Open Access
Research
A pre-S gene chip to detect pre-S deletions in hepatitis B virus large
surface antigen as a predictive marker for hepatoma risk in chronic
hepatitis B virus carriers
Fan-Ching Shen
1, Ih-Jen Su
4, Han-Chieh Wu
4, Yi-Hsuan Hsieh
2,
Wei-Jen Yao
6, Kung-Chia Young
1, Tsung-Chuan Chang
1, Hui-Chuan Hsieh
2,
Han-Ni Tsai
2and Wenya Huang*
1,2,5,3Address: 1Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China, 2Institute of Basic Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China, 3Center for Signal Transduction and Gene
Regulation, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China, 4Division of Infectious Diseases, National Health Research
Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China, 5Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University
Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China and 6Department of Radiology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic
of China
Email: Fan-Ching Shen - jin2348257@hotmail.com; Ih-Jen Su - suihjen@nhri.org.tw; Han-Chieh Wu - hanjie@nhri.org.tw;
Yi-Hsuan Hsieh - rnapolymerase@hotmail.com; Wei-Jen Yao - wjyao@mail.ncku.edu.tw; Kung-Chia Young - t7908077@mail.ncku.edu.tw; Tsung-Chuan Chang - tsungcha@mail.ncku.edu.tw; Hui-Tsung-Chuan Hsieh - chou827@hotmail.com; Han-Ni Tsai - pin36.tw@yahoo.com.tw;
Wenya Huang* - whuang@mail.ncku.edu.tw * Corresponding author
Abstract
Background: Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is an important cause of hepatocellular
carcinoma (HCC) worldwide. The pre-S1 and -S2 mutant large HBV surface antigen (LHBS), in which the pre-S1 and -S2 regions of the LHBS gene are partially deleted, are highly associated with HBV-related HCC.
Methods: The pre-S region of the LHBS gene in two hundred and one HBV-positive serum
samples was PCR-amplified and sequenced. A pre-S oligonucleotide gene chip was developed to efficiently detect pre-S deletions in chronic HBV carriers. Twenty serum samples from chronic HBV carriers were analyzed using the chip.
Results: The pre-S deletion rates were relatively low (7%) in the sera of patients with acute HBV
infection. They gradually increased in periods of persistent HBV infection: pre-S mutation rates were 37% in chronic HBV carriers, and as high as 60% in HCC patients. The Pre-S Gene Chip offers a highly sensitive and specific method for pre-S deletion detection and is less expensive and more efficient (turnaround time 3 days) than DNA sequencing analysis.
Conclusion: The pre-S1/2 mutants may emerge during the long-term persistence of the HBV genome in carriers and facilitate HCC development. Combined detection of pre-S mutations, other markers of HBV replication, and viral titers, offers a reliable predictive method for HCC risks in chronic HBV carriers.
Published: 15 September 2009
Journal of Biomedical Science 2009, 16:84 doi:10.1186/1423-0127-16-84
Received: 13 June 2009 Accepted: 15 September 2009 This article is available from: http://www.jbiomedsci.com/content/16/1/84
© 2009 Shen et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Background
Chronic hepatitis B virus infection is a major cause of HCC worldwide and its most important cause in Asia [1-6]. HBV infection occurs primarily through blood or body fluid transmission. HBV-related HCC often occurs at the age of 40 or older, suggesting that HBV may persist in car-riers for decades before HCC actually develops [6,7]. Long-term monitoring of chronic HBV carriers is impor-tant to help prevent HCC. Furthermore, implementing cancer therapies at early disease stages is beneficial. The HBV markers commonly used to monitor the viral status in chronic HBV carriers are viral DNA titers, HBV surface and core antigens, and hepatitis B envelope (HBe) antigen [7,8]. Combined detection of these markers reveals the status of virus replication as well as the number of virus particles in host hepatocytes. Active HBV viral replication and high virus titers are associated with the severity of HBV-induced liver inflammation, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and HCC [9,10].
In the late 1990s, two major types of pre-S deletion mutant LHBS were identified and highly associated with HCC [11,12]. LHBS is expressed primarily at the late stage of chronic HBV infection, after the viral genome has inte-grated into the host chromosome [13-16]. Pre-S mutant LHBS was first isolated from ground-glass hepatocytes (GGH), the histological hallmarks of the late stages of chronic HBV infection, and is often seen in the liver sec-tions of HCC patients [17]. Pre-S mutant LHBS is highly associated with advanced liver diseases, including cirrho-sis and HCC, which suggests that it contributes to hepato-cellular carcinogenesis [18-26]. In the two types of pre-S mutant LHBS, pre-S1 and pre-S2 mutant LHBS, the pre-S1 and -S2 regions are, respectively, partially deleted (Fig. 1) [11,12]. They accumulate in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and induce strong ER stress [27]. Through an ER stress-mediated pathway, they cause oxidative stress and DNA damage [28]. Through an ER stress-independent pathway, however, pre-S2 mutant LHBS contributes to the increased proliferation of hepatocytes [29]. Pre-S2 mutant LHBS also interacts with c-Jun activation domain-binding protein 1 (JAB1) and induces p27Kip1 degradation and cell-cycle progression [30]. Through an unknown mechanism, pre-S2 mutant LHBS also induces significant cyclin A expres-sion [29]. Based on the findings of these previous studies, pre-S mutant LHBS, especially the pre-S2 type, is believed to be crucial in HBV-associated hepatocellular carcinogen-esis.
After pre-S mutant LHBS was discovered, various geo-graphically diverse studies [18-26] screening for pre-S mutations invariably reported that they were prevalent in chronic HBV carriers. In addition, pre-S mutant LHBS, especially the pre-S2 type, is highly correlated with the severity of HBV-related liver diseases, including HCC
[20-23,25]. Therefore, it is important to screen for pre-S dele-tion mutadele-tions in chronic HBV carriers. This type of screening should be done in combination with the detec-tion of other HBV markers, such as viral titers and HBe antigen (Ag), to estimate an HBV carrier's relative risk for HCC.
Identifying pre-S mutations in chronic HBV carriers usu-ally requires multiple experimental procedures, because most pre-S mutants co-exist with wild-type LHBS in blood and hepatocytes; this is probably due to the emergence of the pre-S mutant from the wild-type form. One individual carrier often simultaneously presents multiple pre-S mutant forms that need to be singly cloned and then sequenced. This is both time-consuming and expensive, which makes it difficult to screen large populations of chronic HBV carriers. We developed a convenient and cost-effective oligonucleotide array system for screening pre-S deletions in the LHBS gene. Using this system, we omitted traditional DNA sequencing and shortened the detection procedure from about 7 days to no longer than 3 working days.
Materials and methods
Reagents and participants
The pre-S region of the LHBS gene in two hundred and one HBV-positive serum samples, collected at the National Cheng Kung University Hospital from 2000 Representatives of the wild-type, pre-S1, and pre-S2 mutant LHBS gene
Figure 1
Representatives of the wild-type, pre-S1, and pre-S2 mutant LHBS gene. The shaded boxes are the regions
deleted in the pre-S1 and pre-S2 mutant LHBS. The numbers on the bottom of the gene indicate the pre-S1, S2, and S regions of the LHBS gene in nucleotide order. Nucleotide 1 is the start of the circular genome and the numbers go clock-wise. The last nt number is 3221. Here only the S gene, which spans the start of the genome, is shown. The arrow at the top of the diagram indicates the start (nt 1) of the HBV genome.
Pr e-S2deletion mutant
Wild type: intact S gene
2854 3211 155
Pr e-S1deletion mutant
Pr e-S1 Pr e-S2 S Pr e-S1 Pr e-S2 S 833 1 2854 3211 155 Pr e-S1 Pr e-S2 S Pr e-S1 Pr e-S2 S 833 2854 3211 155 Pr e-S1 Pr e-S2 S Pr e-S1 Pr e-S2 S 833
through 2002, was PCR-amplified and sequenced [31]. To develop the Pre-S Gene Chip system, 20 HBV-DNA-posi-tive serum samples were obtained from Kung-Chia Young, PhD, at National Cheng Kung University. The pre-S region of the LHBpre-S gene was PCR-amplified and sequenced [31]. The DNA sequences were used to design oligonucleotide probes on the Pre-S Gene Chip. To test the efficacy of the chip, another 20 serum samples from chronic HBV carriers were obtained from the Center for Disease Control, Taipei, Taiwan, and analyzed using the chip. A DNA extraction kit (QIAamp MinElute Virus Spin kit; Qiagen Inc., Valencia, CA) was used to extract the virus DNA in serum. Most of the common chemicals used for chip hybridization were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co., St Louis, MO.
The Pre-S Gene Chip
The oligonucleotide DNA probe (20 M) was prepared in DNA tracking dye (5 mM Tris-HCl, 0.5 mM Na2EDTA, 0.75 mg/mL bromophenol blue, 15% glycerol [pH 7.5]). The 42 DNA probes spanning the pre-S region (532 nucle-otides (nt)) of the LHBS gene were spotted on positively-charged nylon membrane, using an arrayer (Ezspot Robotic Arrayer; EZlife Technology, Inc., Taipei, Taiwan) with a solid pin 400 m in diameter. The probes ranged
from 25 to 30 nt long, and some were linked with 15 to 17 thymidines at the 5' ends. Redundant probes were designed to target the genetically polymorphic regions in the gene (Fig. 2). After the probes had been spotted, the DNA on the membrane was ultravioletly (UV) cross-linked (Stratalinker UV Crosslinker; Stratagene, La Jolla, CA) to the nylon membrane.
Polymerase chain reaction
The pre-S LHBS gene was PCR amplified by using the primers 1F (digoxigenin labeled at the 5' end) and 1R (Table 1). In cases where no visible DNA products were seen using agarose gel electrophoresis because of low viral titers in the serum samples, nested PCR using the primers 1F and 2R was then done (Fig. 3). For E. coli colony PCR, the M13 Forward (digoxigenin labeled at the 5' end) and M13 Reverse primers (Invitrogen, Inc., Carlsbad, CA) were used. The PCR mix contained 10 ng of template DNA, 0.2 M of each primer, 200 M of each dNTP, 0.5 units of SuperTherm Fold DNA polymerase (JMR Holdings, Inc., Commerce Township, MI) with 1.5 mM of MgCl2, 25 mM of N- [Tris (hydroxymethyl) methyl]-3-aminopropanesul-fonic acid (TAPS [pH 9.3]), 50 mM of KCl, 2 mM of MgCl2, 1 mM of -mercaptoethanol, and 0.25 g/L of
The Pre-S Gene Chip
Figure 2
The Pre-S Gene Chip. The chip (7 mm (H) × 10 mm (W)) contains 42 oligonucleotide probes spanning the pre-S regions.
The target region of each probe is indicated in the order of the nucleotides below the chip. The probes with extension num-bers (e.g., 8-1, 8-2,... 8-6) are the redundant probes that target the same regions as the primary probes (e.g., 8) do.
S (star t): nt. 2854~2878 P1 & 1-1: nt. 2894~2923 P2 & 2-1: nt. 2924~2953 P3 & 3-1: nt. 2954~2983 P4, 4-1 & 4-2: nt. 2984~3013 P5, 5-1 & 5-2: nt. 3014~3043 P6 & 6-2: nt. 3044~3073 P11: nt. 3194~2 P12 & 12-2: nt. 3~32 P12-1, 12-3 & 12-4: nt. 5~31 P13 & 13-2: nt. 33~62 P13-1: nt. 35~61 P14, 14-1 & 14-2: nt. 63~92 P15, 15-1 & 15-2: nt. 93~122 1 S 2 3 4 5 6 7 1-1 2-1 3-1 4-1 5-1 6-1 4-2 5-2 6-2 8 8-1 8-2 8-3 8-4 8-5 8-6 9 10 10-1 11 12 12-1 12-2 12-3 12-4 13 13-1 13-2 14 14-1 14-2 15 15-1 15-2 P6-1: nt. 3045~3071 P7: nt. 3074~3103 P8, 8-1 & 8-4: nt. 3104~3133 P8-2 & 8-5: nt. 3088~3117 P8-3 & 8-6: nt. 3118~3147 P9: nt. 3134~3163 P10 & 10-1: nt. 3164~3193 S (star t): nt. 2854~2878 P1 & 1-1: nt. 2894~2923 P2 & 2-1: nt. 2924~2953 P3 & 3-1: nt. 2954~2983 P4, 4-1 & 4-2: nt. 2984~3013 P5, 5-1 & 5-2: nt. 3014~3043 P6 & 6-2: nt. 3044~3073 P11: nt. 3194~2 P12 & 12-2: nt. 3~32 P12-1, 12-3 & 12-4: nt. 5~31 P13 & 13-2: nt. 33~62 P13-1: nt. 35~61 P14, 14-1 & 14-2: nt. 63~92 P15, 15-1 & 15-2: nt. 93~122 1 S 2 3 4 5 6 7 1-1 2-1 3-1 4-1 5-1 6-1 4-2 5-2 6-2 8 8-1 8-2 8-3 8-4 8-5 8-6 9 10 10-1 11 12 12-1 12-2 12-3 12-4 13 13-1 13-2 14 14-1 14-2 15 15-1 15-2 P6-1: nt. 3045~3071 P7: nt. 3074~3103 P8, 8-1 & 8-4: nt. 3104~3133 P8-2 & 8-5: nt. 3088~3117 P8-3 & 8-6: nt. 3118~3147 P9: nt. 3134~3163 P10 & 10-1: nt. 3164~3193
activated calf thymus DNA. Agarose gel electrophoresis was used to examined the PCR products.
TA cloning
In cases where multiple pre-S PCR products were revealed, E. coli TA cloning was done. Three microliters of PCR product was ligated with 50 ng of TA cloning vector (pCR
2.1; Invitrogen) at 14°C overnight. The next day, the liga-tion product was transformed into an E. coli DH5 strain. The pre-S insert-DNA was then examined using colony PCR. For the DNA sequencing analysis, the colony PCR products were purified using a kit (PCR Clean-Up Kit; Roche Applied Sciences, Indianapolis, IN) and sent to our university's DNA Sequencing Facility for analysis.
Pre-S Gene Chip analysis
The pre-S chip was placed in a 24-well culture plate, soaked in 0.2× standard sodium citrate (SSC: 150 mM NaCl, 15 mM NaH2(C3H5O(COO)3 [pH 7.0]), and then rinsed twice with the same solution. For pre-hybridiza-tion, the chip was then gently shaken in microarray hybridization buffer (5× SSC, 1% blocking reagent (Roche), 0.1% N-lauroylsarcosine, 0.02% SDS) at room temperature for 2 h. The chip was then hybridized with 10 L of heat-denatured PCR product in 300 L of hybridiza-tion buffer at 50°C for 90 min while being gently shaken (60 rpm). After it had been hybridized, the chip was washed four times with 0.1× SSC and then incubated in 1× blocking reagent at room temperature for 1 h. The dig-oxigenin that had hybridized to the DNA probes on the chip was then recognized by incubating the chip with 0.375 units of anti-digoxigenin-alkaline phosphatase Fab fragments (Roche) for 1 h. After it had been incubated, the chip was washed 3 times with MAB washing buffer (MAB: 0.1 M maleic acid, 0.15 M NaCl, 0.1% Tween 20 [pH 7.5]) for 15 min each. To detect digoxigenin signals, the chip was first soaked in a detection buffer (0.1 M Tris-HCl, 0.1 M NaCl [pH 9.5]) for 5 min and then incubated with two alkaline phosphatase substrates: nitro blue tetrazolium chloride (NBT, 0.375 mg/mL) and 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl phosphate (BCIP, 0.188 mg/mL) at 37°C for 20 min in the dark. Finally, the chip was washed 3 times with ddH2O and air-dried. Chip images were scanned using an Epson Perfection 1250 scanner [32].
Table 1: The PCR primers used in this study.
Primer Sequence Comment
Primer-1F 5'-GCGGGTCACCATATTCTTGGG-3' HBV genome nt 2818 to nt 2837
Primer-1R 5'-GAGTCTAGACTCTGCGGTAT-3' HBV genome nt 236 to nt 255
Primer-2R 5'-TAACACGAGCAGGGGTCCTA-3' HBV genome nt 180 to nt 199
M13 Forward primer 5'-GTAAAACGACGGCCAGT-3'
M13 Reverse primer 5'-AACAGCTATGACCATG-3'
nt, nucleotide
Working scheme of Pre-S Gene Chip analysis
Figure 3
Working scheme of Pre-S Gene Chip analysis. The
virus DNA is extracted from the patient's blood or liver tis-sue. The pre-S region is PCR-amplified using PCR-1R and 5'-dig-labeled 1F primers. The PCR products are visualized using agarose gel electrophoresis and ethidium bromide staining. In cases where no PCR products are seen---perhaps because of a low HBV DNA titer---nested PCR using PCR-2R and 5'-dig-labeled 1F primers is done. When only a single PCR product is seen, the DNA product is directly subjected to chip hybrid-ization. However, when two or more different types of pre-S PCR products are seen in agarose gel, the products are first directed to TA cloning. Multiple plasmid clones are then ana-lyzed using colony PCR with M13R and 5'-dig-labeled 13F primers. These PCR products are then analyzed using the Pre-S Gene Chip.
vir us DNA extr action PCR w/ 1R & dig-labelled 1F pr imer s
agar ose gel electr ophor esis
single PCR pr oduct
two or mor e PCR pr oducts
Pr e-S Gene Chip
TA cloning Colony PCR w/ M13R & dig-labeled M13F pr imer s no PCR pr oduct nested PCR w/ 2R & dig-labelled 1F pr imer s single PCR pr oduct
Results
Using DNA sequencing analysis, we first detected pre-S deletion mutations in the sera of HBV carriers and patients with HBV-related HCC. The pre-S mutation rate was relatively low (7%) in the sera of patients with high HBV titers, which indicates the acute phase of HBV infec-tion (Table 2). The pre-S deleinfec-tion rate gradually increased during periods of persistent HBV infection: the rate was 37% in HBV carriers with low serum HBV titers, which indicated the chronic phase of HBV infection. In HCC patients with HBV infection, the pre-S deletion rate was as high as 60%, which suggested that pre-S mutants emerge during long-term persistence of the HBV genome in carri-ers, and that they facilitate the development of HCC. To efficiently detect pre-S deletion mutations, we devel-oped a Pre-S Gene Chip on which contained 42 DNA probes that targeted the pre-S region of the LHBS gene (Fig. 2). To test the efficacy of the chip, we first used iso-lated plasmids containing wild-type HBV, pre-S1 mutant with nt 3044 to 3103 of the LHBS gene deleted, and pre-S2 mutant with nt 3 to 57 deleted [28]. These wild-type and pre-S mutant LHBS genes were initially isolated from genotype B HBV carriers in Taiwan [11,12]. The wild-type clone hybridized to all the DNA probes on the chip (Fig. 4). The pre-S1 and -S2 mutants, however, showed signals missing in probes 6 to 7, which spanned nt 3044 to 3103 in the pre-S1 region, and probes 12 to 13, which spanned nt 3 to 62 in the pre-S2 region, respectively. These results showed that the Pre-S Gene Chip correctly detected the pre-S deletions in the LHBS gene.
We then did a blind test on 20 cases to compare the pre-S typing results yielded by the Pre-S Gene Chip with those provided by classic DNA sequencing. Overall, the Pre-S Gene Chip yielded consistent pre-S deletion detection results with DNA sequencing (Table 3). Because the Pre-S Gene Chip used DNA hybridization signals to detect DNA deletions, the ranges spanning the deleted regions might have shifted a few nucleotides from the DNA sequencing
results; however, that appeared not to have affected its identifying pre-S deletions in samples. In summary, DNA sequencing and Pre-S Gene Chip analyses were used to identify 21 and 19 pre-S deletion clones, respectively. The detection rates for pre-S deletions in these HBV carriers were 70% (14/20) for DNA sequencing and 65% (13/20) for the S Gene Chip. These data indicated that the Pre-S Gene Chip offered a sensitive assay compatible with DNA sequencing. We also found that 9 of the 14 pre-S mutant-positive cases had multiple pre-S products and that most (8/9) simultaneously contained wild-type as well as pre-S mutants. In addition, 4 cases had multiple mutation clones. This finding showed that wild-type and multiple pre-S mutant LHBS clones often co-existed in one individual.
Discussion
In this study, we developed an oligonucleotide array sys-tem to detect deletions in the pre-S regions of the HBV LHBS gene in chronic carriers with detectable HBV DNA, the group of carriers at a high risk of HCC [10]. We found that multiple mutation clones often co-exist in a carrier, making genotyping tedious and time-consuming. Clon-ing individual PCR products is usually necessary to differ-entially genotype the different pre-S deletion products. We found that doing colony PCR of the individual gene clones, and then directly applying the PCR products to the Pre-S Gene Chip for hybridization and detection, was more time- and cost-effective than traditional DNA sequencing analysis. The Pre-S Gene Chip is made of a 0.7-cm2 nylon membrane and costs substantially less than DNA sequencing analysis, especially for clinical institu-tions without internal access to a DNA sequencing service. The DNA chip system also simultaneously detects multi-ple pre-S clones, which makes it convenient for large-scale pre-S mutation screenings in chronic HBV carriers. Using the Pre-S Gene Chip and DNA sequencing in blind tests of 20 cases showed that both methods had close detection rates of pre-S deletions. Therefore, we conclude that the Pre-S Gene Chip delivered comparable results to direct Table 2: Pre-S mutations in patients with different serum HBV DNA titers
Status Serum HBV DNA Titer* Cases (n) HBV Clones# (n) Clones with Pre-S Deletions (n) Prevalence
Hepatitis High 53 57 4 7.0%
Intermediate 62 72 10 13.9%
Low 43 54 20 37.0%
HCC - 43 73 44 60.3%
HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma.
*High titer: HBV genome 108 copies/mL serum; intermediate titer: HBV genome 106 and < 108 copies/mL serum; low titer: HBV genome < 106
copies/mL serum.
DNA sequencing and is a good screening method for pre-S deletions. A minor disadvantage of the Pre-pre-S Gene Chip system is that it does not appear to be sensitive enough to detect deletions less than 10 nt long: in one blind-tested case, the chip did not identify a 10-nt deletion clone. Nev-ertheless, considering cost and convenience, the Pre-S
Gene Chip is potentially good for large-scale screening of pre-S deletions; perhaps it can be improved.
In this study, we found that pre-S deletion rates were sig-nificantly higher in the late phase of chronic HBV infec-tion, which displays lower HBV titers, than in the acute infection phase, which displays high viral titers. In the HBV-induced HCC stage, the pre-S deletion rate was as high as 60%. These findings suggested that pre-S deletions probably occur during long-term persistent HBV infection and eventually become predominant in HBV carriers. Therefore, we hypothesize that pre-S mutants are impor-tant in liver carcinogenesis. Our earlier studies [27,28] found that pre-S mutant LHBS accumulated in ER, where it caused ER and oxidative stress [27,28]. It also strongly induced DNA damage and mutations, which destabilized the genome [28]. We found that the pre-S2 mutant LHBS induces cyclin A overexpression, cell cycle progression, and cell proliferation, all essential factors for carcinogen-esis [29,30]. These earlier findings showed that pre-S mutant LHBS, especially the pre-S2 type, is involved in car-cinogenesis. Identifying the pre-S deletion mutations in chronic HBV carriers is therefore important when screen-ing for persons at high risk for HCC.
In addition to pre-S deletions, a number of HBV markers, such as HBV viral titers and HBeAg, are also believed to be associated with the risk of HCC in chronic HBV carriers [9,10]. HBV replication causes liver injury and inflamma-tion, which releases cytokines and facilitates the develop-ment of fibrosis and liver cell proliferation [7,8]. In addition, the HBV protein HBX crosstalks with various host factors and behaves as a viral oncoprotein [33,34]. It transactivates a number of cellular promoters, acting on cis-acting regulatory elements [35]. It also regulates pro-teasome function and, thus, controls the degradation of cellular and viral proteins [36]. We hypothesize that pre-S mutant LHBS strengthens the detrimental effects of HBX protein by increasing cell proliferation and genomic insta-bility, thereby facilitating hepatocellular carcinogenesis.
Conclusion
We developed the Pre-S Gene Chip system to screen for pre-S deletions in the LHBS gene. The detection sensitivity of the Pre-S Gene Chip for pre-S mutations is close to that of direct DNA sequencing analysis, but it is much more time- and cost-effective. We believe that the Pre-S Gene Chip is feasible for the large-scale screening of pre-S muta-tions in chronic HBV carriers. Combining the detection of pre-S mutations with other HBV factors, such as HBV viral titers and HBeAg, should offer a reliable predictive method for HCC risk in chronic HBV carriers.
Results of the Pre-S Gene Chip analysis
Figure 4
Results of the Pre-S Gene Chip analysis. A: The
wild-type LHBS gene. B: The pre-S1 mutant LHBS, with nt 3044-3103 of the HBV genome deleted. The signals on probes 6 (nt 3045-3071) and 7 (nt 3074-3103) are negative. C: The pre-S2 mutant LHBS, with nt 3-57 of the HBV genome deleted. The signals on probes 12 (nt 3-32) and 13 (nt 33-62) are negative. A. B. C. PC 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 PC 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 PC 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 PC 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 PC 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 PC 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 PC 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 PC 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 PC 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Competing interests
A U.S. Provisional Patent (Title: Oligonucleotides and use thereof for determining deletion in HBV pre-S region. Applica-tion No. 61077522, 2008) has been filed for the Pre-S Gene Chip (Fan-Ching Shen, Ih-Jen Su and Wenya Huang). All of the other authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
FS carried out the pre-S chip preparation and the majority of molecular studies. IS conceived of the pre-S study project. HW supplied the PCR primer sequences and offered discussion for this study. YH participated in the PCR experiments. WY supplied the patient specimens for pre-S genotyping studies (Table 2). KY supplied control samples for probe design for the pre-S chip. TC offered
advice and technical help for probe design for the pre-S chip. HH and HT participated in the evaluation of effi-ciency of the pre-S chip detection. WH designed the exper-iments and wrote the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Acknowledgements
Supported by grants NHRI-EX95-9520BI (to W. Huang) from the National Health Research Institutes, and CDC-DOH93-DC-1128 (to W. Huang) from the Center for Disease Control, Taiwan.
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Table 3: Summary of the pre-S genotyping results by DNA sequencing and Pre-S Gene Chip analysis in 20 HBV carriers.
Case DNA Sequencing Result Pre-S Gene Chip Result
1 wild-type wild-type
2 1. wild-type 1. wild-type
2. del nt 2894 to 3100 2. del nt 2894 to 3013 and nt 3074 to 3103
3 wild-type wild-type 4 wild-type wild-type 5 1. wild-type 1. wild-type 2. del nt 3040 to 3111 2. del nt 3044 to 3103 6 wild-type wild-type 7 del nt 3218 to 8 wild-type 8 1. wild-type 1. wild-type
2. del nt 3084 to 3188 2. del nt 3074 to 3103 and nt 3134 to 3193
3. del nt 3148 to 29 3. del nt 3134 to 32
4. del nt 3138 to 59 4. del nt 3134 to 62
9 1. wild-type 1. wild-type
2. del nt 3202 to 36 2. del nt 3194 to 32
10 del nt. 2913 to 3118 and nt 3217 to 9 del nt 2924 to 2983 and nt 3014 to 3103
11 Wild-type wild-type
12 wild-type wild-type
13 1. wild-type 1. wild-type
2. del nt 3022 to 3205 2. del nt 3014 to 3103 and nt 3134 to 2
3. del nt 3132 to 37 3. del nt 3134 to 32
4. del nt 3057 to 3198 4. del nt 3074 to 3103 and nt 3134 to 3193
5. del nt 3132 to 3182 5. del nt 3134 to 3193 14 del nt 2854 to 2871 del nt 2854 to 2878 15 1. del nt 3205 to 3213 1. wild-type 2. del nt 34 to 54 2. del nt 33 to 62 16 1. wild-type 1. wild-type 2. del nt 3041 to 3126 2. del nt 3044 to 3103 3. del nt 25 to 56 3. del nt 33 to 62 17 1. wild-type 1. wild-type
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18 1. wild-type 1. wild-type
2. del nt 3 to 56 2. del nt 3 to 62
19 del nt 3040 to 3111 del nt. 3044 to 3103
20 del nt 2948 to 3097 and nt 3112 to 2 del nt 2954 to 3013, nt 3044 to 3103, and nt 3194 to 2
Pre-S mutant Clones (n) 21 19
Cases with Pre-S Mutations (n) (%) 14 (70%) 13 (65%)
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