• 沒有找到結果。

結論聲明 結論聲明 結論聲明 結論聲明

在文檔中 員會 員會 員會 (頁 74-82)

Provisional agenda

附錄 2 聯合國斯德哥爾摩公約第 聯合國斯德哥爾摩公約第 聯合國斯德哥爾摩公約第 聯合國斯德哥爾摩公約第 12 次持久性有機污染物化 次持久性有機污染物化 次持久性有機污染物化 次持久性有機污染物化 學品審議委員會

4. 結論聲明 結論聲明 結論聲明 結論聲明

161. 决定短鏈氯化石蠟由於遠距离環境迁移很可能會對人體健康

和環境產生重大不利影響,因此有必要採取全球行動;

162. 编製了一份風險管理評估並審議了各項管理備選方案;

163. 持久性有機污染物審查委員會按照《公约》第 8 條第 9 款規

定,建議斯德哥爾摩公约缔约方大會考慮將短鏈氯化石蠟列入附件A,

定出相關控製措施,包括用於限製短鏈氯化石蠟出現在其他氯化石 蠟混合物中的控製措施,設定或者不設特定豁免。

6 (i) 除非本公约中另有规定,在產品和物品中作为无意的痕量污染物出现的化学 品不应视为本附件所列。

UNEP/POPS/POPRC.12/11/Add.3

67

参考資料 参考資料 参考資料 参考資料

Annex F submission on SCCPs by January 2015. Available at:

http://chm.pops.int/TheConvention/POPsReviewCommittee/Meetings/POPRC11 /POPRC11Followup/SCCPInfoRequest/tabid/4794/Default.aspx

(Basel Convention 2015) Updated general technical guidelines for the environmentally sound management of wastes consisting of containing or contaminated with persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Available from:

http://www.basel.int/Implementation/Publications/TechnicalGuidelines/tabid/236 2/Default.aspx

(Bayen et al. 2006) S. Bayen, J.P. Obbard, G.O. Thomas. 2006. Chlorinated paraffins:

a review of analysis and environmental occurrence. Environment International, vol. 32. 915–929

(BiPRO 2007) Study contract on “Support related to the international work on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)”, Management Option Dossier for Short Chain Chlorinated Paraffins (SCCPs), 12 June 2007, Service ContractENV.D.1/SER/2006/0123r, DG Environment, European Commission.

(BiPRO 2011) BiPRO, Umweltbundesamt, &Enviroplan.2011.Service request under the framework contract No. ENV.G.4/FRA/2007/0066: Study on waste related issues of newly listed POPs and candidate POPs. European Commission. 25 March 2011, (Update 13 April 2011)

(BRE 2008) BRE supported by IOM Consulting and Entec. 2008. Framework Contract ECHA/2008/02/SR2/ECA.225. Data on Manufacture, Import, Export, Uses and Releases of Alkanes, C10-13, Chloro (SCCPs), as well as Information on Potential Alternatives to Its Use. Available from:

http://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/13640/tech_rep_alkanes_chloro_en.pdf (BUA 1992) BUA (Beratergremium für Umweltrelevante Alstoffe). 1992. Chlorinated

paraffins. German Chemical Society (GDCh) Advisory Committee on Existing Chemicals of Environmental Relevance, June (BUA Report 93)

(Canada 1993) Government of Canada. 1993. Priority Substances List assessment report. Chlorinated paraffins.Minister of Supply and Services, Ottawa, Ontario (ISBN 0-662-20515-4; Catalogue No. En40-215/17E)

(Canada 2009) Government of Canada. 2009. Consultation Document on the Proposed Risk Management Measure for Chlorinated Paraffins. Available at:

http://www.ec.gc.ca/lcpe-cepa/default.asp?lang=En&n=F36519FE-1

(Canada 2013) Government of Canada. 2013. Regulatory Impact Analysis Statement.

Canada Gazette Part I, vo. 147, No. 1. Available at:

http://www.gazette.gc.ca/rp-pr/p2/2013/2013-01-02/html/

sor-dors285-eng.html

(Cao et al. 2015) Cao, Y., Harada, K., Liu, W., Yan. J., Zhao, C., Niisoe, T., Adachi, A., Fujii, Y., Nouda, C., Takasuga, T. Koizumi A. 2015. Short-chain chlorinated paraffins in cooking oil and related products from China. Chemosphere.

November 2015. Vol. 138. 104-111

(Clarens et al. 2006) Clarens A.F., Zimmerman, J.B., Hayes, K. F., Keoleian, G.A., and Skerlos, S.J. 2006. Comparison of Life Cycle Emissions and Energy Consumption for Environmentally Adapted Metalworking Fluid Systems.

UNEP/POPS/POPRC.12/11/Add.3

68

Available at: http://www.engin.umich.edu/labs/EAST/LCA_SI.pdf accessed October 4 2007

(Chen et al. 2011) Chen, M.Y., Luo, X.J., Zhang, X.L., He, M.J., Chen, S.J., Mai, B.X., 2011.Chlorinated paraffins in sediments from the Pearl River Delta, South China: spatial and temporal distributions and implication for processes. Environ.

Sci. Technol. 45, 5964 – 5971

(COHIBA 2011) Control of Hazardous Substances in the Baltic Sea Region (COHIBA). December 2011. COHIBA Guidance Document No. 8: Measures for Emission Reduction of Short Chain Chlorinated Paraffins (SCCP) and Medium Chain Chlorinated Paraffins (MCCP) in the Baltic Sea Region

(Corden et al. 2011) Corden, C., Grebot, B., Kirhensteine, I., Shialis, T., Warwick, O.

2011. Evidence. Abatement cost curves for chemicals of concern. The Environment Agency.Horizon House. Bristol, United Kingdom. Available from:

https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads /attachment_data/file/290505/scho0811bucc-e-e.pdf

(CPIA 2002) Chlorinated Paraffins Industry Association. 2002. Comments on the draft report “Short chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) substance dossier” (draft March 2). Correspondence to G. Filyk, Environment Canada, from R.

Fensterheim, CPIA, May 17

(DeBoer et al. 2010) De Boer, J., El-Sayed Ali, T., Fiedler, H., Legler, J., Muir, D., Nikiforov, V.A., Tomy, G.T., Tsunemi, K., de Boer, J. 2010. Chlorinated paraffins.The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry.ChlorinatedParaffins, vol.

10. Springer-Verlag, Berlin/Heidelberg

(Denmark 2014) Danish Ministry of Environment. 2014. Survey of short-chain and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins. Environmental project No. 1614

(Dick 2001) Dick JS (ed). 2001. Rubber Technology – Compounding and Testing for Performance, Carl Hansen Verlag, Munich

(Dick et al. 2010) Dick, T.A., C.P. Gallagher and G.T. Tomy. 2010. Short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins in fish, water and soils from the Iqaluit, Nunavut (Canada), area. World Review of Science, Technology and Sustainable Development. 7: 387-401

(Dover n.d.)Dover Chemicals Corporation. (notdated).Alternatives for chlorinated paraffins in metalworking formulation. Available at:

http://www.doverchem.com/Portals/0/

Alternatives%20for%20CPs%20in%20Metalworking%20Formulations.pdf (Drouillard et al. 1998) Drouillard, K.G., G.T. Tomy, D.C.G. Muir and K.J. Friesen.

1998. Volatility of chlorinated n-alkanes (C10–12): vapour pressures and Henry’s law constants. Environmental Toxicological Chemistry. 17: 1252–1260

(EC 2000) European Commission. 2000. European Union risk assessment report. Vol.

4.Alkanes, C10–13, chloro. Joint Research Centre, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, European Chemicals Bureau, European Commission (ISBN 92-828-8451-1)

(EC 2002) European Communities. 2002. Implementing the HELCOM objective with regard to hazardous substances, Guidance document on short chain chlorinated paraffins. Helsinki Commission, EC

UNEP/POPS/POPRC.12/11/Add.3

69

(EC 2006) European Commission. 2006. Integrated Pollution Prevention Control.

Reference Document on Best Available Techniques for the Manufacture of

Organic Fine Chemicals. Available from:

http://eippcb.jrc.ec.europa.eu/reference/BREF/ofc_bref_0806.pdf

(EC 2015) European Commission. 13 November 2015. Official Journal of the European Union.Commission Regulation (EU) 2015/2030 of 13 November 2015 amending Regulation (EC) No 850/2004 of the European parliament and of the Council on persistent organic pollutants as regards Annex I.

(ECHA 2008) European Chemicals Agency. 2008. Data on Manufacture, Import, Export, Uses and Releases of Alkanes, C10-13, Chloro (SCCPs) as well as Information on Potential Alternatives to its Use. Report prepared by BRE, IOM

Consulting and Entec. Available at:

http://echa.europa.eu/doc/consultations/recommendations/tech_reports/tech_rep_

alkanes_chloro.pdf

(ECVM 2008) European Council of Vinyl Manufacturers. 12 March 2008. Letter regarding:

Inventory of hazardous substances used in EEE drafted by Öko-Institut in the framework of the "Study on Hazardous Substances in Electrical and Electronic Equipment (EEE), not Regulated by the RoHS Directive". Available from:

http://hse-rohs.oeko.info/fileadmin/user_upload/

Subst_PVC/Statement_on_PVC_ECVM.pdf

(Environment Canada 2003) Environment Canada. 2003. Short chainchlorinatedparaffins (SCCPs) substance dossier. Final draft II, revised May 16. Prepared for United Nations Economic Commission for Europe Ad hoc Expert Group on Persistent Organic Pollutants

(Environment Canada 2008) Environment Canada. 2008. Final Follow-up Risk Assessment Report for Chlorinated Alkanes. Available at:

http://www.ec.gc.ca/lcpe-cepa/default.asp?lang=En&n=D7D84872-1

(Fiedler 2010). Fiedler, H. 2010. Short-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins: Production, Use and International Regulations in De Boer, J., El-Sayed Ali, T., Fiedler, H., Legler, J., Muir, D., Nikiforov, V.A., Tomy, G.T., Tsunemi, K., de Boer, J., 2010.

Chlorinated paraffins. In: The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry.

Chlorinated Paraffins, vol. 10.Springer-Verlag, Berlin/Heidelberg

(Gao et al 2012) Gao et al., 2012. Environmental occurrence and distribution of short chain chlorinated paraffins in sediments and soils from the Liaohe River Basin, P.

R. China. Environmental Science Technology, vol. 46, 3771 – 3778

(Gao et al. 2015) Gao W, Wu J, Wang Y, Jiang G. 2015. Distribution and congener profiles of

short-chain chlorinated paraffins in indoor/outdoor glass window surface films and their film-air partitioning in Beijing, China. Chemosphere 144:1327-1333 (Gao et al. 2016) Gao, Y., Zhang, H., Zou, L., Wu, P., Yu, Z., Lu, X., Chen, J. 3 March

2016. Quantification of Short-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins by Deoterodechlorination Combined with Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry.

Environmental Science and Technology.Vol. 50, 3746-3753. Available from:

http://pubs.acs.org/mwg-internal/de5fs23hu73ds/progress?id=snEfYKVq3MA2 NR-lWXG5PTCzLDut_MA-9tg3aOcRP-4,&dl

UNEP/POPS/POPRC.12/11/Add.3

70

(Gawor&Wania 2013) Gawor, A. and Wania, F. 2013. Using quantitative structural property relationships, chemical fate models, and the chemical partitioning space to investigate the potential for long range transport and bioaccumulation of complex halogenated chemical mixtures. Environmental Science: Processes &

Impacts 15(9): 1671-1684

(Hilger et al. 2011) Hilger, B.; Fromme, H.;Volkel, W.; Coelhan, M. 2011. Effects of Chain Length, Chlorination Degree, and Structure on the Octanol Water Partition Coefficients of Polychlorinated

n-Alkanes.Environmental Science Technology.Vol. 45 (7), 2842–2849

(Hilger et al. 2013) Hilger, B., Fromme, H., Völkel, W., Coelhan, M. 2013.

Occurrence of chlorinated paraffins in house dust samples from Bavaria, Germany. Environmental Pollution. Vol. 175:16-21

(IPCS 1996) International Programme on Chemical Safety. 1996. Chlorinated paraffins. World Health Organization, Geneva. 181 pp. (Environmental Health

Criteria 181). Available at:

http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc181.htm#SectionNumber:1.2 (ISO 2012) International Standards Organization, 2012.ISO 120120:2012 Water

quality – Determination of short-chain polychlorinated alkanes (SCCPs) in water – Method using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and

negative-ion chemical ionization. Available at:

http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=51124(ISO 2015) International Standards Organization. 2015. ISO 18219:2015 Leather – Determination of chlorinated hydrocarbons in leather – Chromatographic method for short chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCP). Available at:

http://www.iso.org/iso/home/store/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=

61790

(ISO 2016) International Standards Organization. 2015. ISO 18635:2016: Water quality -- Determination of short-chain polychlorinated alkanes (SCCPs) in sediment, sewage sludge and suspended (particulate) matter -- Method using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and electron capture negative

ionization (ECNI). Available at:

http://www.iso.org/iso/home/store/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=

63093

(Luo et al. 2015) Luo, Xiao-Jun, Sun, Yu-Xin, Wu, Jiang-Ping, Chen, She-Jun, Mai, Bi-Xian. 2015. Short-chain chlorinated paraffins in terrestrial bird species inhabiting an e-waste recycling site in South China, Environmental Pollution, March 2015, Vol.198, pp.41-46

(McBride 2010) McBride, E. 1 February 2010. Dibenzoate Plasticizers Offer a Safer,

Viable Solution to Phthalates. Available at:

http://www.adhesivesmag.com/Articles/Feature_Article/BNP_GUID_9-5- 2006_A_10000000000000747369

(Mittal, K.L. &Pizzi, A. 2009) Mittal K.L., &Pizzi, A. (eds). 2009. Handbook of Sealant Technology. CRC Press.

(NCP 2013) Muir, D, Kurt-Karakus, P, Stow, J (Eds.). 2013. Canadian Arctic Contaminants Assessment Report on Persistent Organic Pollutants. Northern Contaminants Program.Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada.

UNEP/POPS/POPRC.12/11/Add.3

71

(New York 2013) New York Department of Health. 2013. Report of the New York State Task Force on Flame Retardant Safety. Available from:

http://www.health.ny.gov/environmental/investigations/flame/docs/report.pdf (Nost et al. 2015) Nost TH, Halse AK, Randall S, Borgen AR, Schlabach M, Paul A,

Rahman A, Breivik K. 2015. High concentrations of organic contaminants in air from ship breaking activities in Chittagong, Bangladesh, Environmental Science Technology, vol. 49:11372-11380

(OSPAR 2006) Oslo-Paris Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic. 2006. Overview Assessment: Implementation of PARCOM Decision 95/1 on Short Chained Chlorinated Paraffin

(OSPAR 2013) OSPAR Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic. 2013. OSPAR List of Chemicals for Priority Action.

Available at: http://www.ospar.org/work-areas/hasec/chemicals/priority-action (Petersen 2012) Petersen, K. 2012. Short and medium chained chlorinated paraffins in

buildings and constructions in the EU. Available from:

https://dibk.no/globalassets/avfall-og-miljosanering/publikasjoner/master-thesis-f ixed---karoline-petersen.pdf

(PFA 2003) Peter Fisk Associates. 2003. Prioritisation of Flame Retardants for Environmental Risk Assessment, report for the Environment Agency for England

and Wales. Available at:

http://ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/stakeholders/industry_assoc/ebfrip/annex 2.pdf

(Potrykus et al. 2015) Potrykus, A., Milunov, M., Weißenbacher, J.April 2015.

Identification of potentially POP-containing Wastes and Recyclates – Derivation

of Limit Values.Available

from:https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/en/publikationen/identification-of-potent ially-pop-containing-wastes

(Raynor et al. 2005) Raynor, P.C., et al. 2005. Mist Generation from Metalworking Fluids Formulated Using Vegetable Oils. Annals of Occupational Hygiene, vol.

49, no. 4, p. 283-293

(Reth et al. 2006) Reth, M., Ciric, A., Christensen, G.N., Heimstad, E.S., Oehme M.

2006. Short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins in biota from the European Arctic – differences in homologue group patterns. Science of the Total Environment, vol. 367. 252–260

(RPA 2001) Risk & Policy Analysis (RPA). 2001. Consulting Paper on Proposed EC Directive on the Use of Short Chain Chlorinated Paraffins (SCCPs) in Metal Working and Leather Finishing.

(RPA 2010) Risk & Policy Analysis (RPA). 2010. Evaluation of Possible Restrictions on Short Chain Chlorinated Paraffins (SCCPs). Report prepared for the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment of the Netherlands

(Skerlos et al. 2008) Skerlos SJ, Hayes KF, Clarens AF, Zhao F. 2008. Current advances in sustainable metalworking fluids research, Int J Sustainable

Manufacturing 1:180-202. Available at:

http://people.virginia.edu/~afc7r/pubs/Sustainable%20Metalworking%20Fluids

%20FINAL.pdf

UNEP/POPS/POPRC.12/11/Add.3

72

(Shokrani et al. 2014) ShokraniChaharsooghi, A., Dhokia, V. and Newman, S. 2014.A Techno-Health Study of the Use of Cutting Fluids and Future Alternatives.24th International Conference on Flexible Automation and Intelligent Manufacturing

(FAIM 2014), San Antonio, Texas. Available at:

http://opus.bath.ac.uk/44012/1/Alborz_Shokrani_final.pdf

(Special Chem 2003) SpecialChem. 2003. Polysulfide Adhesives and Sealants.

Available at:

http://www.specialchem4adhesives.com/resources/articles/article.aspx?id=380 (Strid et al. 2014) Strid, A., Athanassiadis, J., Bergman, A. 2014. Hand blenders

available on the Swedish market may contaminate food with chlorinated paraffins. Annex E submission Pamela Miller, Alaska Community Action on Toxics and IPEN

(Sverko et al. 2012) Sverko, E., Tomy, GT, Märvin, CH, Muir DCG. 2012. Improving the Quality of Environmental Measurements on Short Chain Chlorinated Paraffins to Support Global Regulatory Efforts. Environmental Science Technology, vol. 46. 4697−4698

(Swiss Federal Office 2008) Swiss Federal Office for the Environment, Substances, Soil and Biotechnology Division. 5 February 2008. Annex F Questionnaire - Short-chained Chlorinated Paraffins. Available at:

http://www.pops.int/documents/meetings/poprc/submissions/AnnexE_2008/

Switzerland/SSCP_AnnexF_Form_e_submission%20by%20Switzerland.pdf (Takahashi, N et al. 1974) Takahashi, N. et al. 1974. PolysulphideRubberSealant

Composition, US Patent US3856740. Availablefrom:

http://www.freepatentonline.com/3856740.pdf

(Takasuga et al. 2012) Takasuga T., Nakano T., Shibata Y,. 2012. Unintentional POPs (PCBs, PCBz, PCNs) contamination in articles containing chlorinated paraffins and related impacted chlorinated paraffin products. OrganohalogenCompd, 2012.

(Tang et al. 2005) Tang, E. T.; Yao, L. Q. Industry status of chlorinated paraffin and its development trends.China Chlor-Alkali 2005, 2, 1−3

(Van der Gon et al. 2006) Van der Gon et al. 2006. Study to the effectiveness of the UNECE Persisitent Organic Pollutants (POP) Protocol and costs of additional measures (Phase II: Estimated emission reduction and cost of options for a possible revision of the POP Protocol); July 2006, prepared for Netherlands Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment;

2006-A-R0187/B, order no. 35096

(Tomy et al. 1998) Tomy, G.T., A.T. Fisk, J.B. Westmore and D.C.G. Muir. 1998.

Environmental chemistry and toxicology of polychlorinated n-alkanes. Rev.

Environmental Contaminant Toxicology 158: 53–128

(UN 2016) United Nations. 2016. Status of Amendments to Annexes I and II to the 1998 Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants. Geneva, 18 December 2009.

Available from:

https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVII -1-j&chapter=27&lang=en

(UK 1997) United Kingdom. 1997. Risk and Policy Analysts. Risk Reduction Strategy on the Use of Short-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins in Leather Processing,

UNEP/POPS/POPRC.12/11/Add.3

73

J222/RBA SCCPs – Leather. Available at:

https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/18 3244/sccp_leather_risks.pdf

(UK 2008) United Kingdom. February 2008. Risk Assessment of Alkanes, C14-17, Chloro (Medium-Chained Chlorinated Paraffins) (Draft). Available from:

http://echa.europa.eu/mwg-internal/de5fs23hu73ds/progress?id=zPfL6E_dMN3J LPNi5QLMCdJSvK-LrZ0qtqNk3WNAq7c,&dl

(UNECE 2009) United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. 18 December 2009). The 1998 Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants, Including the Amendments Adopted by the Parties on 18 December 2009.Available at:http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/env/lrtap/full%20text/ece.eb.air.104.e.p df

(United States 2014) United States Government. 29 December 2014. Federal Register.The Daily Journal of the United States Government.Benzidine-Based Chemical Substances; Di-n-pentyl Phthalate (DnPP); and Alkanes, C12-13, Chloro; Significant New Use Rule. Available from:

https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2014/12/29/2014-29887/benzidine-based -chemical-substances-di-n-pentyl-phthalate-dnpp-and-alkanes-c12-13-chloro-sig nificant

(US EPA 1999) United States Environmental Protection Agency. 1999. List of Toxic Chemicals within the Polychlorinated Alkanes Category and Guidance for

Reporting, Section 3, page 9. Available at:

http://www2.epa.gov/sites/production/files/documents/1999polychloroalkanes.pd f

(US EPA 2004) United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2004. Alternatives to VOC emitting petroleum based lubricants: Minimizing the health and environmental consequences. Grant number EP-97905301

(US EPA 2006) United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2006. Design of novel petroleum free metalworking fluids, EPA Grant R831457. Available at:

http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncer_abstracts/index.cfm/fuseaction/display.highlight/abstra ct/6553/report/F

(US EPA 2009) United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2009. Short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) and other chlorinated paraffins action plan.

Available at:

http://www2.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-09/documents/sccps_ap_2009_

1230_final.pdf

(US Navy 2006) US Navy. 2006. In search of environmentally friendly cutting oil.

Currents, winter edition. Available at:

http://www.denix.osd.mil/spp/upload/Naval-Air-Depot-Cherry-Point_alternative- metal-working-fluid.pdf

(vanMourik et al. 2015) van Mourik, L.M., Leaonards, P.E.G., Gaus, C., deBoer, J.

2015 October. Recent developments in capabilities for analysing chlorinated paraffins in environmental matrices: A review. Chemosphere, vol. 136. 259-272 (Vorkamp&Riget 2014) Vorkamp, K., Rigét F.F. 2014. A review of new and

current-use contaminants in the Arctic environment: evidence of long-range transport and indications of bioaccumulation. Chemosphere. 111:379-95

在文檔中 員會 員會 員會 (頁 74-82)