ཱུᆄ਻ংᆶ਻ংᡂᎂჹѠ᡼࡭Φ܄ ԖᐒԦࢉނᕉნࢬѲϐቹៜ

ཱུᆄ਻ংᆶ਻ংᡂᎂჹѠ᡼࡭Φ܄

ཱུᆄ਻ংᆶ਻ংᡂᎂჹѠ᡼࡭Φ܄

ཱུᆄ਻ংᆶ਻ংᡂᎂჹѠ᡼࡭Φ܄

ཱུᆄ਻ংᆶ਻ংᡂᎂჹѠ᡼࡭Φ܄

ԖᐒԦࢉނᕉნࢬѲϐቹៜ ԖᐒԦࢉނᕉნࢬѲϐቹៜ ԖᐒԦࢉނᕉნࢬѲϐቹៜ ԖᐒԦࢉނᕉნࢬѲϐቹៜ

इഩ

इഩ᝘ ᝘ ׵ ׵ ׵މ މ♬ ᛥۘቺ ݅໺൏ ♬ ᛥۘቺ ݅໺൏

इഩ

इഩ᝘ ᝘ǵ׵ ǵ׵މ މ♬ǵᛥۘቺǵ݅໺൏ ♬ǵᛥۘቺǵ݅໺൏

1୯ҥ໚ܴεᏢ ᕉნᆶᙍ཰ፁғࣴز܌ǵ

2୯ҥԋфεᏢ ӦౚࣽᏢسǵ

3ύѧࣴزଣ ᕉნᡂᎂࣴزύЈ

1

Effects of climate change on factors governing the Effects of climate change on factors governing the environmental fate and sink of POPs including PCDD/Fs environmental fate and sink of POPs including PCDD/Fs g g

2 2

United Nations Environment Program/Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme, Climate Change and POPs: Predicting the Impacts, 2010.

Wind

Wind fields fields and and wind wind speed speed

9POPs migration through the atmosphere is driven by winds and atmosphere is driven by winds and, therefore, higher wind speeds lead to faster and more effective transport of POP

POPs.

9Consequently, higher levels of POPs are expected in regions downwind of relevant primary and secondary sources.

9That is, northeast of Europe in Siberia, p and the Arctic; southeast of mainland Asia in the tropical Pacific Ocean; and in northern Canada and Greenland.

in northern Canada and Greenland.

Model projections of future climate change scenarios suggest higher POPs concentrations in air in regions concentrations in air in regions downwind of their primary sources.

3 3

Asian Dust

Asian Dust Ai P ll t Ai P ll t t t Asian Dust

Asian Dust Air Pollutants Air Pollutants

Bi B i

Bi B i

Biomass Burning Biomass Burning

4

Northeast monsoon episodes Northeast monsoon episodes

measurement measurement

Northern coast

measurement measurement

Altit d < 20

Northern mountain

Altitude: < 20 m

Taipei city

Altitude: 1,010 m In

In thisthis study,study, thethe concentrationsconcentrations ofof particulateparticulate mattermatter and

and PCDD/FPCDD/F congenerscongeners werewere monitoredmonitored atat twotwo and

and PCDD/FPCDD/F congenerscongeners werewere monitoredmonitored atat twotwo sampling

sampling sitessites duringduring differentdifferentlonglong--rangedranged transporttransport episodes

episodes..

5 5

80 100

tive humidy (%)

20 25

PCDD/Fs

Variation of atmospheric Variation of atmospheric

40 60

on (fg-I-TEQ/m3) Relet

10 15

ent temperature (oC) PCDD/Fs

RH Temperature

Variation of atmospheric Variation of atmospheric PCDD/Fs measured in Northern PCDD/Fs measured in Northern

Taiwan during Taiwan during

20 40

PCDD/F concentratio

5 10

Ambie

Northeast monsoon episodes Northeast monsoon episodes

(2008/12/23~2009/1/14) (2008/12/23~2009/1/14)

100 25

0

08/12/23 08/12/25

08/12/26 08/12/27

08/12/29 08/12/31

09/1/1 09/1/2

09/1/3 09/1/8

09/1/9 09/1/10

09/1/11 09/1/12

09/1/13 09/1/14

0 100

midy (%)

25 PCDD/Fs

RH Northern mountainNorthern mountain

80 100

eletive humidy (%)

20 25

)

PCDD/Fs RH Temperature 60

80

TEQ/m3) Reletive hum

15 20

perature (oC) Temperature

40 60

ation (fg-I-TEQ/m3) Re

10 15

bient temperature (oC) 20

40

F concentration (fg-I-T

5 10

Ambient temp

20

PCDD/F concentra

5

Am

0

08/12/23 08/12/25

08/12/26 08/12/27

08/12/29 08/12/31

09/1/1 09/1/2

09/1/309/1/8 09/1/9

09/1/10 09/1/11

09/1/12 09/1/13

09/1/14

PCDD/F

0

0

08/12/23 08/12/25

08/12/26 08/12/27

08/12/29 08/12/31

09/1/1 09/1/2

09/1/3 09/1/8

09/1/9 09/1/10

09/1/11 09/1/12

09/1/13 09/1/14

Northern coast 0

Northern coast

Taipei city Taipei city

6 6

150 15 PM10 PM2.5 CO

Variation of air quality

SO2

Variation of air quality

Northern mountain Northern mountain

100

& PM2.5 (g/m3) 10

0*ppm) SO2 (ppb)

Variation of air quality

SO2

Variation of air quality

pollutants observed in Northern pollutants observed in Northern

Taiwan during Taiwan during

50

PM10 &

5

CO (10

Northeast monsoon episodes Northeast monsoon episodes

(2008/12/23~2009/1/14) (2008/12/23~2009/1/14)

0

08/12/23 08/12/24 08/12/25 08/12/26 08/12/27 08/12/28 08/12/29 08/12/30 08/12/31 09/1/1 09/1/2 09/1/3 09/1/4 09/1/5 09/1/6 09/1/7 09/1/8 09/1/9 09/1/10 09/1/11 09/1/12 09/1/13 09/1/14 09/1/15 09/1/16 0

150 15

PM10 PM2.5

150 15

PM10 PM2.5 CO 100 SO2

g/m3) 10

O2 (ppb) PM2.5 CO

SO2 Taipei cityTaipei city

100

M10& PM2.5 (g/m3) 10

O (10*ppm) SO2 (ppb) 50

PM10 & PM2.5 (

5

CO (10*ppm) SO

50

PM

5

CO

0 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0

0

08/12/23 08/12/24 08/12/25 08/12/26 08/12/27 08/12/28 08/12/29 08/12/30 08/12/31 09/1/1 09/1/2 09/1/3 09/1/4 09/1/5 09/1/6 09/1/7 09/1/8 09/1/9 09/1/10 09/1/11 09/1/12 09/1/13 09/1/14 09/1/15 09/1/16 08/12/23 08/12/24 08/12/25 08/12/26 08/12/27 08/12/28 08/12/29 08/12/30 08/12/31 09/1/1 09/1/2 09/1/3 09/1/4 09/1/5 09/1/6 09/1/7 09/1/8 09/1/9 09/1/10 09/1/11 09/1/12 09/1/13 09/1/14 09/1/15 09/1/16 0

Northern coast Northern coast

Data provided by Taiwan EPA 77

67 0 80

100

tive humidy (%)

15.0 20.0 PCDD/F

RH Temp

Variation of atmospheric Variation of atmospheric

PCDD/Fs measured in PCDD/Fs measured in

46.9 67.0

48.3

67.2 56.3

40 60

n (fg-I-TEQ/m3) Relet

10.0 nt temperature (oC) Temp.

PCDD/Fs measured in PCDD/Fs measured in Northern Taiwan during Northern Taiwan during

Northeast monsoon Northeast monsoon

18.7 30.4

15.2 46.9

35.0 24.8

26.6 19.46

10.9 3.85

10 6 19.0

20 40

CDD/F concentration

5.0

Ambien

Northeast monsoon Northeast monsoon

episodes episodes

(2009/12/16~2010/1/15) (2009/12/16~2010/1/15)

76 57 100

(%) 20.0

10.9 10.6

0

2009/12/16 2009/12/18

2009/12/19 2009/12/20

2009/12/21 2009/12/25

2009/12/27 2009/12/29

2009/12/31 2010/1/2

2010/1/4 2010/1/6

2010/1/8 2010/1/9

2010/1/11 2010/1/13

2010/1/14

PC

(2009/12/16 2010/1/15)

0.0

(2009/12/16 2010/1/15)

Northern mountain Northern mountain

67.0

68.0 76.57

78.4 73.0

80.5

60 50.5 80

Q/m3) Reletive humidy

15.0

rature (oC)

77 03 107.0

90.9 86.1 94.85 80

100

tive humidy (%)

15 20

42.8 39.8 55.2 46.1

24.9

42.84

20 40

ncentration (fg-I-TEQ

5.0 10.0

Ambient temper

PCDD/F RH

67.0

37 2 43.12 46.0

44.9 41.53

77.03

46.5 56.9 40 58.5

60

on (fg-I-TEQ/m3) Relet

10

bient temperature (oC) 8.82 14.2

11.0 0

2009/12/16 2009/12/18

2009/12/19 2009/12/20

2009/12/21 2009/12/25

2009/12/27 2009/12/29

2009/12/31 2010/1/2

2010/1/4 2010/1/6

2010/1/8 2010/1/9

2010/1/11 2010/1/13

2010/1/14

PCDD/F co

0.0 RH

Temp.

37.2

13.5 11.5

18.5 0

20

PCDD/F concentratio

0 5

Am

PCDD/F RH Temp.

2009/12/16 2009/12/18

2009/12/19 2009/12/20

2009/12/21 2009/12/25

2009/12/27 2009/12/29

2009/12/31 2010/1/2

2010/1/4 2010/1/6

2010/1/8 2010/1/9

2010/1/11 2010/1/13

2010/1/14

Northern coast Northern coast

Taipei city Taipei city

Three

Three--day backwards trajectory modeling of day backwards trajectory modeling of northern northern Taiwan

Taiwan during Northeast monsoon episodes during Northeast monsoon episodes Taiwan

Taiwan during Northeast monsoon episodes during Northeast monsoon episodes

2008/12/31

2009/1/1

2008/12/24

2008/12/25

2009/1/12 2009/1/8 2009/1/1

2009/1/9

Sampling station

2009/1/12

2009/1/13

Mainland China

䪡⫸Ⱉ 渧㜿Ⱉ

Taiwan

㜙㱁Ⲟ ⿮㗍

9 9

Atmospheric PCDD/F concentration and Atmospheric PCDD/F concentration and deposition flux observed in Northern Taiwan deposition flux observed in Northern Taiwan deposition flux observed in Northern Taiwan deposition flux observed in Northern Taiwan

40 50

Q/m3) /m2/day)

125 150

3)

Ambient air Atmospheric deposition TSPs

20 30

centration (fg-I-TEQ ition flux (pg I-TEQ/

75 100

oncentration (g/m3

10 20

PCDD/F con PCDD/F deposit

25

50 _{TSP c}

o

25

30 0

100 )

0

Jan-08 Feb-08

Mar-08 Ap

r-08 May-08

Jun -08

Jul-08 Aug-08

Sep-08 Oct-08

Nov- 08

Dec-08 0

15 20

ys of event

100

200

rainfall (mm)

Significant LRT dust& air pollutants events Daily rainfall

5

Day 10

300

400

Daily r

˜

107

0

Jan-08 Feb-08

Mar-08 Apr-08

May-08 Jun-08

Jul-08 Aug-08

Sep-08 Oct-08

Nov-08 Dec-08

500

10 10

Frequency

Frequency of of extreme extreme events events

‡ More frequent f q extreme weather events such as heat waves, , storms, floods and forest fires are projected to occur as a result of global warming (IPCC, 2007).

‡ It has been shown that concentrations of certain POPs, shortly after hurricanes and storms were elevated several fold locally after hurricanes and storms, were elevated several fold locally in soils, sediments and runoff waters (Burgoa and Wauchope, 1995; Presley et ; y al., 2005). , )

‡ The effects of flooding events

on long-term remobilization

of legacy POPs illustrate the potential of these events for reactivating formerly reactivating formerly deposited pollutants (Wilken et al., 1994; Holoubek et al., et al., 1994; Holoubek et al., 2007; Pulkrabova et al., 2008;

Weber et al., 2008). 11

TaipeiFeitsuiReservoir

The reservoir investigated, serving as the source of domestic water supply for the source of domestic water supply for the Taipei Metropolitan Area with a population over 5 million, started to operate in 1987 with the storage of operate in 1987 with the storage of 406million m³. It is located in the upstream part of the Tanshui watershed, approximately 170 m above sea level.pp y

Sinks of PCDD/F measured in Northern Taiwan (ᆨᆧН৤)

1.

1.Sediment trapSediment trappp 2.

2.Sediment coreSediment core

Atmospheric Deposition Atmospheric Deposition

13

Sediment trap Sedimenttrap

(sample provided by Dr. Kao, S. J., RCEC) (sample provided by Dr. Kao, S. J., RCEC)

20 m trap

70 m trap 70 m trap

㯜ᷕ㰰䧵䈑㓞普旙(sediment trap)䭉㞙

14

Comparison of PCDD/F deposition flux in atmosphere and water body

(sediment trap:20 m)

40

30

EQ/m2 day) Atmospheric deposition 20 m water-body

Typhoon Typhoon i d

flux (pg-I-TE 20

Heavy rain season

yp episodes

(n=2)

episodes (n=3)

20

D/F deposition

10

PCDD

Total rainfall < 50 mm/month Total rainfall < 140

mm/month

0

Jan-08 Feb-08 Mar-08 Apr-08 May-08 Jun-08 Jul-08 Aug-08 Sep-08 Oct-08 Nov-08 Dec-08

The temporal trend of the PCDD/F deposition flux in water body at 20 m water depth is The temporal trend of the PCDD/F deposition flux in water body at 20 m water depth is quite similar with the atmospheric PCDD/F deposition flux. The significantly higher PCDD/F deposition flux in water body may be attributed to the catchment erosion at

down stream of the reservoir investigated

15

Contribution of PCDD/F input sources of the reservoir investigated during normal periods and specific events investigated during normal periods and specific events

100

ource (%)

Atmospheric deposition Catchment erosion 100

rce (%) Atmospheric deposition Catchment erosion

50 75

of PCDD/F input so

50 75

n of PCDD/F input sour

0 25

Distribution

0 Distribution 25

•• AroundAround 2626 toto 4646%% PCDD/FPCDD/F inputinput fluxflux inin thethe reservoirreservoir investigatedinvestigated waswas t ib t d

t ib t d bb thth tt hh ii dd itiiti dd ii ll i di d

0

Spring season Summer season Fall season Winter season

0

Typhoon event Asian dust stormepisdoe Northeast monsoon episode

contributed

contributed byby thethe atmosphericatmospheric depositiondeposition duringduring normalnormal periodsperiods..

•• TThehe contributioncontribution ofof atmosphericatmospheric PCDD/FPCDD/F depositiondeposition increasedincreased toto 5757%% andand 66

66%% duringduring thethe AsianAsian dustdust stormstorm andand NortheastNortheast monsoonmonsoon episodes,episodes, respectively

respectively DuringDuring thethe typhoontyphoon eventevent thethe contributioncontribution ofof atmosphericatmospheric respectively

respectively.. DuringDuring thethe typhoontyphoon event,event, thethe contributioncontribution ofof atmosphericatmospheric PCDD/F

PCDD/F depositiondeposition decreaseddecreased toto 1010%% duedue toto thethe significantsignificant catchmentcatchment erosion

erosion inin thethe reservoirreservoir investigatedinvestigated..

Comparison of PCDD/F deposition flux in water

200

y)

body at different depth

Typhoon Total rainfallTotal rainfall

150 g-I-TEQ/m2day

70 m water depth 20 m water depth

Typhoon episodes

(n=3)

Total rainfall Total rainfall

> 1200 mm/month

> 1200 mm/month

water body (pgosition flux in 100

50

PCDD/F depo

0

Jan-08 Feb-08 Mar-08 Apr-08 May-08 Jun-08 Jul-08 Aug-08 Sep-08 Oct-08 Nov-08 Dec-08

The dramatic increase of PCDD/F deposition flux at 70 m water depth was caused by the land slide occurred at up stream of the reservoir during the intensive typhoon period.

17

Deposition flux of crust-derived elements in water column in reservoir during the normal periods and column in reservoir during the normal periods and

intensive typhoon period

(data provided by Dr. Hsu, S. C., RCEC) (data provided by Dr. Hsu, S. C., RCEC)

Deposition flux in water column

Water de pth (m)

Al (g m^-2 d^-1)

Fe (g m^-2 d^-1)

Na (g m^-2 d^-1)

Mg (g m^-2 d^-1)

Ca (g m^-2 d^-1)

( p y , , )

( p y , , )

20 0.23r0.13 0.10r0.05 0.01r0.004 0.02r0.01 0.01r0.004

Normal periods (n=11)

( )

70 0.33r0.19 0.16r0.11 0.01r0.005 0.03r0.02 0.01r0.004

20 0 87 0 40 0 02 0 08 0 02

20 0.87 0.40 0.02 0.08 0.02

Intensive typhoon period (Sep, 2008)

70 34 3 16 5 1 45 3 64 0 451

70 34.3 16.5 1.45 3.64 0.451

The sharp increases in deposition fluxes of PCDD/F and mineral-derived elementsp p at 70 m water depth may have resulted from a deep turbid layer that formed upstream owing to landslide and/or mud flows during the typhoon period.

18

Sediment core collected at

Sediment core collected at Feitsui Feitsui Reservoir Reservoir

0 1 2 3 4 5

TOC content (%)

0 20 40 60 80 100

Water content (%) PCDD/F content (ng-I-TEQ/kg d.w.)

(sample provided by Dr. Kao, S. J., RCEC) (sample provided by Dr. Kao, S. J., RCEC)

0

5

0 1 2 3 4 5

0

5 0

0 1 2 3 4 5

0

1987 1992 1997 2002 2007

Estimated age

5

10 5

10 5

10

5

10

2008

15 15

epth (cm) 1996

15

th(cm) ¹⁵epth(cm)

1996

20 20

1996 ລդረ॥ ǻ

De

Dept 20

20

25

D

25 1987

30

ᶳ㷠 25

30

ᶳ 㷠 1987

25

30

30

35

1987

Sedimentation rate

=1.38~1.50 cm/year

35 30

35

Bottom soil

35

ᶳ㷠

35

19

PCDD/F contents in sediment core at different PCDD/F contents in sediment core at different

depth in the reservoir investigated depth in the reservoir investigated

5.0

depth in the reservoir investigated depth in the reservoir investigated

1997

4.0 4.5

g d.w.)

1997

PCDD/F emission limits promulgated by Taiwan EPA

(1 0 ng-I-TEQ/Nm³) ǻ

3.0 3.5

t(ng-I-TEQ/kg (1.0 ng I TEQ/Nm ) ǻ

1 5 2.0 2.5

DD/F content

1992 1st MWI in

1994ɴ1995 Three MWIs in

0.5 1.0 1.5

PCD 1st MWI in

Taipei city started to

Three MWIs in Taipei city and county started

2001

PCDD/F emission limits enforced (0.1 ng-I-TEQ/Nm³)

0.0 0.5

1987 1988 1989 1990 1992 1993 1994 1996 1997 1998 2000 2001 2003 2004 2005 2007 2008

operate to operate ^{( g Q )}

Temporal trends of PCDD/F input fluxes of the Temporal trends of PCDD/F input fluxes of the

reservoir investigated reservoir investigated

PCDD/F input flux (ng I-TEQ/m²-year) =

PCDD/F concentration of each sediment core (ng I-TEQ/kg d.w.) h ^Dry _Height^weight _of^of _each^each _part^part _inⁱⁿ _se^se_dim^dim_ent^ent _core^core ₍⁽_cm^kg₎^d.w.) hSedimentation rate (1 44 cm/year)rArea of sediment core (6 36h^10-3m2)

reservoir investigated reservoir investigated

Accumulation rate of PCDD/Fs in sediment

100

/m2 -day)

hSedimentation rate (1.44 cm/year)rArea of sediment core (6.36h^103m2)

Accumulation rate of PCDD/Fs in sediment

80

nt (pg-I-TEQ/

60

flux in sedimen

24.9 40

accumulated fl

20

PCDD/F a

Atmospheric deposition flux =5.48 pg-I-TEQ/m²-day << 24.9 Water body deposition flux (70 m) =

Water body deposition flux (70 m) =22 6 pg22 6 pg II TEQ/mTEQ/m²² daydayɼɼ24 924 9

0 Water body deposition flux (70 m) =Water body deposition flux (70 m) =22.6 pg22.6 pg--II--TEQ/mTEQ/m²²--daydayɼɼ24.924.9

21

Comparison of PCDD/F input flux in sediment in relation to the sediment in relation to the variation in total rainfall and

variation in total rainfall and number of typhoons during typhoon variation in total rainfall and

variation in total rainfall and number of typhoons during typhoon events in northern Taiwan

3,000 30

2,500 25

2/year)

Total rainfall during typhoon events PCDD/F input flux in sediment

N b f h

2,000 20

m)g I-TEQ/m2 yphoons

Number of typhoons

1,500 15

ainfall (mm)

nput flux (ng Number of ty

1,000 10

R

PCDD/F in N

500 5

0 0

1988 1989 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2007 2008

Estimated year

22