研究貢獻

第五章結論與建議

5.3 研究貢獻

而從電腦媒材的出現，至應用於概念發想階段，早已為設計創作開啟一股新的潮流，為創造思考提出一個嶄新的創意發想方式。同樣的，本研究之貢獻希望在媒材的使用上而言，能為數位媒材上所引發出新的設計創造力，提出更多的可能性與方向，讓創造思考方向的選擇更多元，設計者也能有更具創意的發想方式，

而在實際應用上，希望此研究能對創造力的激發提供一種可行的方式，可應用於創意設計的教育訓練上，而設計師也能對設計媒材適當地操作，並加以整合，呈現出多元化的創意表現。

由於本研究是探討關於個人使用設計媒材和創造力的關係，並未擴展到社會型創意的探討，且傳統和數位媒材並用所能激發的創意，就此單一因素，可能不足以創造出社會型創意，社會型創意的產生，需要結合許多的因素才有可能造就，

儘管如此，此研究結果期望能對個人創造力的激發提出一種能應用的可能方式。

因此，我們或許能藉由二種媒材同時使用於概念發想階段的過程，為創造力的激發提供些許可能的方式，此方式也容易應用於教育和設計師或建築師之設計訓練上，而希冀能為設計實務帶來些許的幫助，且也能持續探討設計相關科系之學生結合傳統和數位媒材對於設計創造力的激發，是否有所提升，或者引發何種不同的設計思考，對於學生學習結果的觀察，能更進一步對此研究結果提出更完整的理論模型。另外，在電腦輔助設計上，電腦應用於建築設計，已被大家獲知帶來劃時代的嶄新面貌，尤其在概念發想階段的應用，更幫助人類刺激創造力的

第五章│結論與建議 61

激發，然而傳統媒材的使用，比電腦媒材有更深遠的歷史，人類的設計創造力在此階段仍是連綿不絕，電腦媒材和傳統媒材對創造力的激發各有其優勢，若能藉由二種媒材並用，或許能夠找出二者整合後的創意設計，又或者，提供新的機會去發展可能的新媒材來輔助設計思考，為設計媒材的發展，提供了一個新的思考方向。

5.4 未來研究之建議

本研究在資料分析過程中，發現對於傳統和電腦媒材並用於概念草圖的設計中，媒材轉換之間，對設計思考的轉變，會有所影響，未來若能針對前後不同媒材的轉換對於設計思考有何影響進行更深入的探討，如此能夠對設計媒材和創造力之關係有更進一步的了解，之後在設計創作上，更能善用所選擇的媒材。

對於分析所用的編碼系統，本研究主要是參考 Suwa, Purcell, and Gero(1998) 依據心理學中認知行為的概念所提出來的，針對的是設計的認知行為分析。而在後續研究中，希冀能夠參考本研究之觀察現象，針對設計創造力這個主題，發展出一套更為合適的編碼系統，專門作為設計媒材和創造思考的分析之用。

目前許多的實務設計師將多種設計媒材交錯應用於設計過程中，使得設計媒材的選擇變得更為多元，此對之間的創意思考和最後的設計結果都會有所影響。

各式的概念想法在不同的媒材之間轉換，是如何影響創意思考的取捨和發展，尚需後續研究繼續探討。此外，對於多元媒材整合應用於設計創造力的激發，應如何運用於設計教育的培訓上，亦是一個值得探討的方向。

參考文獻

參考文獻

Anderson, J. R.: 1990, The adaptive character of thought. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Akin, Ö.: 1978, ‘How do architects design?’ in Unknown Latombe (ed.), Artificial Intelligence and Pattern Recognition in Computer Aided Design, North Holland Publishing Company, IFIP.

Akin, Ö.: 1993, Architects’ reasoning with structures and functions, Environment and Planning B:

Planning and Design Vol. 20, pp. 273-294.

Amabile, T. M.: 1983, The social psychology of creativity. New York: Springer-Verlag.

Amabile, T. M.: 1996, Creativity in context. Boulder, CO: Westview.

Atwood , M. E., McCain, K. W. and Williams, J. C.: 2002, How does the design community think about design?, Proceedings of the conference on Designing interactive systems: processes, practices, methods, and techniques, London, England, pp. 125-132.

Bai, R. Y. and Liu, Y. T. 1998. Toward a computerized procedure for visual analysis and assessment.

CAADRIA ’98: 67-76.

Barron, F.: 1968, Creativity and personal freedom. New York: Van Nostrand.

Barron, F.: 1969, Creative person and creative process. New York: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston.

Bilda Z. and Demirkan H.: 2003, An insight on designers’ sketching activities in traditional versus digital media, Design Studies, Vol. 24, No. 1.

Boden, M. A.: 1991, The Creative Mind, Myths and Mechanisms, Wiedenfeld and Nicholson, London.

Boden, M. A.: 1998, Creativity and artificial intelligence, Artificial Intelligence 103, pp. 347-356.

Chen, C. S.: 1990, Cognitive processes in architectural design problem solving, Design Studies, Vol. 11 No. 2, pp. 60-80.

Chen, S. C.: 2001, The Role of Design Creativity in Computer Media, the 19th eCAADe conference, Helsinki, Finland.

Coyne, R. D., Newton, S., and Sudweeks, F.: 1993, A connectionist view of creative design reasoning. In Gero, J. S.and Maher, M. L. (Eds.), Modelling creativity and knowledge-based creative design:

177-209. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum Press.

Cross, N.: 1989, Engineering design methods, Strategies for Product Design, Chichester.

Cross, N.: 1996, Natural intelligence in design, Design Studies, 20, pp.25-39.

Cross, N.: 1997, Descriptive models of creative design: application to an example, Design Study 18, pp.

427-455.

Cross, N.: 1999, Natural intelligence in design, Design Studies, 20, pp.25-39.

Cross, N., Christiaans, H., and Dorst, K(eds): 1996, Analysing Design Activity, Chichester: John Wiley.

Csikszentmihalyi, M.: 1996, “Creativity: flow and the psychology of discovery and invention,” New York:

HarperCollins, 1996.

Csikszentmihalyi, M.:1988a, Motivation and creativity: Toward a synthesis of structural and energistic approaches to cognition. New Ideas in Psychology, 6, 159-176.

Csikszentmihalyi, M.: 1988b, Society, Culture, and Person: A systems view of creativity, in Sternberg R. J.

(ed.), The Nature of Creativity, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 325-339.

Dorst, K. and Cross, N.: 2001, "Creativity in the design process co-evolution of problem-solution" Design Studies, pp. 425-437.

Dorst, K. and J. Dijkhuis: 1995, Comparing paradigms for describing design activity, Design Studies 16 (2), pp. 261-274.

Eastman, C. M.: 1970, On the analysis of intuitive design processes. In Moore, G. T. (ed.) Emerging methods in environmental design and planning MIT press, Cambridge MA, pp. 21-37.

Edwards, B.: 1986, Drawing on the Artist Within, J.P. Tarcher, Los Angeles.

Einstein, A. and Infeld, L.: 1938, The Evolution of Physics: the growth of ideas from early concepts to relativity and quanta, Simon and Schuster Press, New York.

參考文獻

Ericsson, K. A. and Simon, H. A.: 1993, Protocol analysis: verbal reports as data(revised edn), MIT Press, Cambridge.

Elsas van, P. A. and Vergeest, J. S. M.: 1998, New functionality for computer aided conceptual design: the displacement feature, Design Studies, Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 81-102.

Finke, R. A., Ward, T. M. and Smith, S. M.: 1992, Creative cognition: Theory, research, and applications, Cambridge, MIT Press, MA.

Fischer, G.: 2001, External and shareable artifacts as opportunities for social creativity in communities of interest. In Proceedings of Modeling cognitive strategies in creative design V: 67-90.

Freud, S.: 1912(1959), A note on the unconscious in psycho-analysis, In E. Jones (ed.), Collected papers, Basic Books, Vol. 4, pp. 22-29, New York. (Original work published 1912)

Freud, S.: 1910(1964), Leonardo da Vinci and a memory of his childhood (Tyson A., Trans.), Norton , New York. (Original work published 1910)

Gardner, H.: 1993, Creating minds. New York: Basic.

Gardner, H.: 1998. Frames of Mind. New York, Basic Books and HarperCollins Publisher Inc.

Getzels, J. W.: 1964, Creative thinking, problem-solving, and instruction, In Theories of learning and instruction, ed. E. R. Hilgard, University of Chicago Press, pp. 240-67. Chicago, IL.

Getzels, J. W. and Csikszentmihalyi, M.: 1976, The Creative Vision: A Longitudinal Study of Problem Finding in Art, John Wiley & Sons, New York.

Gero, J. S.: 1995, Computer and creative design, CAADFuture, Australia.

Gero, J. S.: 1996, Creativity emergence and evolution in design, Knowledge-Based System 9, pp.

435-448.

Gero, J. S.: 2000, Computational models of innovative and creative design processes, Technological Forecasting and Social Change 64, 183-196.

Gero, J. S. and Maher, M. L. (eds): 1993, Modeling Creativity and Knowledge-BasedCreative Design, Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ.

Gero, J. S. and McNeill, T.: 1998, An approach to the analysis of design protocols, Design Studies, Vol.

19, No. 1, pp. 21-61.

Gero J. and Tang H. H.: 2001, Differences between retrospective and concurrent protocols in revealing the process-oriented aspects of the design process. Design Studies, vol. 21(3), pp. 283-295.

Goel V.: 1995, Sketches of Thought, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.

Goldschmidt, G.: 1991, The dialectics of sketching, Creativity Research Journal, Vol. 4, No. 2, pp.

123-143.

Goldschmidt, G. 1992. Serial sketching: visual problem solving in designing. Cybernetics and System: An International Journal, 23: 191-219.

Goldschmidt, G.: 1994, On visual design thinking: the vis kids of architecture, Design Studies, 15(2), pp.

158-174.

Gough, H. G.: 1979, A creativity scale for the Adjective Check List. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 1398-1405.

Gross, M. D.: 1996, The electronic Cocktail napkin-a computational environment for working with design diagrams, Design Studies 17 (1), pp. 53-69.

Guildford, J.P.: 1962, Factors that Hinder Creativity. Teachers College Record, 63, 380–392.

Guilford, J. P. 1968. Intelligence, creativity, and their educational implications. San Diego: Knapp.

Hanna, R. and Barber, T.: 2001, An inquiry into computers in design: attitudes before–attitudes after, Design Studies, 22(3), 255-281.

Herbert, D. M.: 1988, Study drawings in architectural design: their properties as a graphic medium, Journal of Architectural Edutcation, 41(2), 26-38.

Jones, J. C. (ed.): 1992, Design methods, VNR, New York.

Kavakli, M., Scrivener, S. A. R., and Ball, L. J.: 1998, Structure in idea sketching behaviour. Design studies, 19(4): 485-517.

參考文獻

Kim, S. H.: 1990, Essence of Creativity, Oxford University Press, New York.

Krauss, R. I. and Myer, R.M.: 1970, Design: a case history, In Moore, G. T. (ed.), Emerging methods in environmental design and planning MIT Press, Cambridge MA, pp. 11-20.

Lawson, B.: 1979, Cognitive strategies in architectural design. Ergonomics, 22(1): 59-68.

Liu, Y. T.: 1998, Where should architecture go in the computer era, CADesigner 123, pp. 36-39 Liu, Y. T.: 2000, Creativity or novelty?, Design Study 21(3), pp. 261-276.

Liu, Y. T.: 2001, Digital Creativity: Conversations with Greg Lynn and William Mitchell, digital architectural design, Taipei, pp. 92-99.

Liu Y. T. and Huang S. Y.: 2001, Some phenomena of creativity in design with computer media, Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Computational Models of Creativity Design.

Lloyd, P.: 1995, Can concurrent verbalization reveal design cognition, Design Studies, Vol. 16, No. 2, pp.

237-259.

Lubart, T. I.: 1994, “Creativity,” in Handbook of Perception and Cognition: Thinking and Problem Solving, Robert J. Sternberg (ed.), Academic Press, pp. 289-332, New York.

Lubart, T. I.: 1994b. Product-centered self-evaluation and the creative process. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Yale University, New Haven, CT.

Lynn, G.: 2001, Greg Lynn: December 8, 2001 Taipei. Defining digital architecture. Bikhauser, pp. 21-23, Taiwan.

MacKinnon, D. W.: 1965, Personality and the realization of creative potential. American Psychologist, 20, 273-281.

Madrazo, L.: 1999, Types and instances: A paradigm for teaching design with computers, Design Studies, Vol. 20, pp. 177-193.

Maduro, R.: 1976, Artistic creativity in a Brahmin painter community. Research monograph 14, Berkeley:

Center for South and Southeast Asia Studies, University of California.

Maher, M. L., & Tang, H. H.: 2003, Co-evolutionary design process. Research in Engineering Design, vol.

14(1), pp. 47-64.

Manolya, K., Stephen, A. R. and Linden, J.: 1998, Structure in idea sketching behaviour, Design Studies 19(4), pp. 485-517.

Marx, J.: 2000, A proposal for alternative methods for teaching digital design, Automation in Construction, Vol. 9, pp. 19-35.

McGown, A., Green, G., and Rodgers, P. A.: 1998, Visible ideas: information patterns of conceptual sketch activity. Design studies, 19: 431-453.

Medin, D. L., Ross, B. H., and Markman, A.: 2001, Expertise and creativity. In Medin, D. L., Ross, B. H., and Markman, A. (Eds.), Cognitive Psychology, 3th ed.: 481-517: Harcourt College Publishers.

Minsky, M. L.: 1987, The Society of Mind, William Heinemann Ltd, London.

Mitchell, W, J.: 1993, A computational view of design creativity, In Gero, J. S. and Maher, M. L. (eds.), Modeling creativity and knowledge-based creative design, pp. 25-42, Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum Press.

Mitchell, W, J.: 1998, Picture This, Build That, Harvard Design Magazine, pp. 8-11.

Mitchell, W. J. and Malcolm M.: 1995, Digital Design Media, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.

Mitchell, W. J: 2003, Beyond Productivity: Information Technology, Innovation, and Creativity.

Washington, D. C., National Research Council.

Nagai, Y., Candy, L. and Edmonds, E. A.: 2003, Representations of Design Thinking- A Review of Recent Studies, Journal of the Asian Design International Conference, Vol.1, Index No. 341 Asian Society for the Science of Design, pp. 1-9, Tsukuba, Japan.

Newell, A., Shaw, J. C. and Simon, H. A.: 1962, The Process of Creative Thinking, in Gruber, H., Terrell, G. & Wertheimer, M. (eds.), Contemporary Approaches to Creative Thinking, Atherton Press, New York, pp. 63-119.

Noguchi, H.: 1999, How do Material Constraints affect design Creativity?, Proceedings of 3rd Creativity and Cognition conference, ACM-SIGCH, pp. 82-87.

參考文獻

Osborn, A.: 1963, Applied Imagination: Principles and Procedures of Creative Problem-Solving. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.

Purcell, A. T., Gero, J. S., Edwards, H., and McNeill, T.: 1994, The data in design protocols: the issue of data coding, data analysis in the development of models of the design process, In Gero, J. S., Sudweeks, F. (eds.), Artificial intelligence in design’ 94 Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp. 225-252.

Purcell, A. T. and Gero, J. S.: 1998, Drawings and the design process: A review of protocol studies in design and other disciplines and related research in cognitive psychology, Design Studies 19(4), pp.

389-430.

Rosenman, M. A. and Gero, J. S.: 1993, Creativity in design using a design prototype approach, Modelling creativity and knowledge-based creative design, J. S. Gero and M. L. Maher (Eds), Hillsdale, NJ, Lawresce Erlbaum Associates, pp. 111-138.

Rowe, P. G.: 1987, Design Thinking, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.

Rogers, C. R.: 1954, Toward a theory of creativity. ETC: A Review of General Semantics, 11, 249-260.

Sasada, T.: 1999, Computer graphic and design: preseantation, design development, and conception, in Jingwen, G and Zhaoji, W. (des), CAADRIA’99, Shanghai Scientific and Technological Literature Publishing House, Shanghai, China, pp. 21-29.

Saunders, R. and Gero, J. S.: 2001, Artificial creativity: a synthetic approach to the study of creative behavior. In Proceedings of Modelling cognitive strategies in creative design V: 113-140

Schenk, P.: 1991, The role of drawing in the graphic design process, Design Studies, 12(3), 168-181.

Schön, D. A.: 1987, The Reflective Practitioner, Temple Smith, London.

Schön, D. A. and Wiggins, G.: 1992, Kinds of seeing and their function in designing, Design Studies, Vol.

13, pp. 135-156.

Sternberg, R. J.: 1986, Intelligence applied: Understanding and increasing your intellectual skills. San Diego: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich.

Sternberg, R. J.: 1996, Successful intelligence. New York: Simon & Schuster.

Sternberg, R. and Davidson, J.: 1982. The mind of the puzzler. Psychology Today, 16: 37-44.

Sternberg, R. (ed.): 1988, The Nature of Creativity, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Sternberg, R. J. and Lubart, T.I.: 1991, An investment theory of creativity and its development. Human Development, 34, 1-32.

Sternberg, R. J. and Lubart, T.I.: 1992, Buy low and sell high: An investment approach to creativity.

Current Directions in Psychological Science, 1(1), 1-5.

Sternberg, R. J. and Lubart, T.I.: 1995, Defying the crowd: Cultivating creativity in a culture of conformity. New York: Free Press.

Sternberg, R. J. and Lubart, T.I.: 1996, Investing in creativity. American Psychologist, 51, 677-688.

Silver, H. R.: 1981, Calculating risks: The socioeconomic foundations of aesthetic innovation in an Ashanti carving community. Ethnology, 20(2), 101-114.

Simon, H. A.: 1973, The structure of ill-structured problems, Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 4, pp. 181-201.

Simon, H. A.: 1975, Style in design, In Spatial Synthesis in Computer-Aided Building Design, CM.

Eastman, Ed. Wiley, chap. 9, New York.

Simon, H. A.: 1996, The sciences of the artificial (3rd. ed.), MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.

Simonton, D. K.: 1984, Genius, creativity, and leadership. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Simonton, D. K.: 1988, Age and outstanding achievement: What do we know after a century of research?

Psychological Bulletin, 104, 251-267.

Simonton, D. K.: 1994a, Creatness. New York: Guilford.

Simonton, D. K.: 1994b, Individual differences, developmental changes, and social context. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 17, 552-553.

Sparshott, F. E.: 1965, The Structure of Aesthetics. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.

Suwa, M. and Tversky, B.: 1997, What do architects and students perceive in their design sketches? A protocol analysis, Design Studies, 18(4), pp. 385-403.

參考文獻

Suwa, M. Purcell, T. and Gero, J. S.: 1998, Macroscopic analysis of design processes based on a scheme for coding designers' cognitive actions, Design Studies 19(4): 455-483.

Suwa, M., Gero, J. and Purcell, T.: 2000, Unexpected discoveries and S-invention of design requirements-important vehicles for a design process, Design Studies 21, (2000), pp. 539 – 568.

Tang, H. H.: 1997, The evaluation and suggestions of applying the coding system of the protocol analysis in design activities, CAADRIA 97' Workshop, Taiwan.

Tang, H. H.: 2003, Visual Reasoning and Knowledge in the Design Process, 6th Asian Design International Conference, Tsukuba.

Tang, H. H. and Gero, J. S.: 2001, Sketches as affordances of meanings in the design process, Visual and Spatial Reasoning in Design II, Bellagio, Italy.

Tang, H. H. and Gero, J. S.: 2002, Inter-linkages in the design process: a holistic view towards design knowledge and sketches, Design Research Society Conference '02, London.

Turing, A. M.: 1950, Computing machinery and intelligence. Mind, 59: 433-460

Tversky, B.: 1999, What does drawing reveal about thinking?, in J. S. Gero and B. Tversky, (eds), Visual and Spatial Reasoning in Design, Key Centre of Design Computing and Cognition, University of Sydney, Sydney, pp. 93-101.

Torrance, E. P.: 1974, Torrance tests of creative thinking: Directions manual and scoring guide, Bensenville, Scholastic Testing Service, IL.

van Dilk, C. G. C.: 1995, New insights in computer-aided conceptual design, Design Studies 10(1), 24-38.

van Someren, M. W., Barnard, Y. F., and Sandberg, J. A. C.: 1994, The Think Alould Method: a practical guild to modeling cognitive processes, London: Academic Press Limited.

van Sommers, P.: 1984, Drawing and cognition. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.

Verstijnen, I. M., Hennessey, J. M., Leeuwen, C., van Hamel, R., and Goldschmidt, G.: 1998, Sketching and creative discovery, Design studies, Vol. 19, No. 4, pp. 519-546.

Wallas, G.: 1926, The art of thought. New York: Harcourt, Brace.

Wertheimer, M.: 1959, Productive thinking, Harper and Row, New York.

Weisberg, R. W.: 1986, Creativity: genius and other myths. New York: Freeman.

Weisberg, R. W.: 1993, Creativity: Beyond the myth of genius, Freeman, New York.

Won P. H.: 2001, The comparison between visual thinking using computer and conventional media in the concept generation stages of design, Automation in Construction, vol. 10, pp 319-325.

Wong C. H.: 2000, Some phenomena of design thinking in the concept generation stage using computer

在文檔中同時使用傳統和數位媒材之設計創造力 (頁 66-0)

第五章 結論與建議

5.3 研究貢獻

參考文獻

第五章結論與建議