混凝土劣化的化學原因
3.1.2.4 其他建材之耐久性標準試驗
以下就 ASTM 之暴露實驗分為金屬類、高分子材料及非結構性建 材，概述如下：
壹、ASTM 金屬建材耐久性相關標準試驗
金屬建材具有相當多的優點，諸如強度、韌性、加工性、及特有的 光澤，但同時亦需承受環境所造成的腐蝕及其他劣化問題。
在金屬建材之耐久性標準試驗中，將其分為腐蝕性試驗、暴露試驗 和磨耗性試驗等。
一、 ASTM 金屬材料腐蝕性相關標準試驗
針對金屬材料腐蝕傷害，除了考慮金屬本身的腐蝕速率以及外觀變 化，隨著金屬材料的多元化發展，在同一建築結構體或裝飾上同時使用 兩種以上金屬材料的機會增多，在導電環境中相互接觸時，電位較活性 的金屬會加速腐蝕，而造成較單獨存在時更為嚴重之傷害，此一異種金 屬接觸之加速腐蝕稱為迦凡尼（Galvanic）腐蝕。當金屬材料與大氣環境 共同作用時，常會產生腐蝕破裂，對於建材的安全性及耐久性造成威 脅。此將 ASTM 中金屬材料腐蝕相關之標準試驗整理如表 3-20。
表 3-20 ASTM 金屬材料腐蝕標準試驗
B418-95a Standard Specification for Cast and Wrought Galvanic Zinc Anodes B545-97 Standard Specification for Electrodeposited Coatings of Tin
D1280-89 Standard Test Method of Total Immersion Corrosion Test for Soak Tank Metal Cleaners
D1374-89 Standard Test Method of Aerated Total Immersion Corrosion Test for Metal Cleaners
D2251-96 Standard Test Method for Metal Corrosion by Halogenated Organic Solvents and Their Admixtures
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and Their Admixtures
D2688-94e1 Standard Test Methods for Corrosivity of Water in the Absence of Heat Transfer (Weight Loss Methods)
D2803-93 Standard Guide for Testing Filiform Corrosion Resistance of Organic Coatings on Metal
D6294-98 Standard Test Method for Corrosion Resistance of Ferrous Metal Fastener Assemblies Used in Roofing and Waterproofing
G1-90 Standard Practice for Preparation Cleaning and Evaluating Corrosion Test Specimens
G3-89 Standard Practice for Conventions Applicable to Electrochemical Measurements in Corrosion Testing
G5-94 Test Method for Making Potentiostatic and Potentiodynamic Anodic Polarization Measurements
G16-95e1 Standard Guide for Applying Statistics to Analysis of Corrosion Data
G30-97 Standard Practice for Making and Using U-Bend Stress-Corrosion Test Specimens
G31-72 Standard Practice for Laboratory Immersion Corrosion Testing of Metals G33-99 Standard Practice for Recording Data from Atmospheric Corrosion Tests of
Metallic-Coated Steel Specimens
G36-94 Standard Practice for Evaluating Stress-Corrosion-Cracking Resistance of Metals and Alloys in a Boiling Magnesium Chloride Solution
G39-99 Standard Practice for Preparation and Use of Bent-Beam Stress-Corrosion Test Specimens
G41-90e1 Standard Practice for Determining Cracking Susceptibility of Metals Exposed Under Stress to a Hot Salt Environment
G50-76 Standard Practice for Conducting Atmospheric Correction Tests on Metals G64-99 Standard Classification of Resistance to Stress-Corrosion Cracking of
Heat-Treatable Aluminum Alloys
G71-81e1 Standard Guide for Conducting and Evaluating Galvanic Corrosion Tests in Electrolytes
G79-83e1 Standard Practice for Evaluation of Metals Exposed to Carburization Environments
G82-98 Standard Guide for Development and Use of a Galvanic Series for Predicting Galvanic Corrosion Performance
G84-89e1 Standard Practice for Measurement of Time-of-Wetness on Surfaces Exposed to Wetting Conditions as in Atmospheric Corrosion Testing
G85-98 Standard Practice for Modified Salt Spray (Fog) Testing
G101-97 Standard Guide for Estimating the Atmospheric Corrosion Resistance of Low-Alloy Steels
G102-89 Standard Practice for Calculation of Corrosion Rates and Related Information from Electrochemical Measurements
G104-89 Standard Test Method for Assessing Galvanic Corrosion Caused by the Atmosphere
G109-99a Standard Test Method for Determining the Effects of Chemical Admixtures on the Corrosion of Embedded Steel Reinforcement in Concrete Exposed to Chloride Environments
G149-97 Standard Practice for Conducting the Washer Test for Atmospheric Galvanic
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Corrosion
二、 ASTM 金屬材料暴露相關標準試驗
G44-99 Standard Practice for Exposure of Metals and Alloys by Alternate Immersion in Neutral 3.5% Sodium Chloride Solution
G52-88 Standard Practice for Exposing and Evaluating Metals and Alloys in Surface Seawater
G50-76e1 Standard Practice for Conducting Atmospheric Corrosion Tests on Metals D5894-96
Standard Practice for Cyclic Salt Fog/UV Exposure of Painted Metal, (Alternating Exposures in a Fog/Dry Cabinet and a UV/Condensation Cabinet)
E745-80 Standard Practices for Simulated Service Testing for Corrosion of Metallic Containment Materials for Use With Heat-Transfer Fluids in Solar Heating and Cooling Systems
D4141-95 Standard Practice for Conducting Accelerated Outdoor Exposure Tests of Coatings
D3658-90 Standard Test Method for Determining the Torque Strength of Ultraviolet (UV) Light-Cured Glass/Metal Adhesive Joints
G101-97 Standard Guide for Estimating the Atmospheric Corrosion Resistance of Low-Alloy Steels
G85-98 Standard Practice for Modified Salt Spray (Fog) Testing
G79-83e1 Standard Practice for Evaluation of Metals Exposed to Carburization Environments
G41-90e1 Standard Practice for Determining Cracking Susceptibility of Metals Exposed Under Stress to a Hot Salt Environment
三、 風砂作用之磨耗
B650-95 Standard Specification for Electrodeposited Engineering Chromium Coatings on Ferrous Substrates
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on Ferrous Substrates
D658-91 Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Organic Coatings by Air Blast Abrasive (Discontinued 1996)
D968-93 Standard Test Methods for Abrasion Resistance of Organic Coatings by Falling Abrasive
D4060-95 Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Organic Coatings by the Taber Abraser
E1795-97 Standard Specification for Non-Reinforced Liquid Coating Encapsulation Products for Leaded Paint in Buildings
E1797-97 Standard Specification for Reinforced Liquid Coating Encapsulation Products for Leaded Paint in Buildings
G65-94 Standard Test Method for Measuring Abrasion Using the Dry Sand/Rubber Wheel Apparatus
G81-97a Standard Practice for Jaw Crusher Gouging Abrasion Test
貳、ASTM 高分子建材相關標準試驗
高分子建材因具有質堅、量輕之優點，而被廣泛應用於各種不同的 場合中。所謂高分子建材包含相當廣泛，主要將其分為天然高分子、合 成高分子、聚合物（Polymer）和共聚合五類。天然高分子如橡膠、紙、
礦物質纖維除外之纖維等。合成高分子係指一般分子量大於 10000 以上 之化合物，如聚合成聚乙烯（PE）、酚醛樹脂（Phenol-formaldehyde resin）
等。聚合物係指具有反應性低的低分子物結合而成為長的分子，如同元 聚合物（Homopolymer）、共聚物（Copolymer）等。共聚合只自由基共聚 合（Radical copolymerization）、離子共聚合（ Ionic copolymerization）、隨機共 聚合（Random copolymerization）、成塊共聚合（Bolok copolymerization）、接 枝 共 聚 合 （ Graft copolymerization ）、 共 沸 共 聚 合 （ Azeotropic copolymerization）、同元共聚合（Homopolymer copolymerization）、三元共聚 合（Terpolymer）和聚縮物（Polycondensate）。
在高分子建材之耐久性試驗中，將其分為耐磨耗試驗、戶外暴露試 驗、室內加速試驗和防蝕性試驗等，另對其基本物性相關標準試驗及塗 膜評定標準也做了一些整理。
一、 ASTM 高分子建材耐磨耗標準試驗
高分子材料置於大氣中，風砂的侵蝕是使其產生老化劣解的重要因 素之一。強勁風砂可能造成擦傷或留下殘餘應變，使得風化劣解往材料 內部深層進行，此現象在風強多砂之海島型氣候的台灣尤為顯著，故需 考慮以飛砂磨耗或噴砂磨耗作為耐久性評估之依據。
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表 3-23 ASTM 高分子材料磨耗標準試驗
D658-81 Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Organic Coating by the Air Blast Abrasive Test
D673-70 Standard Test Method for MAR Resistance of Plastics
F735-81 Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Transparent Plastics and Coatings Using the Oscillating Sand Method
D968-81 Standard Test Methods for Abrasion Resistance of Organic Coating by Falling Abrasion
D1044-82 Standard Test Methods for Resistance of Transparent Plastics to Surface Abrasion
D1242-56 Standard Test Methods for Resistance of Plastic Materials to Abrasion
二、 ASTM 高分子建材料物性相關標準試驗
高分子材料經室外暴露試驗及室內加速試驗後對其基本物性之影 響評估，可依材料之光澤度變化、色差變化，抗張強度、抗撕強度變化 得知。在 ASTM 中對高分子材料之物性標準試驗整理如表 3.24。
三、 ASTM 高分子建材戶外氣候曝曬標準試驗
基於對高分子材料劣化機制的瞭解得知陽光的光線強度與高分子 材料的劣化有某些程度的依存性，因此可利用強光直接照射高分子材 料，促進老化劣解的發生。為有效評估高分子材料真正的使用期限，最 好的方法是進行長期大氣佈放，定期檢視其性質改變情形。在 ASTM 中 對高分子材料之大氣佈放標準試驗整理如表 3.25。
表 3-24 ASTM 高分子材料物性標準試驗
D523--89 Standard Test Method for Specular Gloss
D638-82a Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics
D659-80 Standard Method of Evaluating Degree of Chalking of Exterior Paints D882-83 Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Thin Sheeting
D1729-82 Standard Practice for Visual Evaluation of Color Differences of Opaque Materials
D1925-70 Standard Test Method for Yellowness Index of Plastics
D2244-79 Standard Test Method for instrumental Evaluation of Color Differences of Opaque Materials
D2289-81 Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics at High Speed D3134-74 Standard Recommended Practice for Directional Reflectance Factor 45。,0。,
of Opaque and for Evaluating Conformance
49
E97-82 Standard Test Method for Directional Reflectance factor45。,0。,of Opaque Specimens by Broad-Band Filter Reflectometry
表 3-25 ASTM 高分子建材戶外氣候曝曬標準試驗
C7 Standard Practice for Atmospheric Environmental Exposure Testing of Nonmetallic Materials
D1006 Standard Test Method for Conducting Exterior Exposure Test of Paints on Wood
D1014 Standard Test Method for Conducting Exterior Exposure Test of Paints on Steel
D750-68 Standard Recommended Practice for Rubber Deterioration in Carbon-Arc or Weathering Apparatus
D822-96 Standard Practice for Conducting Tests on Paint and Related Coatings and Materials Using Filtered Open-Flame Carbon-Arc Exposure Apparatus G26
Standard Practice for Operating Light-Exposure Apparatus (Xenon-Arc Type) With and Without Water for Exposure of Nonmetallic Materials (Discontinued 2000) , Replaced By G155
D1499-64 Standard Recommended Practice for Operating Light-and Water-exposure Apparatus (Carbon-Arc type) for Exposure of Plastics
D2565-79 Standard Practice for Operating Xenon Arc-type (Water-cooled) Light-Exposure Apparatus with and without Water for Exposure of Plastics D3361-93 Standard Practice for Operating Light- and Water-Exposure Apparatus
(Unfiltered Open-Flame Carbon-Arc Type) for Testing Paint, Varnish, Lacquer, and Related Products Using the Dew Cycle
D4141-82 Standard Practice for Conducting Accelerated Outdoor Exposure Tests of Coatings
D4587-91
Standard Practice for Conducting Tests on Paint and Related Coatings and Materials Using a Fluorescent UV-Condensation Light- and Water-Exposure Apparatus
G23-81 Standard Practice for Operating Light-Exposure Apparatus(Carbon-Arc type) with and without Water for Exposure of Non-mentallic Materials
50
G26-77 Standard Recommended Practice for Operating Light-exposure Apparatus(Xenon-Arc Type)with and without Water for exposure of Nonmentallic Materials
G26-92 Standard Practice for Operating Light-exposure Apparatus(Xenon-Arc type) with and without Water for Exposure of Nonmentallic Materials
G53-83 Standard Practice for Operating Light and Water-exposure Apparatus(Fluorescent UV-Condensation type) for Exposure of Non-mentallic Materials
G58-85 Standard Practice for Preparation of Stress-Corrosion Test Specimens for Weldments
五、 ASTM 高分子建材防蝕性標準試驗
鹽水中的有害化學物質會對高分子建材造成腐蝕。ASTM 中對高分 子之腐蝕性標準試驗整理如下。
表 3-27 ASTM 高分子建材鹽水噴霧標準試驗
B117-97 Standard Practice for Operating Salt Spray (Fog) Apparatus
表 3-28 ASTM 高分子建材 SO2鹽水噴霧標準試驗
G87-98 Standard Practice for Conducting Moist SO2 Tests 表 3-29 ASTM 高分子建材塗膜評定標準試驗
D661 Standard Test Method of Evaluating Degree of Cracking of Exterior Paints D610 Standard Method of Evaluating Degree of Rusting on Painted Steel
Surfaces
D659 Standard Test Method of Evaluating Degree of Chalking of Exterior Paints D660 Standard Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Checking of Exterior Paints D662 Standard Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Erosion of Exterior Paints D714 Standard Test Method for Evaluating Degree Blistering of Paints
D772 Standard Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Flaking (Scaling) of Exterior Paints
D1654 Standard Method for Evaluating of Painted or Coated Specimens subjects to Corrosive Environments
參、非結構性建材 ASTM 相關標準試驗
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D3535-92
Standard Test Method for Resistance to Deformation Under Static Loading for Structural Wood Laminating Adhesives Used Under Exterior (Wet Use) Exposure Conditions
D2559-99 Standard Specification for Adhesives for Structural Laminated Wood Products for Use Under Exterior (Wet Use) Exposure Conditions
E661-88 Standard Test Method for Performance of Wood and Wood-Based Floor and Roof Sheathing Under Concentrated Static and Impact Loads
D3434-96 Standard Test Method for Multiple -Cycle Accelerated Aging Test (Automatic Boil Test) for Exterior Wet Use Wood Adhesives
E1810-96 Standard Practice for Evaluating Effects of Contaminants on Odor and Taste of Exposed Fish
E1175-87 Standard Test Method for Determining Solar or Photopic Reflectance, Transmittance, and Absorptance of Materials Using a Large Diameter Integrating Sphere
D5401-93 Standard Test Method for Evaluating Clear Water Repellent Coatings on Wood
D4446-84e1 Standard Test Method for Anti-Swelling Effectiveness of Water-Repellent Formulations and Differential Swelling of Untreated Wood When Exposed to Liquid Water Environments
D3632-98 Standard Test Method for Accelerated Aging of Adhesive Joints by the Oxygen-Pressure Method
D3459-98 Standard Test Method for Humid-Dry Cycling for Coatings on Wood and Wood Products
D3259-95 Standard Practice for Infrared Determination of the Temperature of Applied Coatings on Wood Products During the Curing Cycle
D2481-81e1 Standard Test Method for Accelerated Evaluation of Wood Preservatives for Marine Services by Means of Small Size Specimens
D1413-99 Standard Test Method for Wood Preservatives by Laboratory Soil-Block Cultures
D358-98 Standard Specification for Wood to Be Used as Panels in Weathering Tests of Coatings
表 3-31 ASTM 非結構性建材表面磨耗標準試驗
D1037-99 Standard Test Methods for Evaluating Properties of Wood-Base Fiber and Particle Panel Materials
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Particle Panel Materials
D5324-98 Standard Guide for Testing Water-Borne Architectural Coatings D5146-98 Standard Guide to Testing Solvent-Borne Architectural Coatings
D2394-83 Standard Method for Simulated Service Testing of Wood and Wood-Base Finish Flooring
表 3-32 ASTM 非結構性建材防火標準試驗
E2032-99 Standard Guide for Extension of Data From Fire Endurance Tests
D5664-99 Standard Test Method for Evaluating the Effects of Fire-Retardant Treatments and Elevated Temperatures on Strength Properties of Fire-Retardant Treated Lumber
D5516-99 Standard Test Method for Evaluating the Flexural Properties of Fire-Retardant Treated Softwood Plywood Exposed to Elevated Temperatures
D3201-94e1 Standard Test Method for Hygroscopic Properties of Fire-Retardant Wood and Wood-Base Products
D2898-94 Standard Test Methods for Accelerated Weathering of Fire-Retardant-Treated Wood for Fire Testing