 1961: 251; Kliebard, 1986: 213; Tanner & Tanner, 1990: 227; Tyack &

Cuban, 1995αΖ

ᅝழΔՅਢ඿ၞԵՕᖂऱխᖂسΔؘႊڇ؄ڣࠫऱխᖂଥฅ۟֟ 16 ଡψ׬փ ഗ໢ۯωΰCarnegie unitsα⁴Ζլᓵ૎֮ΕᑇᖂΕݦᢊ֮Εࢮԭ֮Ε؆֮Εᖵ׾Ε ࢨਢઝᖂ࿛פᓰΔૉਢޢၜՂᓰնᆏΔޢᆏՂᓰ 55 ։ᤪΔଥ฾ԫᖂڣۖ֗௑ृΔ ܛױᛧ൓ԫଡ໢ۯΖۖٺՕᖂኙ࣍խᖂฅᄐسڇீཚၴٺଡؘଥᖂઝऱᣊܑΔא

֗ٺᖂઝ૞ޣऱ໢ۯᑇΔຟڶࢬ๵ࡳΖຍᑌऱ೚ऄΔࠌ൓٤ભऱխᖂڇᖂઝऱၲ

๻Εᖂ։ऱڍኒΕழၴऱ९࿍࿛ֱ૿Δຟ᧢൓๵௑֏Ζۖຍإਢٺႈᓰ࿓ኔ᧭Δ ڇխᖂං೯ழΔพᡶᣄ۩ऱૹ૞଺ڂΰTyack & Cuban, 1995: 91-93αΖ

࣍ਢΔ੡ԱឭๅຍᐋૻࠫΔନঁᨃխᖂऱᓰ࿓ፖඒᖂ౨ޓࠠ଀ᄅऱრ࠺Δᖂ

ீፖՕᖂᣂএࡡ୉ᄎᎅࣚԱ 300 ڍࢬՕᖂٵრ 29 ࢬᆖመਗᙇۖ೶ףኔ᧭ऱխᖂΔ ڇං៺ᖂسழױא܍ೈଥ฾ 14 ଡψ׬փഗ໢ۯωऱ๵ࡳΰCremin, 1961: 253αΖᖂ

ீፖՕᖂᣂএࡡ୉ᄎ੡ᇠႈխᖂᓰ࿓ኔ᧭๻ࡳԱքႈؾᑑΚԫΕᖂ฾ޓ੡ጲᑵΙ ԲΕᖂ฾ޓ౨਍ᥛΙԿΕᤩ࣋ᖂسऱ໌რ౨ԺΙ؄Εኙᅝז֮ࣔऱംᠲڶޓ෎ᄑ

3 ၀ہ঩཮চӜࣁᏢਠᆶεᏢΕᏢᆶύ฻Ꮲਠہ঩཮ȐCommittee on College Entrance and Secondary SchoolsȑȐCremin, 1961: 252ȑǶ

4 1906ԃǴऍ୯ьϣ୷௲Ꮲׯ຾୷ߎ཮ȐCarnegie Foundation for the Advancement of TeachingȑޑЬৢ Henry S. Pritchett ܌ࣚۓǴࡺளӜȐTyack & Cuban, 1995: 91-93ȑǶ

ऱ෻ᇞΙնΕኙଡܑऱᖂس܂ޓڍऱ᎖ᖄΙքΕޓړऱඒᖂᇷᄭࡉڶயऱඒᖂ ΰCremin, 1961: 252αΖང؁ᇩᎅΔ༉ਢݦඨ౨ᨃᖂسឭๅਝڶᖂઝऱૻࠫΔڃូ

ࠩس੒ᆖ᧭ऱഗء૿Δᨃᖂس൷࠹౨ڃᚨࠡᘋᔊࡉᏁޣऱᓰ࿓ፖඒᖂΖΰCremin, 1961: 252; Tyack & Cuban, 1995: 98αΖլመΔᇠࡡ୉ᄎࠀآኙኔ᧭ऱᓰ࿓ቃ٣๻ࡳ

ٚ۶ऱૻࠫΰTanner & Tanner, 1990: 228αΔۖਢආشԱ৵Գࢬᘯऱψீءᓰ࿓࿇

୶ωऱ೚ऄΰlocally initiated curriculum reformαΰKliebard, 1986: 215αΔᨃຍࠄψᇞ

ೈ᷷᠙ऱᖂீωΰunshackled schoolsαࠉࠡष೴ࡉᖂسऱ௽ࢤ୶෼ࠡ௽ۥΖ ኔ᧭հॣΔ๺ڍᖂீຟ኷լထᙰፃΔᇨڕԫۯඒஃࢬڃᖋऱΚψΖԃࣴز΋໒ ۈਔǴךॺӄ೿׬ئΑǶҺՖ٣௃ךॺ೿གྷ჋၂Ǵ೥ளคჇǴ่݀྽ฅᒱᇤԭрǶ ࡕٰǴךॺவ೭٤ᄗ઩ޑ࿶ᡍ྽ύǴ೴ᅌפډΑךॺ܌ाޑܿՋǶωΰCremin, 1961:

253αᙟထኔ᧭ດޡچ୶ၲΔၲࡨ઎ࠩԫࠄ଀ᄅᓰ࿓ኔ᧭ऱګ࣠Κႚอऱᖂઝᖂ฾

ᏺףԱ੒ԺΔඒᖂऱփ୲ፖس੒ᆖ᧭ऱ၏ᠦޓ൷२ԱΙڂ੡ඒஃଚᖂᄎൕᖂسᘋ ᔊࡉᏁޣ๻ૠᖂ฾੒೯Δۖࠌ൓ᖂઝፖᖂઝհၴऱពᄮᜍ՛ԱΙඒஃଚ೶ፖᓰ࿓

ެࡳऱᖲᄎᏺףΔۖ׊ᖂسଚ۞׌ᖂ฾ऱᖲᄎՈᏺףԱΖΰCremin, 1961: 253α

Kliebardΰ1986: 216αਐנΔψԶڣઔߒωᐙ᥼່੡Ն᎛ऱԫႈګ࣠Δ༉ਢ๺

ڍऱᖂீຟၲ๻Աאךኔᖂسس੒੡׌ڱऱψு֨ᓰ࿓ωΖࠏڕΔ৖ཎൈ߬Օᖂऱ ॵ᥆ኔ᧭խᖂܛאष೴س੒Ε೜ൈس੒Ε៭ᄐس੒ࡉٖၵس੒࿛੡ு֨Δิ៣ۖ

ګપ׭ޢֲՂᓰழᑇԿ։հԲऱᓰ࿓Ζկ۵ؑऱ 5 ࢬխᖂٺڶ 1 ଡఄ్א৵ࠐጠ հ੡ψீխீωΰschool within schoolαऱֱڤ೶ፖኔ᧭ΰCuban, 1993: 83αΖຍଡ ኔ᧭ఄ٣ቫᇢאषᄎઔߒࡉ૎֮࿨ٽګऱઌᣂᓰ࿓ΰcorrelated curriculumαၲࡨ ኔ᧭ΰKliebard, 1986: 218αΖ؄ڣհ৵Δດዬ࿇୶ۖګԫ୚אψଡԳس੒Εࡌ໮ऱ षᄎᣂএΕषᄎֆاᣂএΔא֗ᆖᛎᣂএω੡ு֨ऱᓰ࿓ΰKliebard, 1986: 218αΖ

׼؆Δୂ଩ֺࠅՕᖂஃᒤೃॵ᥆ऱ Horace Mann ኔ᧭ᖂீΔঞא֮ࣔዝၞऱٺଡ ၸ੄੡ு֨Δ຃ઠࠡהٺଡᖂઝΰKliebard, 1986: 218αΖ៭ਢհਚΔTyack ፖ Cuban ΰ1995: 99αਐנΔψԶڣઔߒωᓰ࿓ኔ᧭ࠌ൓խᖂऱᓰ࿓ޓႜٻᖂسխ֨Εଡܑ

֏Δڂۖ੡ᅝழऱભഏඒߛ൅ࠐԫ྾ᄅऱ௛ွΖ

ط॒ףୂՕᖂ Ralph W. Tyler Ꮖ૨ऱᓰ࿓ေᦸቸၷΔא 1,475 ۯࠐ۞ 29 ࢬኔ

᧭խᖂฅᄐسΔࡉ 1,475 ۯࠐ۞ࠡהխᖂऱฅᄐسΔڇՕᖂऱ।෼ၞ۩಻ኙऱֺ

ለઔߒΖຍࠄ࠹ᇢऱՕᖂسΔؘႊڇࢤܑΕڣ᤿ΕጟගΕᖂ๬ࢤٻྒྷ᧭൓։Ε୮ அፖᔣߺष೴હནΕ៭ᄐࡉᄐᕉՠ܂ऱᘋᔊ࿛ٺֱ૿Δຟ૞ᕣၦऱᔞ಻Ζေᦸऱ

࿨࣠᧩قΔฅᄐ࣍ኔ᧭խᖂऱՕᖂسΚԫΕᖂᄐ᜔ګᜎ࿑೏ΙԲΕଥฅዊᥩᓰ࿓

ऱᑇؾለڍΙԿΕޣव඿ۿ׏ለൎΙ؄Ε৸ەۿ׏ለጲയΕߓอۖড়ᨠΙնΕۿ

׏ኙඒߛრᆠለ෎ᄑΙքΕᔡሖᄅൣቼழ֘ᚨለᖲඕΙԮΕ૿ኙᔞᚨऱംᠲለ౨ ڶய๠෻ΙԶΕ೶ፖለڍऱᖂسቸ᧯੒೯Ι԰Εᛧ൓ለڍॺᖂ๬ऱዊᥩΙԼΕኙ

࣍سෑऱހᖗለڶֱٻΙԼԫΕኙഏ୮ࡉषᄎࠃ೭ለ੡ᣂ֨ΰCremin, 1961:

255-256αΖ

׌ᙄ໢ۯၞޡ׌ᆠඒߛᖂᄎኙ࣍ຍᑌऱኔ᧭࿨࣠ΔᅝྥਢઌᅝየრΰKliebard,

1986: 222αΖ֠ࠡΔኔ᧭࿨࣠ᢞኔΔኔ᧭խᖂฅᄐऱᖂسၞԵՕᖂא৵ऱ।෼Δլ

ԫࡳֺԫ౳א֒ᖂ੡ؾऱհխᖂऱฅᄐᖂس੡஁Ζຍᑌऱګ࣠ᨃᅝழऱၞޡ׌ᆠ ඒߛᖂᄎ׌ஂ Frederick L. Redefer Լ։൓რऱᎅΚψவԜǴ೯۳εᏢԋфϐߐǴό ӆѝԖൂ΋ၰၡωΰ֧۞ Tyack & Cuban, 1995: 99αΖ

߷ᏖΔૉਊᅃຍᑌऱ࿨࣠ࠐංᓵΔ٤ભऱխᖂᚨᇠױא࣋֨چނႚอψ։ઝ

ܑؾωऱ৬ࠫ࣋ඵൾΔۖޏאس੒ᆖ᧭੡ு֨ऱᓰ࿓ᒳࠫΰTyack & Cuban, 1995:

99αΖང؁ᇩᎅΔຍᑌऱኔ᧭ᚨᇠ౨ऴ൷ංᐖࠩ٤ભٺچΖ܀ਢΔຍᑌऱऴ൷ංᓵ ࠀآګمΖࠉᖕ Tyack ፖ Cubanΰ1995αऱᇞᤩΔຍ 29 ࢬኔ᧭խᖂਢൕ 200 ڍࢬ

໴ټ೶ףऱխᖂհխਗᙇנࠐऱΔ଺ء༉ਢᙄᖂለࠋΕತ೭णउለړΕඒஃᎁٵ ޏ଀ऱ࿓৫ֺለ೏Δۖ׊Δຍࠄᖂீڍתࠐ۞ለࠋऱष೴Δڂڼࢬࢵگऱᖂس࿓

৫ՈֺለړΖ׼؆Δၞޡ׌ᆠඒߛᖂᄎऱ֭਍Εഗ८ᄎऱᆖ၄ᢥܗΕ᥽ംࡉေᦸ Գ୉ΕለڍऱඒஃၞଥᖲᄎΕཔ೗ऱᓰ࿓ૠ྽ՠ܂ܽΔԯ۟ڂ੡ຍႈኔ᧭ᜢټՕ ᕳۖᛧ൓ऱറᄐवټ৫ࡉ౨ߠ৫࿛Δຟਢԫ౳ᖂீլױ౨ࠆڶऱᇷขΔՈਢٵԫ ழཚࠡהᓰ࿓ޏ଀ᣄאֺᚵऱΰTyack & Cuban, 1995: 100αΖ

ψԶڣઔߒωᓰ࿓ኔ᧭ऱ਍ᥛࢤڕ۶ࡋΛ1950 ڣΔRedefer ࡉࠡה 29 ۯኔ᧭

ૠ྽೶ፖृΔץਔ 15 ࢬኔ᧭ᖂீऱז।Δམᆖᜰ۩ԱԫڻᛀಘᄎΔಾኙ 1941 ڣ ኔ᧭࿨ޔऱ৵ᥛൣउΔ܂Աԫ྾ေ۷Ζ௅ᖕຍڻᛀಘᄎऱધᙕΔTyack ፖ Cuban ΰ1995: 100αՀԱ࿨ᓵΚ࿪Օڍᑇኔ᧭ᖂீԾڃࠩࠩ଺រΔᅝྥՈڶ֟ᑇऱฉᇾ ఎژՀࠐΖࠏڕΔ׽ໍՀԫࢬᖂீսྥ਍ᥛ࿇୶ு֨ᓰ࿓Δ׬փഗ໢ۯऱଥᓰ૞

ޣ਀༚ԱΔᖂઝ৬ࠫԾૹᄅ൳ࠫԱᓰ࿓ऱኔਜΔᖂسԾၲࡨૹီ֒ՕᖂऱᖂઝΔ

ۖक़၄ለ֟ऱழၴڇᢌ๬ࡉᓰ؆੒೯࿛ᓰ࿓Ζڶԫۯፖᄎृऱ࿇ߢᚨᇠ౨ז।Օ ୮ऱ֨ᜢΚψԶڣઔߒࢬ൅ࠐऱᤵ೯բᆖؓஒΔ෼ڇݺଚԾڃࠩԱԫࠄഗءᖂઝऱ ᖂ฾ωΰ֧۞ Tyack & Cuban, 1995Κ100αΖ

׼ԫଡଖ൓ݺଚࣹრऱࠃኔਢΔԶڣઔߒᓰ࿓ኔ᧭ऱګ࣠լױᘯլګפΔ܀

ਢΔኔ᧭ګ࣠࿇।հ৵ࠀآ࠹ࠩषᄎՕฒऱࣹრΔ৵ࠐՈآขسչᏖऴ൷ऱᐙ᥼Δ

ۖ׊ڶດዬᔭᜢೳᇾऱ෼ွΰCremin, 1961: 253; Kliebard, 1986: 222αΖऴ൷ऱ଺ڂ հԫΔਢᅝழإଖભഏรԲڻ׈੺ՕᖏΔᙟ৵ۖࠐऱܐᖏழזΔࠌঅښ׌ᆠࡉ৖

ᦞ׌ᆠऱ৸ᑪૹᄅ࠹ࠩૹီΔٚ۶ፖψᄅඒߛωࢨਢψၞޡඒߛωऱࡅᩃຟ࠹ࠩ

ඈ؞Ζ1940 ڣזඡཚΔຽ׬ᙔ׌ᆠஎ٥৸ᑪᐙ᥼Հऱඒઝ஼ᐉ਷ࠫ৫Δࠌඒஃլ ᣋრ۞۩ᒳᐊඒޗΔঞਢு֨ᓰ࿓ດዬ௣؈ऱ׌ڂհԫΖ1950 ڣזΔᖂઝवᢝխ

֨ऱᓰ࿓৸ᑪࣉᙰΔૹီઝᎾᖞٽऱு֨ᓰ࿓ᅝྥլ࠹ᦟ०ΰTanner & Tanner, 1990: 234αΖ

Ёăᄂ៉࠷۞Ϡ߿͕̚ኝ඀၁រ

אભഏ੡࿇ᄭچऱس੒խ֨ᓰ࿓ኔ᧭Δڇፕ᨜چ೴Ոམᆖၞ۩መԲڻΖࠡԫ

੡ 1953-1963 ڣΔڇፕ᨜ઊمګפխᖂॣխຝࢬၞ۩ऱΔࠡԲঞ੡ 1973-1979 ڣΔ ڇ೏ႂؑऱնጝഏاխᖂࢬၞ۩ऱΖຍԲڻኔ᧭ऱټጠຟਢψس੒խ֨ඒߛኔ

᧭ωΖլመΔࠉᖕรԫڻኔ᧭ऱං֫ާٍੴΰ1979αࢬᎅΚψғࢲύЈ௲ػჹܭ௲ ػׯॠനεޑଅ᝘ӧፐำᆶ௲ᏢΖωΰ଄ 28αࢬאΔૉऴ൷ጠհ੡س੒խ֨ᓰ࿓

ኔ᧭Δٍլ੡መΖ௅ᖕ֮᣸ᇷறऱಖሉ֗܂ृऱኔᎾᆖ᧭Δᒔव᜹٠లٍ੡ຍԲ ڻኔ᧭ऱᣂ᝶Գढ⁵ΖឈྥຍԲڻኔ᧭ऱൣउࢨڂழ़ංฝۖڶࢬլٵΔ܀ਢΔࠡ

ഗءጲళঞ੡ԫીΔࢬאΔءᆏऱඖ૪אรԫڻऱኔ᧭੡׌ΔۖאรԲڻኔ᧭੡

5 բޣමܭ 1985 ԃঋҺύ୯௲ػᏢ཮ઝਜಔಔߏǴ٠ӧ၀Ꮲ཮ബᒤޑȠ៕ᖂԖᖂᚇ ᇞޗȡঋҺጓᒠǶ྽ਔǴᖙӀ઒ࣁ౛٣ঋҺޗߏǶځ໔բޣ٠ڐշᖙӃғጓᒠȠΐ ԃ୯҇௲ػჴࡼΒΜຼԃइۺЎ໣ȡȐύ୯௲ػᏢ཮Ǵ1988ȑǶ

᎖Ζ

ާٍੴ࣍ 1936 ڣڇભഏୂ଩ֺࠅՕᖂஃᒤᖂೃ࠷൓ඒߛ໑ՓΔ࠹ Dewey ࡉ

Kilpatrick ࿛ඒ඄଀ᄅඒߛ෻࢚հᐙ᥼ΰާٍੴΔ1986Κ98-106αΖ׼؆Δהٍಧ

ນฐᄎΔڶᖲᄎፖፊאኔ᧭ᖂீထጠऱԲࢬୂՕஃೃॵ᥆ᖂீ೷஑ᖂீΰHorace

Mann Schoolα्֗ࣥᖂீΰLincoln Schoolαऱሎ܂ൣउΖᅝழΔຍԲࢬᖂீڇୂ

Օஃೃᝑ඄อᖞᓰ࿓ऱ Thomas L. Hopkins ඒ඄ਐᖄհՀΔإڇ೶ףψԶڣઔߒω ऱᓰ࿓ኔ᧭Ζ

ާٍੴ۞ભᖂګڃഏ৵ΔڇٺՕᖂٚඒΖਙࢌᔢፕ৵Δམ٣৵࣍ፕ᨜Օᖂዄ ፕ᨜ஃՕছߪऱઊمஃᒤᖂೃࣚ೭Ζ1952 ڣΔ࿓֚࣋ٚඒߛຝຝ९Δᝮᓮާٍੴ ᖜٚཏຏඒߛ׹׹९Δ׌਍٤ഏऱॣ࿛֗խ࿛ඒߛΖާٍੴ௽ܑૹီඒߛኔ᧭ՠ

܂Δམਐࡳፕ᨜ஃᒤᖂೃॵ᥆խᖂΔൕࠃ؄Բࠫऱᖂࠫኔ᧭Ιᄅ๗խᖂൕࠃ؄ڣ

ࠫխᖂኔ᧭Ζާٍੴ֠ࠡૹီॣխၸ੄ᓰ࿓ΕඒޗΕඒऄऱኔ᧭Δམڍڻࠩ᜹٠ లࣚ೭ऱګפխᖂࠐቔᚐᇠீٵոൕࠃس੒խ֨ऱᓰ࿓ኔ᧭Δ៶ኙॣխඒߛڶၞ

ԫޡऱޏ଀⁶Ζᅝழګפխᖂீ९ᑰ஡෺ՈՕԺ֭਍Δ࣍ਢާΕ᜹ԲԳထ֫౻ᚵψس

੒խ֨ඒߛኔ᧭ૠ྽౻ூω⁷Δࠀ׊ิګኔ᧭ቸၷΔᗨᄕᤂ๻ψس੒խ֨ඒߛኔ᧭

ఄωΰᑰ஡෺Δ1960αΖ

ᅝழΔඒߛՂ່ՕऱኤఐհԫΔ༉ਢඒߛፖس੒ๅᆏΚխ՛ᖂඒߛፖس੒ๅ ᆏঁขسԱ֒ᖂ׌ᆠΔՕᖂඒߛፖس੒ๅᆏঁขسԱࡰم׌ᆠΔॣխၸ੄ऱඒߛ ڂ࠹֒ᖂ׌ᆠऱᐙ᥼Δ׽ૹီ։ᑇΔೣૹฤᇆᖂ฾ΔሿᅷवᢝऱᥒᙁΔፖ஼ءՂ ڽऱवᢝհಖᖋΖ࣍ਢΔኔ᧭ቸၷಾኙຍԫ౒؈Δ࿜ቤנس੒խ֨ᓰ࿓ኔ᧭ऱ؄

ଡ௽រΚԫΕࣹૹس੒ऱᔞᚨΔאᛶإೣૹ։ᑇፖ֒ᖂᄷໂΙԲΕࣹૹኔشऱव ᢝΔאᛶإೣૹ஼ءڽऱवᢝհಖᖋΙԿΕࣹૹط೚խᖂΔאᛶإೣૹൕฤᇆխ ᖂ฾Ι؄Εࣹૹᆖ᧭ऱݙᖞΔאᛶإೣૹሿᅷवᢝऱᥒᙁΰާٍੴΔ1979Κ28Ι

᜹٠లΔ2000Κ111αΖ

6 ᖙӀ઒྽ਔᏼҺᆵ᡼࣪ҥᆵчԋфύᏢޑ௲୍ЬҺǴ1956 ԃௗҺਠߏǶ

7 ҅Ԅޑीฝࢂӧ 1953 ԃ 10ǵ12 ДǴϩձҗ௲ػ೽ک௲ػ᡺ਡూǴـᆵ᡼࣪ҥᆵч ԋфύᏢጓȐ1960Ǻ1-4ȑǶ

ംᠲބנࠐԱΔޏ଀ऱֱٻՈࡳԱΔ܀ڕ۶թ౨ലᓰ࿓ΕඒޗΕඒऄኧࢍऱ ଥޏΔאሒګਝࡳऱؾᑑࡋΛኔ᧭ቸၷ೶ەᖂ෻Δڇᓰ࿓ᒳֱࠫ૿Δආشอᖞᓰ

࿓֗ு֨ᓰ࿓ᒳࠫ଺ঞΔലॣխ෼ڶऱԼ؄॰ઝؾΔូࠓګ੡षᄎᖂઝΰץਔֆ اΕᖵ׾Εچ෻αΕ۞ྥᖂઝΰץਔ໑ढΕ֏ᖂΕढ෻αΕ፿֮ᖂઝΰץਔഏ֮Ε

૎፿αΕᑇᖂᖂઝΰץਔጩᑇΕזᑇΕ༓۶ΕԿߡαΕൈᑗᖂઝΰץਔ᧯ߛΕଃᑗΕ ભ๬αΕݾ౨ᖂઝΰץਔՠᢌΕ୮ࠃα࿛քՕᒤᡱΖ੡ԱࠌքՕᣊᓰ࿓౨ขسอᖞ ऱפ౨Δኔ᧭ቸၷᙇᖗԱषᄎᖂઝ੡ு֨ΔۖԾ௅ᖕط२֗᎛Εط՛ࠩՕऱ଺ঞΔ

֗խഏᇨრΕإ֨ΕଥߪΕᏘ୮ΕएഏΕ֚ؓՀऱ֮֏ႚอΔലषᄎᖂઝ։ګᖂ

ீΕ୮அΕषᄎΕഏ୮֗׈੺նՕ໢ցΖೈഏ୮Օ໢ցڂփ୲ለڍΔ։ڇࠟଡᖂ ཚඒᖂհ؆ΔࠡהٺՕ໢ցΔ։಻ڇԫଡᖂཚඒᖂΖு֨ऱषᄎᖂઝٺՕ໢ցᒔ

ࡳא৵Δࠡהٺᣊᖂઝጐױ౨ऱ๻ऄፖषᄎᖂઝٺՕ໢ց಻ٽΔ܀אլ֜ᐙ᥼ٺ ᣊઝ଺ڶᖂ฾᧯ߓ੡଺ঞΖࠏڕΔڂ੡ᑇᖂઝڶࠡᣤ᠃ऱ᧤ᙀ᧯ߓΔࢬאڇၞ۩

Օ໢ցऱ๻ૠழΔ׽ޣࠡڇᚨشᠲऱඒᖂՂ಻ٽܛױΰ๺ཕ೛Δ1960Κ164-170Ι

᜹٠లΔ1960aΚ39-40Ι᜹٠లΔ2000Κ111-112αΖ

ڇඒᖂऱ଺ঞֱ૿Δኔ᧭ቸၷ࿇෼መװऱඒᖂڶඒஃءۯΕඒޗءۯ֗वᢝ ءۯ࿛౒រΔ࣍ਢެࡳΚԫΕ༼ଠஃس٥ٵ೶ፖΔאᛶإඒஃءۯऱ౒រΙԲΕ

ࣹრᖂسऱᖂ฾ᘋᔊፖ౨ԺΔאᛶإඒޗءۯऱ౒រΙԿΕࣹૹᖂسس੒ᆖ᧭ऱ ךኔፖޏທΔאᛶإवᢝءۯऱ౒រΰ᜹٠లΔ1960aΚ40-41αΖඒޗඒऄऱ଺ঞ ਝࡳΔڕ۶װࠠ᧯ኔਜΔթ౨ڇඒᖂመ࿓խނছ૪ऱ଺ঞሎشࠩٺᖂઝᇙװΔۖ

ٺᖂઝথս౨অڶࠡࡐڶऱ௽ࢤΛຍኔڇਢኔ᧭ቸၷऱԫଡՕᣄᠲΖ༓ᆖઔಘΔ

່৵ެࡳΔس੒խ֨ᓰ࿓ኔ᧭ऱඒᖂֱऄอጠհ੡ψՕ໢ցᜤ࿮ඒᖂऄωΰ๺ཕ

೛Δ1960Κ164-170Ι᜹٠లΔ1960aΚ40Ι᜹٠లΔ2000Κ113αΖ

ࢬᘯՕ໢ցਐऱਢᖂீΕ୮அΕषᄎΕഏ୮Ε׈੺նՕ໢ցΔᜤ࿮ඒᖂਢਐ ٺᖂઝऱඒᖂփ୲Εመ࿓Εፖֱऄጐױ౨ऱፖு֨ᓰ࿓षᄎᖂઝնՕ໢ց಻

ٽΙۖٺᖂઝսྥආشࠡ௽ڶऱඒᖂֱڤΔࠏڕഏ፿ઝא۞ᖂ᎖ᖄ੡׌Δ૎፿ઝ אऴ൷ऄ੡׌Δᑇᖂઝאᒭ฾ऄ੡׌Δ۞ྥઝאኔ᧭ऄ੡׌Δषᄎઝאषᄎ֏ඒ ᖂऄ੡׌Δᢌ౨ઝאࣲᓾऄፖ࿇।ऄࠀૹ੡׌ΞΞΖኔ᧭ቸၷڇඒᖂመ࿓խΔ௽

ܑૹီᖂسᆖ᧭ऱኔشࢤፖอᖞࢤΔലٺઝऱඒᖂፖᖂسֲൄس੒ᆖ᧭യ֊ऱ಻

ٽದࠐΔނᖂس઎೚ԫଡݙᖞऱԳࠐඒߛΔլڂᖂઝ։ᣊඒᖂ໊ۖါᖂسԳ௑ऱ ݙᖞࢤΰ๺ཕ೛Δ1960Κ164Ι᜹٠లΔ1960aΚ40Ι᜹٠లΔ2000Κ113αΖ

ګפխᖂऱس੒խ֨ᓰኔ᧭Δൕ 1953 ڣટၲࡨΔڇॣխᄅԵᖂऱᖂسխΔᐛ ޣ୮९֗ᖂسऱრᣋΔ༉ڶრ೶ףृխΔ٣ᙇᖗཕ೸ڇխ࿛אՂऱᖂسԫఄ܂੡

ኔ᧭ఄΔ׼ڇཏຏఄխՈᙇᖗཕ೸ઌ࿛ृ܂੡ֺለิΔൕรԲڣದኔ᧭ิޢڣ్

ᏺף੡ࠟఄΔڼԫኔ᧭ऴ۟ 1964 ڣڂፕ᨜ઊඒߛᨚച۩ψઊᙄ೏խΕᗼؑᙄॣխω ऱਙ࿜Δګפխᖂ٦ྤॣխᖂسࠐᄭۖܫ࿨ޔΔኔ᧭ՠ܂਍ᥛԼԫڣհՆΰ᜹٠ లΔ2000Κ113αΖ

ᇠႈኔ᧭ऱ࿨࣠ڕ۶ࡋΛ௅ᖕኔ᧭ิᖂسፖኙᅃิᖂسऱཕΕᐚΕ᧯ΕᆢΕ ભնߛګᜎ܂ေၦֺለΔࠀאൣቼ๻ૠᨠኘᖂس۩੡֘ᚨ࿛ֱऄΔኙࠟิᖂس܂

ড়ᨠေֺΔ࿨࣠ᢞࣔڇᖂઝګᜎֱ૿Δࠟิᖂسࠀྤ᧩ထ஁ฆΖ܀ڇᛩቼᔞᚨ౨ Ժ֗Ꮖᖄթ౨ֱ૿Δኔ᧭ิऱᖂسཏሙ೏࣍ኙᅃิऱᖂسΖऴ۟ࠟิᖂس֒Ե೏

խא৵Δኔ᧭ቸၷམᆖᤉᥛ܂መಳ᠋ֺለΔࠡ࿨࣠ፖॣխฅᄐழေ۷ऱ࿨࣠Օી

஁լڍΔۖኔ᧭ิᖂسڇ೏խၸ੄ᖜٚఄ్იຝ֗षቸ੒೯׌਍Գऱ௽ܑڍΰ᜹

٠లΔ1960bΔ1963Κ51Δ2000Κ113-114ΙᏥܩᐝΔ1963αΖ

طԿۯམᆖ೶ፖኔ᧭ఄऱฅᄐᖂسࢬ࿇।ऱტუΔՈױא઎נᖂسᒔኔ౨ނ

༽ψൕس੒խᖂࠐΔشࠩس੒խ֨װωऱጲళΔࠀ׊्ࡳኔ᧭ఄ൅࿯ᖂسऱإ૿

ய࣠ΰፕ᨜ઊمፕקګפխᖂΔ1963Κ129-136αΖԾΔᖕ᜹٠లΰ2000αऱڃᖋ ਐנΚψ೭໨௲ػჴᡍπբۙࡰᆉٰςࢂΟѤΜԃ߻ޑ٣ΑǴ྽ԃჴᡍ੤ޑᏢғς

ࢂѤǵϖΜྃޑύԃΓǴдॺ؂ԃ೿ᗋԖ΋ٿԛᆫ཮ǴдॺςࢂϞВᆵ᡼ࡹݯǵ ՉࡹǵҾ཰ǵᏢೌǵ҇ж฻ӚࣚޕӜޑሦᏤΓނǴঁΓӣᏫၸѐ΋ғύനॶளइ ۺǴᕇ੻നӭޑǴ೿܍ᇡࢂԋфύᏢჴᡍ੤ௗڙ௲ػޑਔংωΰ଄ 114αΖ

۟࣍ຍႈኔ᧭ኙֲ৵ፕ᨜ऱඒߛΔ௽ܑਢڇᓰ࿓࿇୶ڶڕ۶ऱᐙ᥼ࡋΛݺଚ Ոױא᜹٠లΰ2000αऱေᓵᎅࣔհΚψ೭໨ࣁਔΜ΋ԃޑፐำ௲׷௲ݤჴᡍǴᗨ ฅ҂ૈӄዬ೏ࡹ۬ௗڙԶӄय़௢ቶǴՠӧᐕԛύᏢፐำ኱ྗঅुਔǴך೿ᏼҺፐ ำ኱ྗঅुہ঩Ǵୖᆶځ٣Ǵ؂ԛ߃ύፐำ኱ྗঅ҅܈ӭ܈Ͽ௦ҔΑғࢲύЈ௲ ػჴᡍޑᆒઓǴٯӵፐำᙁϯǵ௲׷ғࢲϯǵख़ຎᏢғ࿶ᡍޑ಍᏾฻Ǵӧፐำ኱

ྗޑᕴᆜύ೿уаமፓǶന߈ᆵ᡼௲ׯޑڥᖂࣗଯǴдॺा؃ख़ᗺϐ΋ǴΨ൩ࢂ

уமғࢲ௲ػǴ྽ԃғࢲύЈ௲ػჴᡍޑ࿶ᡍǴჴڀԖଯࡋޑୖԵሽॶωΰ଄

114-115αΖ

1968ڣΔݺഏၲࡨኔਜ԰ڣഏاඒߛऱࠫ৫Δ1972 ڣඒߛຝᝮႃറ୮ᖂृΔ ᛀಘኔਜԿڣ৵ऱഏاխᖂᓰ࿓Δፖᄎඒߛᖂृ৬ᤜඒߛຝᚨ೶ᅃګפխᖂऱس

੒խ֨ඒߛኔ᧭ऱᆖ᧭Δਐࡳᖂீၞ۩ഏاխᖂᓰ࿓ऱኔ᧭Δא੡ࠡ৵ᓰ࿓ଥૡ ऱ೶ەΖ࣍ګפխᖂኔ᧭ழཚᖜٚઔߒຝ׌ٚऱ๺ཕ೛ழٚፕ᨜ઊඒߛᨚ९Δኙ

࣍ਢႈኔ᧭۞ਢԼ։֭਍Δԯ࣍ 1973 ڣ 2 ִڇ᜹٠లᖜٚೃ९ऱઊم೏ႂஃᒤᖂ

ೃᜰ۩ஆᓫΔެࡳ࣍ 6 ִၲࡨڇ೏ႂؑၞ۩รԫၸ੄ऱኔ᧭ΔࠀቃࡳรԲၸ੄ឩ

֗೏ৠچ೴ΔรԿၸ੄٦ឩ֗٤ઊΔ׊ਐࡳ೏ႂஃᒤᖂೃ૤๻ૠ᎖ᖄհຂΔطն ጝഏاխᖂᙇ࠷ 2 ଡఄ్ၲࡨኔ᧭ΰ᜹٠లΔ1974Κ127-128αΖ

طᅝழᖜٚնጝഏاխᖂீ९႓ݕ③ΰ1974αऱኔ᧭ᄗउ໴ܫΕፕ᨜ઊਙࢌ

ඒߛᨚΰ1976αݙګऱኔ᧭ေᦸ໴ܫΔ֗׆ߐੳΰ1996αಾኙᅝழ೶ፖኔ᧭ऱԫ ۯඒஃऱڃᖋ࿛ᇷறጵٽઔܒΔᇠႈኔ᧭ऱ௽ۥፖګפխᖂऱس੒խ֨ᓰ࿓ኔ᧭

ઌٵΔઃਢאषᄎઝ੡ு֨Δല෼ڶᑇၦ᜗ڍ׊։ࣴऱઝؾףאอᖞΔאՕ໢ց ऱᜤ࿮ඒᖂΔאᖂس੡׌᧯Δၞ۩س੒֏ऱᖂ฾Ζኔ᧭ऱ࿨࣠ΔྤᓵڇཕΕᐚΕ

᧯ΕᆢΕભնߛઃڶለࠋऱ।෼Δ௽ܑਢڇᖂسᗨᄕ೶ፖᖂ฾੒೯ऱֱڤΔᏺൎ ᖂس৸ەፖ࿇।ऱ౨ԺΔ༼೏ᖂ฾ᘋᔊΔࠀ׊ᕆګ۞೯ᖂ฾ऱ฾ክ࿛ֱ૿ऱய࣠Δ

ઃፖګפխᖂऱኔ᧭࿨࣠ઌ२ΖྥۖΔ1979 ڣط࣍೏ႂؑޏࠫ੡ೃᝤؑΔፕ᨜ઊ ਙࢌඒߛᨚ९࣐ԳΔᆖ၄ྤထᆵۖೖַΖۖቃࡳ࣍รԲၸ੄ឩ֗೏ৠچ೴ΔรԿ ၸ੄٦ឩ֗٤ઊऱૠ྽Δ઼ٍڽᆮխΔ۟੡ױ൦Ζ

ౙăࢭາኝ඀၁រᙱј۞ࣧЯ

ൕء֮รԲ۟նᆏऱ༴૪Δݺଚ࿇෼Աԫႈૹ૞ऱࠃኔΚຍࠄ଀ᄅᓰ࿓ኔ᧭

ڇਝࡳऱழ़ᒤ໮հփΔઃױᘯઌᅝګפΖ༉ழၴۖߢΔ،ଚڍ౨ᓉ੡ԫழଅᑪΔ

࠹ࠩڍֱ᧷ؾΖᆖመေᦸΔՈຟ౨ሒګቃཚऱګ࣠Ζ܀ਢԫ؟৙ؒ࿨ޔΔլᓵࠡ

੡ቃࡳཚૻࡻየΔࢨਢڂਚ๯૰ೖַΔኔ᧭ܛᣄ਍ᥛΖ༉़ၴۖߢΔڇਝࡳऱኔ

᧭ᖂீࢨኔ᧭ఄ్փΔڍת౨ਊᅃ଺ࡳૠ྽ၞ۩Δ܀ਢΔᠦၲԱছ૪ભഏࡉፕ᨜

ऱૉեچ೴ܛᣄאឩՕᐙ᥼Ζང؁ᇩᎅΔຍࠄኔ᧭ڍתլ୲࣐ංᐖࠩࠡהऱᖂீ

װΖطڼױवΔ଀ᄅᓰ࿓ऱኔ᧭ኔڇਢψլ࣐ݙ٤ګפωՈΔٍܛء֮֮ᠲࢬᎅ ऱψᣄګωΖ

լመΔൕ׼ԫଡߡ৫ࠐ઎Δࢬᘯψ଀ᄅᓰ࿓ኔ᧭ᣄګωΔᝫڶԫᐋᗨᄕऱრᆠΔ ܛਢ଀ᄅᓰ࿓ኔ᧭սڶຝ։ګפऱױ౨ࢤΖࠃኔՂΔ༉ਢڂ੡ڶຍጟױ౨ࢤΔթ ࠌ൓ԫࠄඒߛԳՓ᜔ਢլឰچڇං೯ထᣊۿऱᓰ࿓ኔ᧭ΖءᆏܛڇᇢൕຍԲଡߡ ৫ࠐ൶ಘΚ੡չᏖ଀ᄅᓰ࿓ኔ᧭ᣄګΛԾΔڇຍᑌऱൣउհՀΔ੡չᏖսྥڶԳ լឰچ૞ඔ೯଀ᄅᓰ࿓ऱኔ᧭Ζ܂ृᇢထൕ׌ࠃृऱฆ೯ፖ֨ቧ෼ွΕषᄎՕฒ ኙඒߛऱࡳߠΕᖂீऱิ៣௽ࢤ࿛Կଡֱ૿ףא։࣫ΖছԲរೣૹรԫଡߡ৫Δ รԿរঞೣૹรԲଡߡ৫Ζ

ʙă̺ձڱڟ୴੝Ⴤ̖࿕୪ණ!

༉׌ࠃृءߪۖߢΔױ։੡Բଡᐋڻ։࣫ΚԫਢଠᖄृΔԲਢച۩ृΖଠᖄ

ृऱഒ਍֗ച۩ृऱ಻ٽΔਢ଀ᄅᓰ࿓ኔ᧭౨਍ᥛၞ۩ऱૹ૞ڂైΖۖଠᖄृऱ ฆ೯ࢬທګψԳװਙஒωऱ෼ኔΔא֗ച۩ृΔ௽ܑਢඒஃଚΔڂ੡೶ፖኔ᧭ऱ ᚘԺ֜Օۖທګऱψ֨ቧ෼ွωΰburnoutαΔথ࢓࢓ਢ଀ᄅᓰ࿓ኔ᧭ྤऄᆵኔऱ׌

ڂΰTyack & Tobin, 1994: 478αΖ

ଈ٣઎ଠᖄृऱฆ೯Ζڕছ֮ࢬ૪ΔDewey ࣍ 1894 ڣ࠹ᆤ੡॒ףୂՕᖂୃ

ᖂΕ֨෻ᖂፖඒߛᖂߓ׌ٚհ৵Δ੡᧭ᢞࠡඒߛ෻ᓵΔԯ࣍ 1896 ڣ໌๻ኔ᧭ᖂீΖ Զڣհ৵ΔDewey ڂፖ॒Օீ९ William Rainey Harper ऱ෻࢚լٽۖᠦၲ॒ՕΖ ຍࢬᖂீឈսᤉᥛፂ਍ᛜሎԱԫ੄ழၴΔ܀ਢբᆖດዬໜ؈Ա Dewey ࢬᓿղऱᓰ

࿓௽ۥΰKleibard, 1986: 85αΖ

෡࠹ Dewey ࡉ Kilpatrick ࿛ඒ඄ႚᐾऱ଀ᄅඒߛ෻࢚հᐙ᥼ऱާٍੴΔፖፕ

᨜ઊං೯ऱԲڻس੒խ֨ᓰ࿓ኔ᧭ઃڶᣂᜤΖ1953-1964 ڣऱรԫڻኔ᧭Δਢطާ

ٍੴאඒߛຝཏຏඒߛ׹׹९ߪ։׌ႝΔᝮᓮᖜٚګפխᖂඒ೭׌ٚऱ᜹٠ల಻

ٽං೯ऱΖ৵ࠐΔ1973-1979 ڣऱรԲڻኔ᧭Δঞطᖜٚ೏ႂஃᒤᖂೃೃ९ऱ᜹٠ ల׌ႝΔ൓ࠩམᆖڇګפխᖂኔ᧭ழཚᖜٚઔߒຝ׌ٚΔۖᅝழᖜٚፕ᨜ઊඒߛ

ᨚ९ऱऱ๺ཕ೛հՕԺ֭਍Ζնጝഏاխᖂீ९ऱ႓ݕ③ΰ1974: 133αਐנΔާ

ٍੴམ࣍ኔ᧭ཚၴറ࿓ছࠐਐᖄኔ᧭ఄऱං೯ՠ܂Δ೶ףඒஃઔߒᄎΔࠀ೶ፖᖂ س੒೯ΖڕվΔާٍੴ᢯׈ڍڣΔ᜹٠లٍڂڣᝬۖྤऄ٦൅೯ᣊۿऱኔ᧭ՠ܂Ζ طڼױߠΔଠᖄृऱฆ೯ᒔኔ੡଀ᄅᓰ࿓ኔ᧭ᣄګऱૹ૞ڂైΖ

ࠡڻΔ઎ඒஃڂ֨ཕ૤ᖜާૹۖขسऱ֨ቧ෼ွΖ

௅ᖕ Tanner ፖ Tannerΰ1990: 131αऱᎅऄΔޙ৖ᙄ෻ኔ᧭ᖂீऱॣཚΔ૞ޣ ޢԫۯඒஃຟႊٚඒ٤ຝऱᖂઝΔאঁᨃඒஃࡉᖂسڶޓڍઌ๠ऱழၴΔࠀ׊ኧ

ࢍؚధႚอऱ։ઝࠫ৫Ζ܀ਢΔ৵ࠐඒஃኚڻٻޙ৖֘ᚨהଚ૤ᖜ֜መާૹΔ່

৵ޙ৖׽ړ࣋ඵԱ଺რΔۖޏאԫ୚ᆖመଥإԱऱ։ઝࠫ৫࠷ۖזհΖ׼؆Δޙ

৖Ոኚڻ૞ޣඒஃଚ૞๻ऄലᖂسऱᆖ᧭ףאᖞٽΔאঁᏺၞࠡ෻ᇞᖂઝवᢝऱ ౨ԺΖ܀ਢΔຍԫႈ૞ޣΔۿ׏ࠀآሒࠩ෻უΖCreminΰ1961: 138αऱᇞᤩਢຍ ᑌऱΚૉ૞ޣඒஃ౨೚ࠩຍԫរΔඒஃଚਝႊኙ࣍ᖂઝवᢝڶຘኧऱ෻ᇞΔٍႊ

ኙ࣍ᖂسऱԫ౳ᆖ᧭ڶךٝऱᎁᢝΔۖຍᑌऱ૞ޣᄎࠌ൓ඒஃऱඒᖂ૤ᖜࡉᚘԺ ᏺףΖૉਢڂڼۖขس֨ቧ෼ွΔඒஃױ౨ᄎဠፖࡡ๢Δᙟრאԫࠄ੒೯࠷זႚ

อऱᓰ࿓Ζ࿨࣠Δլ܀ྤऄᖿ࿇ᖂسऱ֨ཕګ९Δ੷۟ᄎທګ֘ඒߛऱ৵࣠Ζ ԾΔ܂ृᛀီᅝڣ೶ፖፕ᨜ઊګפխᖂس੒խ֨ᓰ࿓ኔ᧭ऱඒஃΔڇኔ᧭የ Կڣழࢬݙګऱٺઝඒᖂ໴ܫΔ࿨࣠࿇෼ڍۯඒஃऱ֘ᚨΔຟਢ૤ᖜ֜ૹΖࠏڕ षᄎઝඒஃ֘ᚨΚψΟԃٰ܌གڙډޑ֚ᜤǴΏጓᒠ௲׷ॄᏼϼख़ǶωΰᏥܩᐝΕ

๺ཕ೛Εࡌᤉ֮Δ1960Κ190αΙഏ֮ඒஃ֘ᚨΚψ޸Αу७ޑᆒઓਔ໔Ƕωΰຯࠕ ੴΔ1960Κ195αΙᑇᖂઝඒஃ֘ᚨΚψ΋ΓᏼҺΟ੤ኧᏢፐำǴԶाӄ೽ቩ᎙բ཰

܌޸ਔ໔ϼӭǴॄᏼϼख़Ǵ௲ৣջคޜᎩਔ໔Ǵவ٣຾অωΰຬاոΔ1960Κ205αΖ ᇨڕ Tyack ፖ Tobinΰ1994: 478αࢬਐנऱΚ଀ᄅᓰ࿓ኔ᧭੡ඒஃᏺףԱ๺ڍ ᎁवࡉൣፃऱᚘԺΚࠡԫΔඒஃଚؘႊޏ᧢ԫࠄመװ฾א੡ൄऱඒᖂ۩੡ΔࠡԲΔ ڇ૤ᖜբᆖާૹऱඒᖂՠ܂ՂᏺףԱԫࠄᄅऱٚ೭ΔࠡԿΔೈԱ૞ᎅࣚ۞աᄅऱ

೚ऄΔᄎ੡۞աऱඒᖂ൅ࠐߜړऱய࣠Δޓ૞૿ኙ୮९ࡉٵࠃऱᔆጊΖ໢֮ᆖ ΰ2000b: 23-24αՈམਐנΔྤᓵਢᓰ࿓փ୲ऱᏺܔࢨᓳᖞΔࢨਢඒᖂֱڤऱޏ᧢Δ ຟᄎ੡ඒஃ൅ࠐਗᖏፖᚘԺΖᏺףऱᓰ࿓ࠌ൓଺ڶऱඒᖂव౨լߩΔؘۖႊक़၄

֨Ժૹᄅᖂ฾Ιܔೈऱᓰ࿓ࠌࠡ଺ڶऱඒᖂव౨Δطڶش᧢੡ྤشΖۖޏ᧢ඒᖂ

ֱڤڕٵޏ᧢ԫଡԳऱ۩ࠃଅ௑ΔֺڕᎅΔ່२ԫंऱᓰ࿓ጼ૞૞ޣඒஃא࠰ٵ

ऱඒᖂֱڤΔኔ෼ٽઝอᖞऱඒᖂய࣠Δኙ࣍๺ڍԫٻ฾ክᗑԺඒᖂऱඒஃۖߢΔ ܛਢԫႈᣄאᔞᚨऱሰՕ᧢଀ΔՈᣄࢡඒஃᄎᆢದݼࢴΖ

ʠăڥ๼˃஀ဇ଀ՉڟסՎ!

࿪ՕڍᑇऱषᄎՕฒຟԵመᖂΔࢬאΔޢଡԳኙ࣍ᖂீᚨᇠሒګୌࠄؾᑑΔ ԯ۟ᚨᇠ࿇ཀୌࠄפ౨ΔຟژڶԫࡳऱߠᇞΖຍࠄߠᇞڶऱਢࣔᒔऱΔڶऱঞਢ ឆᓈऱΖ༉ࣔ᧩ऱᐋ૿ۖߢΔषᄎՕฒݦඨ՗ݬ൷࠹ૉեڣᖂீඒߛհ৵۟֟౨ ജΚ(ԫ)ጲᑵᦰΕᐊΕጩ࿛ഗءव౨Ι(Բ)ีᗨઌᅝ࿓৫ऱٺᣊᖂઝवᢝΙ(Կ)ࠠ

ໂ෻ࢤۖᗑمऱܒឰ౨ԺΙ(؄)൅ထՂ૪ऱव౨ႉܓ༉ᄐΙ(ն)೶ፖषᄎፖਙएس

੒Ι(ք)ਅᙅषᄎ֮֏ࢬᎁױऱᏝଖ࿛Ζ

༉ឆᓈऱᐋ૿ۖߢΔषᄎՕฒݦඨᖂீඒߛ۟֟౨ജ೚ࠩΚ(ԫ)ᨃ՗ݬݶݶ ᑗᑗچՂᖂΕؓؓڜڜچڃ୮Ι(Բ)ᨃګԳऱ༉ᄐؑ໱܍࣍࿙ՠऱᤁञΙ(Կ)ࠉᖕ ᖂᄐ।෼ലᖂسףא։ᣊΕᨃ՗ݬଚၞԵՂԫ్ऱᖂீΙ(؄)ᨃխՀၸᐋऱ՗ݬ ౨ٻՂੌ೯Ι(ն)ᇞެषᄎፖഏ୮ऱംᠲ࿛࿛ΰଥޏ۞ CubanΔ1992Κ233αΖຍࠄ ڍᑌ֏ऱΕ℁ઌյᓢડऱؾᑑࡉפ౨Δᆖመ᠏֏ۖګ੡ٺ్ᖂீऱ৬ᤜᣊΕ஼૿

ᣊΕ֭਍ᣊΕඒᖄᣊΕေၦᣊΕ฾൓ᣊΕᑨڇᣊ࿛ٺᣊᓰ࿓ऱփොΰ೏ᄅ৬Ε೏

໑ᎱΕᓐ෎ض᤟Δ2001αΔലݺଚऱ՗ݬषᄎ֏Ζ

ඒߛՠ܂ृΔ௽ܑਢඒஃଚՈڇᑨฝᚈ֏ऱመ࿓ᅝխΔലຍࠄߠᇞᘜԵࠡ৸ უߢ۩հխΔՈ༉ਢຍᑌऱࡳߠࠌ൓ᖂீऱᓰ࿓অ਍ઌᅝ࿓৫ऱ᡹ࡳࢤΖຍਢ৻

ᏖڃࠃࡋΛCubanΰ1992: 233αऱᎅऄΚψҺՖፐำޑॠཥǴ੝ձࢂٗ٤ӛߏයа

ٰ΋ޔวච๱ޗ཮ϯфૈޑ໺಍ፐำǴගрࡷᏯޑॠཥ଺ݤǴ܈೚཮ӧ΋ਔϐ໔ ᕇளჴ୍πբޣޑߙ࿍ǴՠࢂǴᒿ๱ਔВޑ੃ߏǴࡐϿૈའᏴځ୷ҁޑࢎᄬޣǶω ଖ൓ݺଚࣹრΖאՀ௽ᜰૉեࠏᢞᎅࣔհΖ

ء֮รԿΕ؄ࠟᆏࢬඖ૪ऱోપؑ՛ᖂ੒೯ᓰ࿓ኔ᧭֗٤ભխᖂψԶڣઔߒω ᓰ࿓ኔ᧭Δإਢ 1920-1940 ڣז࠹ࠩၞޡ׌ᆠඒߛ৸ᑪᐙ᥼Δ٤ભٺچઃᘋದ଀

ᄅᓰ࿓ऱኔ᧭ࢨޏ଀ऱሎ೯Ζ1926 ڣΔ٤ભඒߛઔߒ࠰ᄎΰNational Society for the

Study of Educationαࡡᓮୂ଩ֺࠅՕᖂஃᒤᖂೃऱ Harold Rugg א 132 ࢬ՛ᖂࡉ

184 ࢬխᖂ੡ኙွΔࢬݙګऱԫႈᓰ࿓᧢଀ઔߒ໴ܫΔܛڇᛵᇞᅝழխ՛ᖂኔਜ

଀ᄅᓰ࿓ऱൣउΖRuggΰ1969αڇ໴ܫխਐנΚ

ჹܭ೭ঁୢᚒǴךॺคݤ๏ϒൂ΋ޑှเǶӧύᏢǴёаᇥς࿶࣮όـҺ ՖॠཥፐำޑၞຝǹӧλᏢǴ߾ᗋёа႟႟ပပӦ࣮ډ΋٤ၞຝǶӚᏢࣽ

ޑ௲ᏢᡂளࢲዃӭΑǶ……ᇻىǵୖᢀǵᢀჸǵӦკᆶკ߄ᛤᇙǵᏢูᐱ Ծࣴز……฻ࢲ୏ቚуΑ……ՠࢂǴ೭٤Ꮲูޑࢲ୏೿ڙډࡽԖᏢࣽࡌڋ ޑጄज़……ፐำޑεᆜϝฅࢂа᠐ਜǵᆉኧǵᇟЎǵԾฅࣴزǵᐕўǵӦ

౛ǵਔ٣฻ޑࠠԄр౜Ȑp. 432-433ȑǶ

15 ڣ৵ΔՈ༉ਢ 1941 ڣΔ׼؆ԫႈطୂ଩ֺࠅՕᖂஃᒤᖂೃऱᓰ࿓ኔ᧭৛

ΰCurriculum Laboratory of Teachers CollegeαHerbert Bruner ඒ඄ᏆᎲऱઔߒ՛

ิΔאխ՛ᖂऱ 17 ଡᖂઝ੡ᒤ໮Δ፦ႃ 7,000 ଡᖂ೴ࢬ༼ࠎऱ 28,500 ࿝ٺீၲ๻

ऱᖂ฾ઝؾΖઔߒ՛ิ։࣫ 4-12 ڣ్ऱઝᖂΕषᄎΔࡉՠᢌԿଡᖂઝᏆ഑ऱࢬڶ ᓰ࿓ਐ֧Δאঁᛵᇞᓰ࿓ޏၞऱൣउΖ࿨࣠Δઔߒ՛ิՕ؈ࢬඨΚ

ε೽ϩᏢਠޑ௃ݩ೿کၸѐ΋ኬǴа໺಍ޑᏢٰࣽᅈىཥޑሡ؃ǶዴჴԖ ٤ᏢࣽЇ຾Αཥޑϣ৒ǴՠࢂǴ٠όӭـǶԶЪǴ೭٤ཥޑϣ৒ϝࢂکځ дϣ৒΋ኬᏢೌϯǶ……ѝݙཀࡹ۬ޑࠠԄ……ࠅόݙཀ྽߻Шࣚ܌วғ ޑӒᐒ……Ԗ٤ᏢࣽሦୱܴᡉӦલЮᔈԖޑϣ৒……ٯӵǴޗ཮ࣽࡐϿ܈

ਥҁ൩όගቶ֋Ϸځቹៜ……ูπǵՐࡂ௃ݩǵߥᓀǵ੃຤ޣ௲ػǵޗ཮

ӼӄǴаϷځдӚᅿ྽߻ޑޗ཮ୢᚒȐЇԾ Cuban, 1992Ǻ234ȑǶ

ڇፕ᨜ઊၞ۩ऱԲڻس੒խ֨ᓰ࿓ኔ᧭ऱ໴ܫհխΔݺଚՈᄎ࿇෼଀ᄅᓰ࿓

ኔ᧭࠹ࠩषᄎՕฒඒߛࡳߠऱᐙ᥼Ζᓮ٣઎೏ႂؑնጝഏاխᖂீ९႓ݕ③ ΰ1974αऱԫ੄໴ܫΚ

җܭჴᡍፐำޑ௲׷ᆶද೯੤ৡ౦ཱུεǴ೚ӭৎߏӢࠞܭᙑᢀۺǴჹཥፐ ำલЮߞЈǴ઱઱ډਠፎ؃ᙯ੤ǶҁਠࣁᡣৎߏᄇۭᕕှჴᡍޑཀကǴ……

ᗎ໣ৎߏ০ፋǴ٠ፎ௲ػֽЛֽߏ……ӈৢǴӧ཮ύ൩ৎߏගрޑཀـ΋

΋เᙟǴӢԶуமΑৎߏჹܭჴᡍπբޑߞЈکЍ࡭ǶவԜǴӆΨؒԖᏢ

ғৎߏा؃ᙯ੤ǴϸԶԖද೯੤ҙፎΕჴᡍ੤ǴՠᒪᏬӦԖϿኧৎߏ೥კ խ၂ߥଌǴᔕஒځኧࣽόϷ਱ϐη׌ǴᙯΕჴᡍ੤൩᠐ǶᏢਠᛖܭೕۓؒ

ԖϢ೚ǴаठҔᅰӚᅿЋࢤமॐᏢਠௗڙ……Ȑ। 144ȑǶ

طຍ੄֧֮ױא઎נԲႈࠃኔΚࠡԫΔᓰ࿓ԫᆖޏ᧢Δ୮९ଚ༉ᄎ᧫ჩΙޏ

᧢༏৫֜ՕΔ୮९༉ᄎಯᜍࢨݼࢴΖࠡԲΔᨃ୮९ڜ֨ऱ່ࠋֱڤΔ༉ਢא܍ᇢ অಬ֒ᖂ܂੡ᎈڂΖլႛ 1970 ڣזऱնጝഏխڕڼΔ1950 ڣזऱګפխᖂՈਢ ڕڼΰፕ᨜ઊمፕקګפխᖂᒳΔ1960Κ3αΖ።՗ݬ౨ܡႉܓ֒ᖂΔԫऴਢ୮९

່ᣂ֨ऱԫٙࠃΔڕ࣠آ౨ݔ࿳๠෻Δ༉ᄎທګኔ᧭ऱܺឫΖ

׼؆Δ٦ᨃݺଚ઎ԫ੄طรԫڻኔ᧭ऱ໴ܫխᆏᙕנࠐऱ֧֮ΰፕ᨜ઊمፕ קګפխᖂᒳΔ1960αΚ

ӧ௲׷εᆜБय़Ǵჴᡍ௲׷ᆶ౜Չፐำ኱ྗനεޑৡ౦ࢂጓڋکᆒઓǴ߻

ޣағࢲࣁύЈǴख़Ј౛ಔᙃǴࡕޣаӚᏢࣽࣁύЈǴख़ፕ౛ಔᙃǴ܌а ӃࡕԛׇόӕǶՠࢂעΟԃϣӄ೽Ꮲಞޑϣ৒уаКၨǴεठࢂ࣬ӕޑǶ җԜёޕჴᡍ௲׷߯௦ڗ጗຾ׯॠޑБԄ……Ȑ। 43-154ȑǶ

ຍ੄֧֮٦৫ᢞࣔԱ Cubanΰ1992: 233αψٚ۶ᓰ࿓ऱ଀ᄅ……ৰ֟౨ᄀᖔࠡ

ഗءऱਮዌृΖωݺଚૉਢດԫᛀီᅝழኔ᧭ఄऱඒஃࢬᒳᚵऱٺઝඒᖂૠ྽Օ ጼΰፕ᨜ઊمፕקګפխᖂᒳΔ1960Κ43-154αΔᄎ࿇෼ࠡᓰ࿓ऱ๻ૠΔԯਢא଺

ڶऱᓰ࿓ᑑᄷխऱඒޗՕጼΔપฃףאᏺܔࢨᓳᖞۖբΔ܀ਢᖂઝऱഗءਮዌࠀ آڶ֜Օऱ᧢೯ΖԾΔ௅ᖕኔ᧭ఄฅᄐᖂسଚऱ֘ᚨΚψٺઝඒᖂፖषᄎઝ޲ڶጐ ၦ಻ٽωΰፕ᨜ઊمፕקګפխᖂᒳΔ1960Κ253αՈױא઎נΔ૞ޣඒஃଚאष ᄎઝ੡ு֨Δၞ۩ऱՕ໢ցᜤ࿮ඒᖂΔኔᎾං೯ದࠐՈࠀլ୲࣐ݙ٤ᆵኔΖ

ʭăደम஢ᕑڟ५ؒ!

ء֮รԲᆏ૪֗Δսڶԫࠄᖂீ࠹ޙ৖ኔ᧭ᖂீऱᐙ᥼Δ਍ᥛچၞ۩ٺႈᓰ

࿓ኔ᧭ΖรԿᆏ૪֗Δోપؑڶլ֟՛ᖂ೶ፖ੒೯ᓰ࿓ኔ᧭Δ܀սڶຝ։ᖂீ௅

ء༉լ೯ڕ՞ΖԾΔኔ᧭ᖂீհխڶԫຝ։ඒஃᑗ࣍ආشႚอऱᓰ࿓Δۖԫ౳ᖂ

ீհխٍڶ՛ຝ։ඒஃᑗ࣍ආش੒೯ऱᓰ࿓Ζร؄ᆏঞ૪֗ΔψԶڣઔߒωᓰ࿓ኔ

᧭࿨ޔ৵սڶᖂீ਍ᥛං೯ထு֨ᓰ࿓ऱኔ᧭Ζຍᇙژڇထԫࠄ։ࣴऱ෼ွΔࠡ

଺ڂ۶ڇᏅଖ൓ઔߒΔء՛ᆏܛᇢထൕᖂீิ៣ऱ௽ࢤ։࣫հΖ

ભഏऱԫ౳խ՛ᖂீΔڍطᖂ೴ऱᖂ೭᜔጑ࠉऄ጑ᅮᖂீΔࠀ׊ٻاრᖲዌ

૤ຂΖݺഏऱխ՛ᖂீঞਢطඒߛ۩ਙ׌ጥᖲዌࠉऄ጑ᅮᖂீΔࠀ׊ٻاრᖲዌ

૤ຂΖ੡Աףൎิ៣ऱய෷ࡉய౨Δඒߛ۩ਙ׌ጥᖲዌ৬مԱઝᐋऱ᧯ࠫΔאঁ

࠰ᓳፖ༳൳ٺႈᖂீᆖᛜऱࠃႈΖང؁ᇩᎅΔඒߛ۩ਙ׌ጥᖲዌऱૹ૞ՠ܂հԫ ܛਢ૞ᒔᎁᖂீऱԳࠃΕᆖ၄Ε๻ໂΕᓰ࿓࿛ࠃႈΔਢܡઃ౨ᙅ༛ٺႈऄח๵ࡳ

ᎁటച۩Δאঁڶய֭གඒஃऱඒᖂፖᖂسऱᖂ฾Ζ࣍ਢΔඒߛ۩ਙ׌ጥᖲዌࡉ ᖂீ۩ਙ׌ጥհၴژڶጹയऱᜤ࿨ΰtight linkageαΖྥۖΔࠩԱᖞଡᖂீඒߛߓอ

່ছᒵऱఄ్ඒᖂ෼໱հ৵Δຍጟጹയऱᜤ࿨༉ໜ؈ԱՕתΔאીګԱᠾཋ࿨ٽ ऱߓอΰloosely coupled systemαΰWeick, 1976: 1αΖ

୮९հࢬאނ՗ݬಬࠩᖂீΔ༉ਢݦඨඒஃ౨ജጐ٤ԺނᖂسඒړΔᨃᖂس

෻ᇞࢬᖂΙང؁ᇩᎅΔ୮९ݦඨ઎ࠩඒஃΕᖂسፖඒᖂփ୲հၴ౨ജขسߜړऱ յ೯ΖլመΔڇຍᑌऱඒᖂ۩೯հխΔኾᠧထઝᖂࡉᢌ๬ΔԾڶထ๺ڍܛᘋऱዝ נΔᝫڶထլ֟ऱլױቃྒྷࢤΖψ։ఄ๻ඒωΕψ։ڣ్ܑωΕψ։ઝܑؾω࿛೚ऄΔ ޓࠌ൓ඒ৛۞ګԫଡ۞࿯۞ߩऱՠ܂໱ࢬΖڇຍᑌऱൣቼհխΔඒஃດዬ࿇୶נ Աԫ୚ኔشऱඒᖂֱڤΰpractical pedagogyαΰCuban, 1992: 240αΖޢۯඒஃऱଡ Գᆖ᧭լٵΕറᄐऱહནլٵΕ૿ኙऱᖂسයٙլٵΔࢬאޢۯඒஃࢬ࿇୶ऱຍ

୚ኔඒᖂֱڤՈլጐઌٵΖլመΔڇٵԫ੄ழၴհփΔא٤ఄᖂس੡ኙွऱᝑᇞΕ ඒஃ༼ംᖂسڃ࿠ΕᖂسჄᐊᖂ฾໢ࢨྒྷ᧭࠴Δԯ۟ਐࡳ୮அ܂ᄐ࿛੒೯Δਝ౨ ڶய༳൳ఄ఼్ݧΔݙګቃࡳၞ৫ΔԾ౨ᆏઊඒஃழၴፖ᧯Ժऱ೚ऄΔ༉ګԱຍ

୚ኔشඒᖂֱڤऱ׌૞փොΖۖޓૹ૞ऱਢΔڇᠾཋ࿨ٽऱᖂீߓอհՀΔຍᑌ ऱඒᖂֱڤ༓׏ਢ܍࠹ᅮᖄࡉᛀுऱΖ

ԫ౳ٞᄐᖲዌشࠐጥ෻୉ՠऱֱऄΔլ؆׏መ࿓ऱᅮᖄΔא֗ᄐᜎऱᛀுΖ אᖂீऱൣݮࠐֺᚵΔ༉ਢؘႊຘመඒஃऱေᦸࡉᖂسऱྒྷ᧭ګᜎࠐ༳൳ඒஃऱ

।෼Ζ܀ਢΔ༉ኔᎾऱणउۖߢΔඒஃଚڍתਢᗑ۞ԫԳڇඒ৛ᇙՠ܂ΔೈԱೝ

ዿڶீ९ࢨਢ׌ٚ࿛Գ߲ഘΔࢨृೝዿڶٵࠃࢨਢኔ฾ඒஃᨠᐰհ؆Δৰ֟ڶԳ

ᄎၞԵඒ৛ᎁటچ਷઎ඒஃऱඒᖂኔउΖۖ׊Δீ९ଚࢨਢ׌ٚଚऱ߲ഘΔՈڍ ת׽ਢᛵᇞඒஃנႧऱणउΔࢨਢ਷઎ٺఄऱ఼ݧΔৰ֟టإچေᦸඒஃऱඒᖂΖ ܛࠌլ൓բ૞੡ඒஃؚەᜎΔՈڍתੌ࣍ݮڤΔۖৰ֟ၞ۩ኔᔆऱေᦸΖࠡխऱ

଺ڂհԫਢΔீ९ऱࣚ೭ᜎயڍתᝫ൓ٛᘸඒஃऱ಻ٽΔڂڼΔೈԱ֟ᑇऱൣݮ հ؆Δৰ֟ڶீ९ᄎᣋრڂ੡ေᦸՠ܂ۖ൓ᆞඒஃΖٵᑌऱΔඒߛ۩ਙ׌ጥᖲዌ ऱࡴ୉ፖீ९հၴऱᣂএՈਢઌۿऱΖ᜔ۖߢհΔڇԫ౳ٞᄐ໢ۯױ۩ऱᅮᖄመ

࿓ࡉေᦸ֫੄Δڇᖂீߓอڍתੌ࣍ݮڤΖ

٦༉ྒྷ᧭ۖߢΖඒஃଚᆖൄᄎᜰ۩ྒྷ᧭Δאঁ෻ᇞᖂسऱᖂ฾ګ࣠Ζຍࠄྒྷ

᧭Δլᓵਢඒஃ۞ᒳऱΔᝫਢܽၴנठऱΔڍתਢፖඒઝ஼փ୲ऱᒭ฾ڶᣂΖ܀

ਢΔຍࠄྒྷ᧭ऱګᜎΔথৰ֟ᄎࡉඒஃऱࣚ೭ᜎய࠷൓ᣂᜤΖܛࠌਢڇૹီ֒ᖂ

෷ऱݺഏΔֆၲچאᖂس֒ᖂ෷܂੡ᘝၦඒஃᜎயऱࠏ՗ΔՈլڍߠΖ᧩ྥຍԲ

ႈઝᐋ᧯ࠫհՀشࠐ༳൳ඒஃࣚ೭ᜎயऱᙄװΔຟլ࿇س܂شΖࢬאΔඒஃଚऱ ඒᖂፖඒߛ۩ਙ׌ጥऱެ࿜ࡉᦞԺሎشհၴऱᜤ࿨Ո༉᧩൓ᠾཋڍԱΖ

༉ਢڂ੡ຍᑌऱᠾཋᜤ࿨Δᨃඒஃঅ਍Աઌᅝऱ۞׌ࢤࡉࡰمࢤΔۖඒஃՈ ڍתຟৰየრຍᑌլ࠹ե௫ऱൣउΖຍਢڂ੡ڇຍᑌऱՠ܂ᛩቼհխΔඒஃױא ނࠐ۞ீ؆ऱԫࠄ໌ᄅ೚ऄ֧ၞඒ৛Δ௽ܑਢڇהଚᎁ੡ຍࠄ೚ऄᒔኔױאڶய چሎشڇఄ్հխழΔ֠੡ൄߠΖ׼؆Δԫ౳ඒஃڇၞ۩ඒᖂऱழଢΔՈᄎڂ੡

ەᐞࠩᖂسᖂ฾ऱய࣠Δۖಾኙᓰ࿓ᑑᄷࢨਢᓰ࿓ጼ૞ࢬ๵ࡳऱᓰᠲΔ܂ᔞᅝऱ ᓳᖞࢨਢ೪ဪΔܛࠌຘመᓰ࿓࿇୶ᄎᤜ֗ඒᖂઔߒᄎ࿛ᖲࠫࢬެࡳऱඒᖂႉݧΔ ඒஃՈᄎ܂ᔞ৫ऱଥޏΖլመΔൕ׼ԫଡߡ৫ࠐ઎Δԫ؟ඒஃᎁ੡ຍࠄࢬᘯऱኔ

᧭ࢨ໌ᄅऱ೚ऄΔࠀլ౨੡ࠡඒᖂ൅ࠐֱঁΔ੷۟ஈྥᏺףܺឫΔהଚ༉ױאආ

࠷ݼࢴऱኪ৫Δࢨृဠᚨਚࠃԫ྾Ζ

ᖂீิ៣ऱᠾཋ࿨ٽࡐྥ੡ޢۯඒஃ༼ࠎԱ۞׌ऱ़ၴΔᨃඒஃױאࠉᅃ۞

աऱუऄΔኔਜࢨඈ؞ޏ଀ࢨ໌ᄅऱૠ྽Ζൕ׼ԫଡߡ৫઎Δຍᑌऱᠾཋ࿨ٽՈ

੡ᖂீீ९ං೯ࢨඈ؞ޏ଀ࢨ໌ᄅΔ༼ࠎԱױ౨ࢤΖீ९ࡐྥױא೸ᓮඒஃ֧ၞ

ਬႈחԳۘؾԫᄅऱֱூΔඒߛ۩ਙ׌ጥᖲዌՈױא೯୉۩ਙࡴ୉Εீ९Εඒஃ

ิګᜤᅩΔං೯ᇠႈֱூΖ܀ਢΔඒஃথױ౨ᙇᖗլ೶ፖٚ۶ऱᄅֱூΖངߢհΔ ຍᑌऱᠾཋ࿨ٽၲ໌ԱԫଡಘᏝᝫᏝऱ़ၴΔᨃઌᣂऱԳՓڇຍ௿ስऱ़ၴᇙΔ