混凝土劣化的化學原因
3.2 日本規範
3.2.5 日本工業規格（JIS）〔82〕
日本對建材與構件之檢測以日本規格協會（Japanese Standards Association, JSA）出版之工業規格（JIS）為主，性質類似美國材料試驗 協會之試驗標準（ASTM）。為確保日本工業標準一致性，成立日本規格 協會（JSA）負責規格審議，以主管部長為首之各省相關部門擔任，而 全面性的總結，則由通商產業省工業技術院標準部負責。2000 年版最新 的規格書共有六十七冊，另總號類別共分為十九類，其中 A 為土木建 築，G 為鋼鐵，H 為非鐵金屬，K2 為顏料、塗料等，R 為窯類，其中則 有非結構性建材如陶瓷類之磁磚之相關試驗標準，在 Z 類中則有試驗之 一般性規定。
本小節針對日本工業規格（JIS）在水泥質、金屬、高分子建材在耐 久性方面之試驗方法或標準整理以條列式逐一列出說明，以作為將來規 劃耐久性試驗室之參考。
一、 JIS 水泥質建材耐久試驗標準
在 JIS 中與水泥質建材耐久性相關試驗標準，主要列於總號為 A 之 類別中。而在眾多試驗標準，針對環境對水泥質建材所造成耐久性問題 之劣化因子，此將之分為物理性侵害及化學性侵害之相關試驗標準。
（一） 物理性侵害之相關試驗
導致混凝土劣化之物理原因，除了表面損害之磨蝕、沖蝕、孔蝕 之外，還有混凝土因體積變化造成開裂而使劣化加速發生之情
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1121:1993
Method of test for resistance to abrasion of coarse aggregates by use of the Los Angeles machine
JISA 1435:1991
Test methods for frost resistance of exterior wall materials of buildings (freezing and thawing method)
JISA 1451:1994
Method of abrasion test for building materials and part of building construction (Method of abrasion test for flooring materials method with rotating disk fitted friction and impact)
JISA 1452:1972
Method of abrasion test for building materials and part of building construction (falling sand method)
JISA 1453:1973
Method of abrasion test for building materials and part of building construction (abrasive-paper method)
（二）化學性侵害之相關試驗
JIS 中水泥質建材化學性侵害相關試驗見表 3-40。
表 3-40 JIS 水泥質建材化學性侵害相關標準試驗 JISA
1804:1992
Methods of test for production control of concrete -- Method of rapid test for identification of the alkali reactivity of aggregates
二、 JIS 金屬建材耐久試驗標準
在 JIS 中與金屬建材耐久性相關試驗標準，大多列於總號為 G 之類 別中。以下就腐蝕、暴露、噴砂磨耗及應力腐蝕相關試驗標準說明如下。
（一） 腐蝕試驗：在JIS 中分別有關於金屬類的不銹鋼（stainless steels）
抵抗鹼質侵害之試驗標準和非金屬類的鋁及鋁合金抵抗硫酸鹽類 或其他化學物質之試驗標準。另 JIS Z 2371:2000 則為鹽霧試驗之標 準，見表 3-41。
表 3-41 JIS 金屬建材腐蝕相關標準試驗 JISH
8681-1:1999
Test methods for corrosion resistance of anodic oxide coatings on aluminium and aluminium alloys -- Part 1: Alkali resistance test
JISH 8683-2:1999
Test methods for sealing quality of anodic oxide coatings on aluminium and aluminium alloys -- Part 2: Phosphoric-chromic acid solution
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immersion test method JISG
0572:1984 Method of ferric sulfate-sulfuric acid test for stainless steels JISG
0575:1999
Method of copper sulfate-sulfuric acid test for stainless steels JISZ
2371:2000 Methods of salt spray testing
（二）暴露試驗：在 JIS 中，包括室內加速試驗與戶外暴露試驗之外，
還有異種金屬接觸之加速試驗。除了標準試驗外，另有量測腐蝕 速率之標準可供參考，見表 3-42。
表 3-42 JIS 暴露劣化加速標準試驗 JISH
0521:1996 Methods for weathering test of aluminium and aluminium alloys JISH
8502:1999
Methods of corrosion resistance test for metallic coatings JISH
8681-1:1999 Test methods for corrosion resistance of anodic oxide coatings on aluminium and aluminium alloys -- Part 1: Alkali resistance test
JISH
8681-2:1999 Test methods for corrosion resistance of anodic oxide coatings on aluminium and aluminium alloys -- Part 2: CASS test
JISH 8685-1:1999
Accelerated test methods for light fastness of coloured anodic oxide coatings on aluminium and aluminium alloys -- Part 1: Test for light fastness to artificial light
JISH 8685-2:1999
Accelerated test methods for light fastness of coloured anodic oxide coatings on aluminium and aluminium alloys -- Part 2: Test for light fastness to ultra-violet light
JIST 0302:2000
Testing method for corrosion resistance of metallic biomaterials by anodic polarization measurement
JISZ 2383:1998
Standard specimens of metals and alloys, Determination of corrosion rate of standard specimens for the evaluation of corrosivity of atmospheres JISZ
0304:1974 Outdoor exposure test for protected metals JISZ
8703:1983 Standard atmospheric conditions for testing
（三）噴砂磨耗試驗：JIS 中針對鋁及鋁合金有下列三種不同方式的磨 耗試驗。在 JIS H 8682-2:1999 和 JIS H 8682-3:1999 所不同的是，在 JIS H 8682-2:1999 為採用空壓機使砂子有一壓力噴到試體上，而 JIS H 8682-3:1999 則使砂子自由落體落至試體上。 見表 3-43。
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表 3-43 JIS 噴砂磨耗標準試驗 JISH
8682-1:1999
Test methods for abrasion resistance of anodic oxide coatings on aluminium and aluminium alloys -- Part 1: Wheel wear test
JISH 8682-2:1999
Test methods for abrasion resistance of anodic oxide coatings on aluminium and aluminium alloys -- Part 2: Abrasive jet test
JISH 8682-3:1999
Test methods for abrasion resistance of anodic oxide coatings on aluminium and aluminium alloys -- Part 3: Sand-falling abrasion resistance test
（四）另外在力學導致耐久性問題之應力相關試驗標準，有下列標準可 供參考：
表 3-44 JIS 金屬建材應力腐蝕相關標準試驗
JISH 8711:1990 Test methods for stress corrosion cracking on aluminium alloys
三、 JIS 高分子建材耐久試驗標準
在 JIS 中與高分子建材耐久性相關標準試驗，主要列於總號為 K 之 類別中。考量高分子最易發生的耐久性問題，並將相關試驗分為室內加 速試驗和室外試驗。
（一） 室內加速試驗：JIS 中包括的有加速老化試驗、磨耗試驗、室 內模擬光照試驗等，除了試驗方法外，JIS K 7362:1999提供了 量測色差的方法。見表 3-45。
表 3-45 JIS 室內加速標準試驗
JISA 1415:1999 Methods of exposure to laboratory light sources for polymeric material of buildings
JISK 6257:1993 Accelerated aging test methods for vulcanized rubber JISK 6264:1993 Abrasion testing methods of vulcanized rubber JISK
6404-12:1999
Testing methods for rubber-or plastics-coated fabrics -- Part 12:
Accelerated ageing tests JISK
6404-22:1999 Testing methods for rubber-or plastics-coated fabrics -- Part 22:
Determination of abrasion resistance
JISK 7143:1999 Plastics -- Polyamides -- Accelerated conditioning of test specimens JISK 7205:1995 Testing method for abrasion resistance of plastics by abrasive JISK 7350-1:1995 Plastics -- Methods of exposure to laboratory light sources Part 1:
General guidance
JISK 7350-2:1995 Plastics -- Methods of exposure to laboratory light sources -- Part 2:
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Xenon-arc sources
JISK 7350-3:1996 Plastics -- Methods of exposure to laboratory light sources -- Part 3:
Fluorescent UV lamps
JISK 7350-4:1996 Plastics -- Methods of exposure to laboratory light sources -- Part 4:
Open-flame carbon-arc lamps
JISK 7362:1999 Plastics -- Determination of changes in colour and variations in properties after exposure to daylight under glass, natural weathering or laboratory light sources
JISZ 8703:1983 Standard atmospheric conditions for testing
（二） 戶外暴露試驗：JIS 中有以下的戶外暴露試驗方法可供參考，
瞭解高分子材料耐久性之相關性質，見表 3-46。
表 3-46 JIS 戶外暴露標準試驗
JISK 6266:1996 Testing methods of weatherability for rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic JISK
6404-18:1999 Testing methods for rubber-or plastics-coated fabrics -- Part 18:
Determination of weathering test
JISK 7081:1993 Testing method for exposure to natural weathering of carbon fibre reinforced plastic
JISK 7101:1981 Testing method for colour fastness of plastics under window glass upon exposure to daylight JISK 7102:1981 Testing method for colour fastness of plastics upon exposure to light of the carbon arc JISK 7219:1998
Plastics -- Methods of exposure to direct weathering, to weathering using glass-filtered daylight, and to intensified weathering by daylight using Fresnel mirrors
JISK 7363:1999 Plastics -- Instrumental determination of radiant exposure in weathering tests -- General guidance and basic test method
四、 非結構性建材耐久試驗標準：在 JIS 中，對非結構性建材如黏著劑
（adhesive）、耐火磚（refractory）和磁磚（ceramics）等材料，與耐 久性有關標準，整理如下以供將來試驗規劃之參考。見表 3-47。
表 3-47 JIS 非結構性建材耐久標準試驗
JISK 6860:1974 General recommended practices for atmospheric exposure of adhesive bonds JISK 6867:1999 Adhesives -- Characterization of durability of
structural-adhesive-bonded assemblies -- Wedge rupture test
JISR 1614:1993 Testing method for corrosion of high performance ceramics in acid and alkaline solutions
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JISR 2214:1995 Testing method for slag corrosion of refractories using crucibles JISR
9301-3-3:1999 Alumina powder -- Part 3: Methods of chemical analysis -3: Alkaline fusion
JISZ 8703:1983 Standard atmospheric conditions for testing
JISA 1709:1994 Method of test for strength and durability of equipment unit for dwellings