於 IMF 之下會員國的票數係由基本票數加上以分派額度進行計算的權重票數,於此次之 IMF 治理 改革方案中,兩類型的票數均有相關之改革方案的提議以及成果,本節將以基本票數的設計為主要的 討論對象,理由有二。第一、分派額度之計算公式的設計,基本上涉及如何透過使用不同的經濟指標 來衡量一國於全球下的經濟地位,此涉及經濟學之專業,本研究者較無法以法學的角度針對現行之改 革方案提出批評與建議;第二、分派額度基本上涉及到單一會員所得分配到的權重票數,但基本票數 的設計涉及到會員國整體於投票權中定位與代表性問題,若基本票數的設計得以保障個別會員國於決 策機制下的地位,分派額度於投票權力中的影響力可能降低。故,在此僅針對基本票數之設計,提出 一些初步的分析。
除了 IMF 之外,許多以權重投票制為決策機制的國際組織亦有基本票數的設計,特別是國際/區
106 IMF, November 5a, 2010, sura note 100.
107 IMF, December 16, 2010, supra note 102.
108 IMF, November 5b, 2010, supra note 103
109 IMF, March 3, 2011, IMF Quota and Governance Publications: June 2006-March 2011.
110 Strand, J. R. & Rapkin, D. P., 2005, in: Buira, A. (ed.), Reforming the Governance of the IMF and the World Bank, ch. 10, p.
236.
域開發銀行。但許多開發銀行對於基本票數的設計,基本上會考慮到會員國之間的平等,以及避免基 本票數因為權重票數之增加而逐漸被侵蝕。例如,世界銀行於 1979 年決議增加其資本額時,同時決議 將會員國的基本票數由 250 票增加為 500 票,主要目的在於維持基本票數占總投票數之 11% 的比例不 變111。此外,於世界銀行集團中,國際復興暨開發銀行(International Bank for Reconstruction and Development,IBRD)所使用之投票制度,包括基本票數的設計,與 IMF 相同,但國際開發署(International Development Association,IDA)則有不同的設計:依據「IDA 協定」(IDA Articles of Agreement)第 6 條第 3 節第 a 款,每一位原始會員國有 500 票基本票,加上其所認繳之股份每 5000 美元(以 1960 年計算)增加一票,為了確保開發中國家會員國於 IDA 定期資金挹注(IDA replenishment)之後,得 以維持其投票權,故將基本票數之比例固定,以 1983 年第六次 IDA 資金挹注為止,每位會員國的基 本票數增加為 9900112,加上其所認繳之股份每 25 美金增加一票,此外,開發中國家會員國得使用其 貨幣認購額外的股份,以避免其總投票數的下降,工業化國家之會員國則必須待其認繳金額到達 10279.60 美元時,方得於其所認繳之股份每 25 美金增加一票113。此外,於世界銀行集團下之另一個組 織「多邊投資擔保署(Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency,MIGA)」亦採取不同於 IBRD 之設計,
MIGA 基本上將會員國分為兩類:已開發國家會員國與開發中國家會員國,於投票權的設計上對開發 中國家會員國較為有利:依據「成立 MIGA 公約(Convention Establishing the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency)」第 39 條第 a 款之規定,為了保障公約附件 A 中之兩類別會員國(投資國/已開 發會員國與非投資國/開發中國家)享有平等的利益,且反映出各會員國之財務貢獻,每位會員國有 177 票之基本票,加上每一份認繳股份增加一票114,同條第 b 款進一步規定,於公約生效後之三年,
若因認繳股份之增加導致任一類別之會員國的投票權低於總投票權之 40%,此類別之會員國得獲得額 外之基本票數的分配,使得該類別之會員國的票數不得低於總投票數的 40%,此一額外增加的票數應 平均分配給該類別中的所有會員國115。
除了世界銀行集團下之 IDA 與 MIGA 外,基本票數於各個區域開發銀行所占之比例也不同。「亞
111 Zamora, S., July 1980, supra note 3, note 38 & p. 594.
112 World Bank, 1982, IDA in Retrospect, pp. 6-7.
113 Gianaris, W. N., 1990/1991, supra note 7, pp. 927-928.
114 Convention Establishing the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency, Article 39 Voting and Adjustments of Subscriptions:
“(a) In order to provide for voting arrangements that reflect the equal interest in the Agency of the two Categories of States listed in Schedule A of this Convention, as well as the importance of each member's financial participation, each member shall have 177 membership votes plus one subscription vote for each share of stock held by that member.”
115 Convention Establishing the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency, Article 39 Voting and Adjustments of Subscriptions:
“(b) If at any time within three years after the entry into force of this Convention the aggregate sum of membership and subscription votes of members which belong to either of the two Categories of States listed in Schedule A of this Convention is less than 40 percent of the total voting power, members from such a Category shall have such number of supplementary votes as shall be necessary for the aggregate voting power of the Category to equal such a percentage of the total voting power. Such supplementary votes shall be distributed among the members of such Category in the proportion that the subscription votes of each bears to the aggregate of subscription votes of the Category. Such supplementary votes shall be subject to automatic adjustment to ensure that such percentage is maintained and shall be canceled at the end of the above-mentioned three-year period.”
洲開發銀行協定」第 33 條規定,基本票應於全體會員國之投票權中維持一固定的比例,亦即是總投票 數的 20% 為基本票數,並公平分配給所有會員國116。「美洲開發銀行協定」第 8 條第 4 節則規定,會 員國的基本票數為 135 票,加上每一認繳股份得有額外之一票,但董事會得於進行增資時決定,該些 額外之認繳股份不得享有投票權,再者,若增加之結果將導致以下投票權分配之結果,均係無效之增 資且會員國認繳的義務即被豁免:第一、區域內之開發中國家會員國的投票數低於總投票數的 50.005%,第二、持有最多股份之會員國的投票權低於總投票權的 30%,或,第三、加拿大之投票權低 於總投票權的 4%117。「非洲開發銀行成立協定」第 35 條規定,每個會員國有 625 票基本票,每一會 員國另依據其所認購之股份有額外之投票數,但,就初始認繳之股份以外所增加的股份,董事會得決 定該等增加的股份不具有額外的投票權118,此使得於非洲開發銀行下,基本票數占總投票數比例得維 持在 45%。
幾乎所有使用權重投票制的國際組織,都會保留每個會員國均得被分配相同票數之基本票數的設 計,主要原因應在於,基本票數最得以反應傳統之國際組織中所強調的國家主權平等,此也是「IMF 協定」於談判之初各談判國設計基本票數的理由。增加基本票數的優點除了增加開發中國家的代表權 之外,其與分派額度之增加不同,基本票數的增加並不會造成會員國額外的財務負擔119,故此一針對 基本票數的修改有助於 IMF 治理改革的成效。也因此,於討論 IMF 治理下之決策機制的變革,基本票 數成為保障開發中國家於 IMF 下的代表權的重要關鍵,故,於 2008 年之第二波改革方案中即針對基 本票數的增加、以及維持其於總投票數下之固定比例進行「IMF 協定」之修正,但其所固定之比例
(5.502%)雖然相較於改革前之現況(低於 2%)增加了兩倍,但仍遠低於「IMF 協定」成立之初時,
基本票數所占有總投票數的比例(11.26%),也均低於前述幾個開發銀行中基本票數占有總投票數的
116 Agreement Establishing the Asian Development Bank, Article 33 VOTING:
“The total voting power of each member shall consist of the sum of its basic votes and proportional votes. The basic votes of each member shall consist of such number of votes as results from the equal distribution among all the members of twenty (20) per cent of the aggregate sum of the basic votes and proportional votes of all the members.”
117 Agreement Establishing the Inter-American Development Bank, ARTICLE VIII ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT, Section 4. Voting:
“(a) Each member country shall have 135 votes plus one vote for each share of ordinary capital stock of the Bank held by that country, provided, however, that, in connection with any increase in the authorized ordinary capital stock, the Board of Governors may determine that the capital stock authorized by such increase shall not have voting rights and that such increase of stock shall not be subject to the preemptive rights established in Article II, Section 3(b).
(b) No increase in the subscription of any member to the ordinary capital stock shall become effective, and any right to subscribe thereto is hereby waived, which would have the effect of reducing the voting power (i) of the regional developing members below 50. 005 per cent of the total voting power of the member countries; (ii) of the member having the largest number of shares below 30 per cent of such total voting power; or (iii) of Canada below 4 per cent of such total voting power.”
118 Agreement Establishing the African Development Bank, Article 35 Voting:
“1. Each member shall have 625 votes and, in addition, one vote for each share of the capital stock of the Bank held by that member, provided, however, that in connexion with any increase in the authorized capital stock, the Board of Governors may determine that the capital stock authorized by such increase shall not have voting rights and that such increase of stock shall not be subject to the pre-emptive rights established in paragraph 2 of Article 6 of this Agreement.”
119 Beltran, G. S. for The G24 Research Program, 2005, supra note 81, p. 20.
比例,故,應還有改善的空間。由前述之開發銀行的經驗可看出,尚有許多有關基本票數設計的手段 可供 IMF 的會員國參考:除了維持基本票數占總投票數之一定比例外,亦可透過多種門檻的設計,例 如美洲開發銀行與 MIGA,將會員國分類後,確保各類別之會員國的總基本票數具有相同的比例、亦 或是確保主要的貢獻國之基本票數必須占有一定之比例。惟,修改基本票數之規定涉及「IMF 協定」
的修改,而於 2010 年啟動之第三波改革中並未再度提及有關基本票數的改革建議,故,恐怕針對基本 票數之規範,於短期內將不會成為再次改革的對象。但,若得以搭配決策門檻的設計,基本票數的重 要性亦有可能降低,如下所討論。