第六章 結論與建議
6.2 建議
我國過去全身振動相關的研究大都採用ISO 2631-1(1985)指引，國內現行勞工安 全衛生設施規則亦以ISO 2631-1(1985)所建議之暴露限值為標準，但工業先進國家，
己就 ISO 2631-1 做了相當規模的修訂，國內現行標準是否符合世界潮流及當前之振 動管理趨勢實有待商榷，建議重新檢討國內現有振動規定。
我國勞工安全衛生設施規則301 條僅以 RMS 作為作業人員全身振動暴露之唯一 指標，應用現行之法規評估全身振動會明顯低估衝擊性之振動危害，建議有關單位重 視修法的必要性，如參考ISO 2631-1(1997) 規範進行相關研擬修法程序。
本研究測量各類車輛駕駛之振動暴露，建立不同車輛駕駛之量化振動值，提供行 政單位對於全身振動危害作業之管制重點與方向，例如，對高振動危害之作業提出建 議之容許暴露時間限制。
本研究根據短時間測量的全身振動數據，並無法準確地推估國內工程車輛駕駛作 業人員的實際暴露情形，主要原因在於一般工程車輛駕駛之流動率高、作業型態及機 具多變、且其暴露受工程承攬情形及天候狀況等變動因素，建議未來進行大規模工作 調查，瞭解全身振動高風險族群的實際暴露危害。
工程車輛作業人員之駕駛速度、駕駛習慣、工作習性等因素，均會因暴露於全身 振動情況，增加脊椎及相連結神經系統病變的風險，導致下背痛、坐骨神經痛及脊椎 系統退化，建議研究其相關因素與全身振動危害之相關性，評估其振動風險。
一般工程車輛駕駛座椅在垂直方向(Z軸向)的人體振動敏感頻率減振效果較不明 顯，原因可能是因為駕駛座椅多數採用傳統式避振系統或座椅避振系統損壞，建議將 來可以採用氣墊式座椅或懸吊座椅，並且定期維護檢修座椅系統，減振效果會較為顯 著。
另外教育訓練為重要的振動危害防止行政管理措施，從事具顯著振動作業危害之 作業勞工，建議強化相關之教育訓練工作，並考量各作業之特性與實際的需要，妥善 規劃教育訓練課程與內容。
健康管理為另一重要措施，體格檢查目的在於篩選適當之勞工；而健康檢查目的 在於早期發現疾病、治療與預防；運用健康檢查資料，可瞭解作業環境對勞工健康之 影響，建議強化相關之健康管理工作，落實健康促進作法。
參考文獻 參考文獻 參考文獻 參考文獻
[1] Wilder DG, Woodworth BB, Frymoyer JW, Pope MH: Vibration and the human spine.
Spine 7:243-54, 1982
[2] Frymoyer JW, Newberg A, Pope MH, Wilder DG, Clements J, et al.: Spine
radiographs in patients with low-back pain. An epidemiology study in men. Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery (Am) 66:1048-1055, 1984
[3] Seidel H, Heide R: Long-term effects of whole-body vibration: A critical survey of the literature. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 58:1-26, 1986
[4] Dupuis H, Zerlett G: Whole bodyvibrafion and disorders of the spine. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 59:323-336, 1987
[5] Hulshof CTJ, Veldhnijzen van Zanten OBA: Whole-body vibration and low back pain–A review of epidemiological studies. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 59:205-220, 1987
[6] Heliovaara M: Occupation and risk of herniated lumbar intervertebral disc or sciatica leading to hospitalization. J Chronic Diseases 40:259-64, 1987
[7] Bovenzi M, Zadini A: Self-reported low back symptoms in urban bus drivers exposed to whole-body vibration. Spine 17:1048-59, 1992
[8] Griffin MJ: A comparison of standardized methods for predicting the hazards of whole-body vibration and repeated shocks. J Sound and Vibration 215:883-914, 1998 [9] Boshuizen HC, Bongers PM, Hulshof CT: Self-reported back pain in fork-lift truck
and freight-container tractor drivers exposed to whole-body vibration. Spine 17:
59-65, 1992
[10] Seidel H: Selected health risks caused by long-term, whole-body vibration. Pan J Ind Med 23:589-604, 1993
[11] Wikström BO, Kjellberg A, Landstr6m U: Health effects of long-term occupational exposure to whole-body vibration: A review. Int J Ind Erg 14:273-292, 1994 [12] Hulshof CTJ, Van Der Laan G, Braam ITJ, Verbeek JHAM: The fate of Mrs.
Robinson: Criteria for recognition of whole-body vibration injury as an occupational disease. Journal of Sound and Vibration 253(1):185-194, 2002
[13] Griffin MJ: Handbook of Human Vibration. London, Academic Press, 1990Rosegger R, Rossegger S. Health effects of tractor driving. J Argic Eng Res 5:241-76, 1960 [14] Bovenzi M: Low back pain disorders and exposure to whole-body vibration in the
workplace. Seminars in Perinatology 21:38-53, 1996
[15] Kelsey JL, Hardy RJ. Driving of motor vehicles as a risk factor for acute herniated lumbar intervertebral disc. Am Epidemiol 1975; 102:63-73.
[16] Backman AL, Jarvinen E. Turnover of professional drivers. Scand J Work Environ Health 9:36-41, 1983
[17] Rossignol M, Suissa S, Abenhaim L: Working disability due to occupational back pain: three year follow up of 300 compensated workers in Quebec. J Occup Med 30:502-5, 1988
[18] Netterstrom B, Juel K. Low back trouble among urban bus drivers in Denmark. Scand J Soc Med 17:203-6, 1989
[19] Hildebrandt V: Back pain in working populations. Ergonomics 38:1283-98, 1995 [20] Bovenzi B, Hulshof CTJ: An updated review of epidemiologic studies on the
relationship between exposure to whole-body vibration and low back pain (1986-1997). Int Arch Occup Environ Health 72:351-365, 1999
[21] Riihimäki H: Low back pain, its origin and risk indicators. Scand J Work Environ Health 17:81-90, 1991
[22] Bongers PM, de Winter CR, Kompier MAJ, et al: Psychosocial factors at work and musculoskeletal disease. Scand J Work Environ Health 19:297-312, 1993
[23] Pope MH, Wilder DG, Jorneus L, Broman H, Svensson M, Andersson G. The response of seated human to sinusoidal vibration and impact. J Biomech Eng 1987;
109:279-84.
[24] Panjabi MM, Andersson GBJ, Jorneus L, Hult E, Mattsson L. In vivo measurements of spinal column vibrations. J Bone Joint Surg 1986;68A:695-702.
[25] Althoff I, Brinckmann P, Frobin W, Sandover J, Burton K. An improved method of stature measurement for quantitative determination of spinal loading. Application to sitting postures and whole-body vibration. Spine 1992; 17:682-93.
[26] Liu JZ, Kubo M, Aoki H, Liu N, Kou PH, Suzuki T. A study on the difference of human sensation evaluation to whole-body vibration in sitting and lying postures.
Appl Human Sci 1995;14:219-26.
[27] Magnusson ML, Pope MH, Wilder DG, Areskoug B. Are occupational drivers at an increased risk for developing musculoskeletal disorders? Spine 1996;21:710-7.
[28] Pope MH, Wilder DG, Frymoyer JW: Vibration as an aetiologic factor in low back pain. In: Proceedings of Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Conference on
Engineering Aspects of the Spine, Westminister, London: May 1980
[29] Wilder DG, Pope MH: Epidemiological and aetiological aspects of low back pain in vibration environments - an update. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 11:61–73, 1996 [30] Kumar A, Varghese M, Mohan D, et al.: Effect of whole-body vibration on the low
back. A study of tractor-driving farmers in north India. Spine 24:2506–15, 1999 [31] Marras WS, Parakkat J, Chany AM, et al.: Spine loading as a function of lift
frequency, exposure duration, and work experience. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 21:345–52, 2006
[32] Liu YK, Njus G, Buckwalter J, et al.: Fatigue response of lumbar intervertebral joints under axial cyclic loading. Spine 8:857–65, 1983
[33] Hansson TH, Keller TS, Spengler DM: Mechanical behavior of the human lumbar spine. II. Fatigue strength during dynamic compressive loading. J Orthop Res 5:479–87, 1987
[34] Adams MA, Hutton WC. Gradual disc prolapse. Spine 1985;10:524–31.
[35] Liu YK, Goel VK, Dejong A, et al. Torsional fatigue of the lumbar intervertebral joints. Spine 10:894–900, 1985
[36] Kelsey JL, Githens PB, Walter SD, et al. An epidemiological study of acute prolapsed cervical intervertebral disc. J Bone Joint Surg Am 66: 907–14, 1984a
[37] Kelsey JL, Githens PB, White AA III, et al. An epidemiologic study of lifting and twisting on the job and risk for acute prolapsed lumbar intervertebral disc. J Orthop Res 2:61–6, 1984b
[38] Lafferty JF, Winter WG, Gambaro SA. Fatigue characteristics of posterior elements of vertebrae. J Bone Joint Surg Am 59:154–8, 1977
[39] Tsantrizos A, Ito K, Aebi M, et al. Internal strains in healthy and degenerated lumbar intervertebral discs. Spine 30:2129–37, 2005
[40] Zhao F, Pollintine P, Hole BD, et al. Discogenic origins of spinal instability. Spine 30:2621–30, 2005
[41] Pollintine P, Dolan P, Tobias JH, et al. Intervertebral disc degeneration can lead to
“stress-shielding” of the anterior vertebral body: a cause of osteoporotic vertebral fracture? Spine 29:774–82, 2004
[42] International Organization for Standardization. ISO2631-1. Mechanical vibration ans shock– evaluation of human exposure to whole-body vibration. Part 1: General requirements. Geneva: ISO, 1997
[43] International Organization for Standardization. ISO2631-5. Mechanical vibration ans shock– evaluation of human exposure to whole-body vibration. Part 5: Method for evaluation of vibration containing multiple shocks. Geneva: ISO, 2004
[44] Alem N: Application of the new ISO 2631-5 to health hazard assessment of repeated shocks in U.S. army vehicles. Industrial Health 43:403-412, 2005
[45] 莊活力醫師部落格，2011. Retrieved from:
http://www.healthcare.com.tw/healthcare-doctor/blog/spine/articleDetail.control?dbaId=2384 [46] 許正成，2008。IOSH北部地區職業衛生教育訓練資源。
[47] 行政院勞工委員會委辦職業傷病防治中心，2012. Retrieved from:
http://www.csh.org.tw/into/odc/HIVD/HIVD.htm
[48] 行政院勞工委員會(2008) 中華民國96年勞動檢查年報，行政院勞工委員會, ISBN 9860151547.
[49] 盧士一，張銘坤 (2006) 垃圾車駕駛人員之全身振動暴露評估研究，行政院勞工 委員會勞工安全衛生研究所委託研究報告, IOSH95-H306.
[50] 潘儀聰, 林桂儀, 劉俊杰, 陳協慶, 盧士一全身振動暴露危害評估研究，中華民國 音響學刊(2010)第19卷，ISBN 1027-7722
[51] 潘儀聰，陳協慶 (2009)勞工安全設施規則振動暴露方法與ISO 2631規範比較研 究，行政院勞工委員會勞工安全衛生研究所委託研究報告, IOSH97-H317.
[52] 葉文裕，勞工振動危害預防技術手冊之編撰，行政院勞工委員會勞工安全衛生研 究所委託研究報告IOSH89-H329
[53] 潘儀聰, 陳志勇, 張振平, 劉俊杰, 陳協慶, 盧士一 ，衝擊性全身振動暴露危害 評估，行政院勞工委員會勞工安全衛生研究季刊第17卷第1期
[54] Eger, T., J. Stevenson, P.-É. Boileau, A. Salmoni and VibRG, “Predictions of health risks associated with the operation of load-haul-dump mining vehicles: Part 1—
Analysis of whole-body vibration exposure using ISO 2631-1 and ISO 2631-5 standards,” International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 38, 726-38 (2008).
[55] Khorshid E, Alkalby F, Kamal H. (2007) Measurement of whole-body vibration exposure from speed control humps. J Sound and Vibration. 304:640-659.
[56] Chen, H. C., W. C. Chen, Y. P. Liu, C. Y. Chen and Y. T. Pan, “Whole-body vibration exposure experienced by motorcycle riders – An evaluation according to ISO 2631-1 and ISO 2631-5 standards, International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, doi:10.1016/j.ergon.2009.05.002 (2009).
[57] Taiwan Council of Labor Affairs, The Facilities Rules for Labor Safety and Health, available online at: http://law.moj.gov.tw/Scripts/NewsDetail.asp?no=1N0060009 (accessed June 2009).
[58] Application of TIER Model to Occupational. Safety and Health Training ,Training Intervention Effectiveness Research (TIER) , NIOSH Publication Number: 99-142 Website: http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/99-142.html
[59] Cooperrider, N. K. and J. J. Gordon, “Shock and impact levels on north American locomotives,” Journal of Sound and Vibration, 318, 809-19 (2008).
[60] Okunribido, O. O., S. J. Shimbles, M. Magnusson and M. Pope, “City bus driving and low back pain: A study of the exposures to posture demands, manual materials
handling and whole-body vibration,” Applied Ergonomics, 38, 29-38 (2007).
[61] Yi-Tsong Pan, Chih-Yong Chen, Cheng-Ping Chang, Jen-Chieh Liu, Hsieh-Ching Chen, Shih-Yi Lu , Mitigation of hand-arm vibrations in workers on a pneumatic nail gun assembly line, Journal of Canadian Acoustics Volume 39—Number 2: P84-85.
(2011)
附錄 附錄
附錄 附錄 A ISO 2631-1 Wd 與 與 與 與 Wk 頻率加權轉換 頻率加權轉換 頻率加權轉換 頻率加權轉換 Matlab 程式範例 程式範例 程式範例 程式範例
zf=logspace(-1.5,3,1024);
%%% Design accordinging to ISO2631-1, fs=5000 Hz %%%
fs=5000;
%%% high-pass %%%
b1=[1 0 0];
w1=2*pi*0.4;
a1=[1 2^0.5*w1 w1^2];
w=logspace(-1,4);
f=w/(2*pi);
[zb1, za1]=bilinear(b1,a1, fs) zh1=freqz(zb1,za1,zf, fs);
%%% low-pass %%%
w2=2*pi*100;
b2=[0 0 w2^2];
a2=[1 2^0.5*w2 w2^2];
[zb2, za2]=bilinear(b2,a2, fs);
zh2=freqz(zb2,za2,zf, fs);
%%% A-V transition (Wd) %%%
w3=2*pi*2;
w4=w3;
b3=[1/w3 1];
Q4=0.63;
a3=[1/w4^2 1/(w4*Q4) 1];
[zb3, za3]=bilinear(b3,a3, fs);
zh3=freqz(zb3,za3,zf, fs);
Wzd=20*(log10(abs(zh1))+log10(abs(zh2))+log10(abs(zh3)));
%%%% A-V transition (Wk) w3=2*pi*12.5;w4=w3;
b3=[1/w3 1];
Q4=0.63;
a3=[1/w4^2 1/(w4*Q4) 1];
[zb3, za3]=bilinear(b3,a3, fs);
zh3=freqz(zb3,za3,zf, fs);
%%%% Upward step (Wk) w5=2*pi*2.37;
w6=2*pi*3.35;
Q5=0.91;
Q6=Q5;
b4=[1 w5/Q5 w5^2];
a4=[1 w6/Q6 w6^2];
[zb4, za4]=bilinear(b4,a4, fs);
zh4=freqz(zb4,za4,zf, fs);
Wzk=20*(log10(abs(zh1))+log10(abs(zh2))+log10(abs(zh3))+log10(abs(zh4)));semilogx(z f,Wzk,zf,Wzd);
附錄 附錄
附錄 附錄 B ISO 2631-5 z 軸振動加速度之類神經網路 軸振動加速度之類神經網路 軸振動加速度之類神經網路 軸振動加速度之類神經網路 預測參數
預測參數 預測參數 預測參數
W
1W
2W
3W
4W
5W
6W
7W
857.96539 52.32773 49.78227 53.16885 56.02619 -27.7955 72.34446 21.51959
j 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
w
j1 0.0013 0.01841 -0.00336 0.01471 0.00174 0.00137 0.00145w
j2 -0.00646 -0.00565 -0.00539 0.01544 -0.00542 0.00381 0.00497w
j3 -0.00091 -0.02073 0.00708 -0.00091 0.00255 -0.00216 0.01001w
j4 0.00898 -0.02626 0.00438 -0.00595 -0.00774 -0.00034 0.01283w
j5 0.00201 0.00579 0.0033 -0.00065 -0.00459 -0.00417 -0.00468w
j6 0.00158 0.00859 0.00166 0.0049 -0.00546 0.00057 -0.00797w
j7 0.00361 0.0049 0.00452 0.00079 -0.00604 -0.00638 -0.00529w
j8 0.00167 -0.00098 0.00743 0.00795 -0.01095 0.00627 -0.00341w
j9 -0.00078 -0.00261 0.00771 0.006 -0.00908 0.00504 0.00135w
j10 -0.00405 -0.0021 0.0052 0.00176 -0.00465 -0.00198 0.00451w
j11 -0.00563 0.00218 -0.00105 0.00195 0.00296 -0.0019 0.00306w
j12 -0.00372 0.00037 -0.00045 -0.00197 0.00289 -0.00448 0.00216w
j13 -0.31088 -0.95883 -0.67105 0.14423 0.04063 0.07029 1.033附錄 附錄 附錄
附錄 C ISO 2631-5 LabVIEW 程式範例 程式範例 程式範例 程式範例
附錄 附錄
附錄 附錄 D 2631-1 Wk 頻率加權 頻率加權 頻率加權 頻率加權參數檔案範例與相對 參數檔案範例與相對 參數檔案範例與相對 參數檔案範例與相對 應原轉換函數
應原轉換函數 應原轉換函數 應原轉換函數
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
(
z H
,z H
,z H
,z H
,z
H
k = k h ⋅ kl ⋅ kt ⋅ k s (Eq. 2-5)2 -1
--2 -1
, 1-1.99928914z 0.99928939z z 0.99964463 z
1.9992893
-0.99964463 )
( +
= +
z
H
k h (Eq. 2-6)2 -1
--2 -1
,
1 - 1.82292669 z 0.83737699 z z 0.00476400 z
0.00952800 0.00476400
)
( +
+
= + z
H
kl (Eq. 2-7)2 -1
--2 -1
, 1-1.97513154z 0.97537523z z 0.00769588
-z 0.00012184 0.00781772
)
( +
= +
z
H
k t (Eq. 2-8)2 -1
--2 -1
, 1-1.99536693z 0.99538462z z 0.99605749 z
1.99537135
-0.99932271 )
( +
= +
z
H
k s (Eq. 2-9)IIR Filter Coefficients Sampling Rate
5.000000E+3 Stage Order 2
Number of Stages 4
a Coefficients 8
-1.99928914 0.999289391 -1.82292669 0.837376992 -1.97513154 0.975375232 -1.99536693 0.995384615 b Coefficients 12
0.999644633 -1.99928927 0.999644633 0.00361257494 0.00722514987 0.00361257494 0.00781772370 0.00012184356 -0.0076958801
附錄 附錄
附錄 附錄 E 工程車輛振動量測結果 工程車輛振動量測結果 工程車輛振動量測結果 工程車輛振動量測結果
工程車輛振動 振動強度/8 小時暴量 容許暴露時間(小時) 振動規範 本國 ISO(2631-1) ISO(2631-5) 本國 ISO(2631-1) ISO(2631-5)
編號 性別 車輛 RMS
(m/s2) RMS
(m/s2) VDV(8)
(m/s1.75) Se(8)
(MPa) RMS RMS VDV Se
1 1 挖土機(堤防工程) 0.521 0.460 11.462 0.495 27.655 30.684 38.718 142.989 2 1 砂石車(堤防工程) 0.548 0.462 11.316 0.506 32.024 30.380 40.742 125.492 3 1 挖土機-1 (45 型) 0.311 0.401 9.855 0.479 36.283 40.226 70.844 173.820 4 1 挖土機-2(45 型) 0.246 0.453 12.833 0.738 60.032 31.580 24.636 12.983 5 1 預拌車(空車) 1.367 1.169 26.270 1.239 6.790 4.745 1.403 0.578 6 1 預拌車(載料) 0.751 0.695 17.455 0.990 14.169 13.408 7.198 2.221 7 1 打樁機 1 0.455 0.156 3.887 0.139 50.475 267.738 2926.621 290885.000 8 1 打樁機 2 0.178 0.142 4.178 0.230 161.174 320.126 2193.188 14306.060 9 1 挖土機(福新橋) 0.260 0.321 11.825 0.485 75.266 62.995 34.176 162.004 10 1 山貓(嘉義道路) 0.784 0.934 27.671 1.239 12.797 7.434 1.140 0.578 11 1 鋪路機(嘉義道路) 0.160 0.254 6.827 0.383 77.548 100.774 307.594 665.722 12 1 壓路機(嘉義道路) 0.261 0.397 20.350 0.868 88.214 41.100 3.896 4.897 13 1 挖土機(排水溝) 0.248 0.303 7.059 0.316 50.638 70.485 269.121 2097.679 14 1 挖土機(植樹) 3.344 0.287 10.468 0.437 1.192 78.865 55.647 303.172 15 1 山貓(臺中) 0.519 0.692 18.342 0.963 45.833 13.528 5.904 2.636 16 1 預拌車(空車) 1.190 0.696 14.446 0.579 4.566 13.361 15.343 55.587 17 1 霧峰挖土機 0.207 0.281 9.280 0.607 92.499 82.035 90.089 41.807 18 1 新竹客運 1(中壢) 0.582 0.651 13.455 0.445 30.701 15.313 20.390 269.507 19 1 新竹客運 2(中壢) 0.579 0.526 12.039 0.466 29.177 23.452 31.810 203.825 20 1 貨車 2.252 0.628 14.225 0.595 2.671 16.423 16.318 47.054 21 1 壓路機 2(嘉義) 0.304 0.492 11.177 0.523 25.767 26.731 42.820 102.507 22 1 挖土機(朝陽鑽地) 0.345 0.528 20.038 1.433 35.455 23.265 4.144 0.242 23 1 預拌車(949 空車) 2.647 0.583 14.433 0.758 1.179 19.086 15.398 11.020 24 1 預拌車(949 載料) 0.601 0.631 14.303 0.642 20.603 16.262 15.967 29.883 25 1 預拌車(897 空車) 0.937 0.941 19.353 1.150 12.905 7.311 4.763 0.905 26 1 預拌車(897 載料) 1.408 0.731 20.082 1.357 3.389 12.136 4.109 0.336 27 1 預拌車(570 空車) 1.520 0.889 20.849 1.437 2.938 8.192 3.536 0.238 28 1 預拌車(540 空車) 0.656 0.680 14.281 0.675 30.245 25.897 50.194 526.565 29 1 預拌車(540 載料) 1.274 0.624 14.743 0.895 6.596 14.047 11.366 4.174 30 1 預拌車(5V 空車) 0.926 0.998 20.121 0.978 14.547 6.571 4.158 2.410 31 1 預拌車(5V 載料) 1.279 0.980 19.739 0.835 6.470 6.708 4.451 6.212 32 1 挖土機(打樁) 0.415 0.500 10.741 0.398 28.996 26.750 54.010 610.024
工程車輛振動 振動強度/8 小時暴量 容許暴露時間(小時) 振動規範 本國 ISO(2631-1) ISO(2631-5) 本國 ISO(2631-1) ISO(2631-5)
編號 性別 車輛 RMS
(m/s2) RMS
(m/s2) VDV(8)
(m/s1.75) Se(8)
(MPa) RMS RMS VDV Se
33 1 挖土機(敲圍牆) 0.337 0.499 15.571 1.281 21.473 20.511 11.205 7.250 34 1 挖土機(乾溪) 0.412 0.434 11.364 0.669 72.897 112.987 250.047 26.376 35 1 山貓(環中) 0.723 0.821 18.627 1.025 40.103 9.668 5.663 1.867 36 1 挖土機(營建) 0.450 0.492 17.263 1.191 38.397 10.341 7.541 0.704 37 1 砂石車(營建) 0.372 0.562 15.627 0.813 18.910 15.731 11.257 7.277 38 1 挖土機(大里營建) 0.215 0.239 7.190 0.445 36.305 29.670 50.073 49.585 39 1 挖土機(港尾路) 0.288 0.516 15.341 0.863 73.80 27.186 12.687 5.162 40 1 大挖土機-白(營建) 0.308 0.792 30.679 2.840 30.245 10.297 0.894 0.020 41 1 小挖土機-黑(營建) 0.929 0.642 15.218 0.679 6.596 15.047 11.366 21.474 42 1 大挖土機(營建) 0.338 0.467 10.748 0.590 24.247 34.371 40.058 23.470 43 1 大型推土機(營建) 1.524 0.488 15.149 1.088 2.788 9.608 5.551 1.812 44 1 挖土機-2(南雲大橋) 0.814 13.335 0.723 15.964 21.133 14.707
45 1 堆高機 0.451 13.009 0.561 31.903 23.329 67.484
46 1 堆高機 0.423 12.711 0.540 36.203 25.593 84.999
47 1 挖土機(鯉魚橋) 0.422 14.267 0.630 36.466 16.125 33.606
48 1 挖土機(鯉魚橋) 0.589 18.843 1.117 18.700 5.301 1.079
49 1 砂石車(鯉魚橋) 0.561 14.169 0.658 20.587 16.579 25.724
50 1 挖土機-1(南雲大橋) 0.585 12.704 0.883 30.926 25.656 4.412
附錄 附錄
附錄 附錄 F 個案測量結果範例 個案測量結果範例 個案測量結果範例 個案測量結果範例
車型：鏟裝車
作業：鏟裝廢棄土石至砂石車上
地點：臺中OO 大學校園 日期：OO 年 OO 月 OO 日
記錄時間：2430 秒
ISO 2631-1(1985):x,y
0.01 0.1 1 10
1 1.25 1.6 2 2.5 3.15 4 5 6.3 8 10 12.5 16 20 25 31.5 40 50 63 80
1/3 Octave Band (Hz) Acc
eler atio n (m
/s^2) vibr
8hr 4hr 2.5hr 1hr
評估規範：勞工安全衛生設施規 301
振動方向：x
振動值：RMSx = 0.277 m/s2
容許暴露時間：>> 8 hr (49.1 hr)
ISO 2631-1(1985):x,y
0.01 0.1 1 10
1 1.25 1.6 2 2.5 3.15 4 5 6.3 8 10 12.5 16 20 25 31.5 40 50 63 80
1/3 Octave Band (Hz) Acc
eler atio n (m
/s^2) vibr
8hr 4hr 2.5hr 1hr
評估規範：勞工安全衛生設施規 301
振動方向：y
振動值：RMSy = 0.298 m/s2
容許暴露時間：>> 8 hr (36.8 hr)
ISO 2631-1(1985):z
0.01 0.1 1 10
1 1.25 1.6 2 2.5 3.15 4 5 6.3 8 10 12.5 16 20 25 31.5 40 50 63 80
1/3 Octave Band (Hz) Acc
eler atio n (m
/s^2) vibr
8hr 4hr 2.5hr 1hr
評估規範：勞工安全衛生設施規 301
振動方向：z
振動值：RMSz = 0.519 m/s2
容許暴露時間：>> 8 hr (45.8 hr)
評估規範：ISO 2631-1 (1997) 最大振動方向：z
振動值：RMSz = 0.692 m/s2 [RMS ELV = 0.9 m/s2]
振動劑量值：VDV(8) = 18.342 m/s1.75 [VDV ELV = 17 m/s1.75] 容許暴露時間：RMS: 13.5 hr; VDV: 5.9 hr
評估規範：ISO 2631-5 (2004)
三軸合併劑量值：Se(8) = 0.963 MPa [Sed ELV = 0.8 MPa]
容許暴露時間：2.6 hr
附錄 附錄 附錄
附錄 G 全身性振動問卷調查 全身性振動問卷調查 全身性振動問卷調查 全身性振動問卷調查
第一部份：個人資料
姓名：___________ 年齡：_______歲 性別：□男 □女 身高： ______公分 體重：______公斤
1. 是否經常運動? □是 □否 2. 每星期從較劇烈運動的次數?
□從未有 □至少1 次 □1 到 2 次 □3 次還是更多 □每天 3. 您是否抽菸或曾經抽菸過一段時間? 是□ 否□
3a.如果是的話，是什麼時候開始吸煙? 民國______年 3b.您至今還抽菸嗎? 是□ 否□
3c.如果沒有，什麼時候戒菸? 民國______年 3d.如果有，你抽菸的量是多少?________包/天
4. 您是否有經常喝酒(葡萄酒,啤酒,等)的習慣? □是 □否 4a.每週喝多少的酒量? □1－3 杯 □4－6 杯 □大於 6 杯 4b.每天喝多少的酒量? □0－1 杯 □2－3 杯 □大於 3 杯
5. 每年機車騎乘距離平均約 □少於 4,000 公里 □4,000-8,000 公里 □8,000-12,000 公里 □大於 12,000 公里
第二部份：工作環境調查
1. 您目前的主要工作內容?______________________________________
2. 已從事這項工作多少年?_______年
3. 您執行工作主要的交通工具為？ □機車 □汽車
4. 您每日花費多少小時從事駕駛的工作? □機車_____小時/天；□汽車_____小時/天 5. 平常是否行駛下述的各種路面?
□瀝青路面/水泥路面：路況良好， ____小時/天；路況不良， ____小時/天
□越野， ____小時/天
□造路/施工中路面， ____小時/天
□其他_____________________路面， ____小時/天 6. 平常行駛哪種道路? 時間比例
省道/快速道路 _________%
市區/街道 _________%
其它 _________%
7. 您平常的車速 □平穩 □慢速 □快速 □時快時慢 8. 駕駛(前進或倒退)時，是否有採取以下姿勢? 經常 偶爾 從不
a.低身彎腰 □ □ □ b.側身扭腰 □ □ □ c.靠在椅背 □ □ □ 9. 在您上班時通常有多久休息時間?______小時______分鐘
10. 您的工作是否要長時間或週期性地使用您的背部，如果有是以下哪些姿勢?
□彎下腰、向後、傾斜一邊 □扭腰 □彎腰同時扭轉 11. 當您的車搖晃或顛簸劇烈，你多久會離開座位一次?
□從不 □少於 5 次/天 □多於 5 次/天，少於 5 次/小時