建議

1. 本研究顯示在將訊號轉換至時頻譜上能明顯發現其各頻率訊號能量隨 時間變化情形，例如 P 波頻率較高，到時較早，S 波次之，頻率也相對 較低，而施測資料也可能受到水波或管波之雜訊影響，即可以在低頻處 看到大範圍之時間影響。因為有時頻譜如此清楚的變化情形，藉由時窗 函數前處理的輔助，選定適當之頻率範圍，未來也能朝向 P 波之初達到 時判釋方向邁進。

2. 本研究提出之半自動化挑波方法對於時頻譜解析度之依賴性高，雖然透 過時頻分析法的參數調整即可解決，但治根的辦法還是需要同時獲取高

127

頻率與高時間解析度。故未來建議嘗試以希爾伯特-黃轉換(Hilbert Huang Transform)利用經驗模態分解(Empirical Mode Decomposition, EMD)方法將訊號分解為本質模態函數（Intrinsic Mode Functions, IMF）， 然後將 IMF 作希爾伯特轉換(Hilbert Transform)，正確地獲得資料的瞬 時頻率，以繪製高頻率、高時間解析度之時頻譜(Huang et al., 1998)並以 此時頻譜作為半自動化挑波方法之判釋基礎。

3. 從時間演進回顧所提出的自動化挑波方法可以發現，其自動化方法越來 越多元，並沒有一種單一方法適用所有訊號，往往結合不同面向之評判 標準或分析方法。同樣概念，未來建議本研究提出的半自動方法能結合 其他現有的挑波機制，以期達到擁有多適應性之全自動化挑波方法。

128

參考文獻

Akaike, H. (1974). A new look at the statistical model identification. Automatic Control, IEEE Transactions on 19, 716-723.

Allen, R. V. (1978). Automatic earthquake recognition and timing from single traces. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 68, 1521-1532.

Ambuter, B. P., and Solomon, S. C. (1974). An event-recording system for monitoring small earthquakes. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 64, 1181-1188.

Anderson, K. R. (1978). Automatic processing of local earthquake data. Ph.D, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Angioni, T., Rechtien, R. D., Cardimona, S. J., and Luna, R. (2003). Crosshole seismic tomography and borehole logging for engineering site

characterization in Sikeston, MO, USA. Tectonophysics 368, 119-137.

Baer, M., and Kradolfer, U. (1987). An automatic phase picker for local and teleseismic events. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 77, 1437-1445.

Chun-Lin, L. (2010). A Tutorial of the Wavelet Transform. NTUEE, Taiwan.

Coppens, F. (1985). First Arrival Picking on Common-Offset Trace Collections for Automatic Estimation of Static Corrections*. Geophysical prospecting 33, 1212-1231.

D4428/D4428M-07 (2004). “Standard Test Methods for Crosshole Seismic Testing”. ASTM Int.

D7400-08 (2008). “Standard Test Methods for Downhole Seismic Testing”.

ASTM Int.

Dai, H., and MacBeth, C. (1995). Automatic picking of seismic arrivals in local earthquake data using an artificial neural network. Geophysical journal international 120, 758-774.

Dziewonski, A., Bloch, S., and Landisman, M. (1969). A technique for the analysis of transient seismic signals. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 59, 427-444.

Earle, P. S., and Shearer, P. M. (1994). Characterization of global seismograms using an automatic-picking algorithm. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 84, 366-376.

Grossmann, A., and Morlet, J. (1984). Decomposition of Hardy Functions into Square Integrable Wavelets of Constant Shape. SIAM journal on

mathematical analysis 15, 723-736.

Haar, A. (1910). Zur theorie der orthogonalen funktionensysteme.

Mathematische Annalen 69, 331-371.

Han, L., Wong, J., and Bancroft, J. (2010). Time picking on noisy microseismograms. GeoCanada.

Herrmann, R. B. (1973). Some aspects of band-pass filtering of surface waves.

129

Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 63, 663-671.

Hoar, R. J., and Stokoe, K. H., II (1981). Crosshole Measurement and Analysis of Shear Waves. In "Proc. of the International Conference on Soil

Mechanics and Foundation Engineering", Vol. 3, pp. 223-226.

Huang, N. E., Shen, Z., Long, S. R., Wu, M. C., Shih, H. H., Zheng, Q., Yen, N.

C., Tung, C. C., and Liu, H. H. (1998). The empirical mode

decomposition and the Hilbert spectrum for nonlinear and non-stationary time series analysis. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A:

Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 454, 903-995.

Joh, S. H. (1996). Advances in Interpretation and Analysis Techniques of the Spectral-Analysis-of-Surface-Waves (SASW) Method. Ph.D, Univ. of Texas at Austin, Texas, USA.

Kim, D. S., Bang, E. S., and Kim, W. C. (2004). Evaluation of various downhole data reduction methods for obtaining reliable VS profiles. ASTM

geotechnical testing journal 27, 585-597.

Lardies, J., and Gouttebroze, S. (2002). Identification of modal parameters using the wavelet transform. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 44, 2263-2283.

Leonard, M. (2000). Comparison of manual and automatic onset time picking.

Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 90, 1384-1390.

Leonard, M., and Kennett, B. (1999). Multi-component autoregressive techniques for the analysis of seismograms. Physics of the earth and planetary interiors 113, 247-263.

Maeda, N. (1985). A Method for Reading and Checking Phase Time in Auto-Processing System of Seismic Wave Data. Zisin (Journal of the Seismological Society of Japan. 2nd ser.) 38, 365-379.

Mallat, S. G. (1989). Multifrequency channel decompositions of images and wavelet models. Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, IEEE Transactions on 37, 2091-2110.

McEvilly, T., and Majer, E. (1982). ASP: An automated seismic processor for microearthquake networks. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 72, 303-325.

Murat, M. E., and Rudman, A. J. (1992). Automated First Arrival Picking: a Neural Network APPROACH1. Geophysical prospecting 40, 587-604.

Nazarian, S., Stokoe, I., and Hudson, W. R. (1983). Use of spectral analysis of surface waves method for determination of moduli and thicknesses of pavement systems. Transportation Research Record.

Patel, N. S. (1981). "Generation and Attenuation of Seismic Waves in Downhole Testing," University of Texas at Austin.

Proakis, J., and Manolakis, D. (1992). Digital Signal Processing Macmillan Publishing Company. USA.

Roblee, C. J., Stokoe, K., Fuhriman, M. D., and Nelson, P. P. (1994). Crosshole SW-Wave Measurements in Rock and Soil. ASTM SPECIAL TECHNICAL

130

PUBLICATION 1213, 58-58.

Sánchez-Salinero, I. (1987). "Analytical Investigation of Seismic Methods Used for Engineering Applications," University of Texas at Austin.

Sleeman, R., and van Eck, T. (1999). Robust automatic P-phase picking: an on-line implementation in the analysis of broadband seismogram recordings. Physics of the earth and planetary interiors 113, 265-275.

Stokoe, K. H., II, and Hoar, R. J. (1978). Variables Affecting In Situ Seismic Measurements. In "Proceedings of the Conference on Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics", Vol. 2, pp. 919-939. ASCE Geotechnical Engineering Division, Pasadena, California.

Stokoe, K. H., II, and Woods, R. D. (1972). In situ shear wave velocity by cross-hole method. Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division 98, 443-460.

Stokoe, K. H., II, Wright, S. G., Bay, J. A., and Roesset, J. M. (1994).

Characterization of geotechical sites by SASW method. Geophysical characterization of sites, 15-25.

Swindell, W., and Snell, N. (1977). Station processor automatic signal detection system, phase I: Final report, station processor software development.

Texas Instruments Report No. ALEX (01)-FR-77-01, AFTAC Contract Number FO8606-76-C-0025, Texas Instruments Incorporated, Dallas, Texas.

Terzaghi, K., and Peck, R. (1948). Soil mechanics in engineering practice.

Tukey, J. W. (1967). An introduction to the calculations of numerical spectrum analysis. Spectral Analysis of Time Series, 25-46.

Wang, J., and Teng, T. L. (1995). Artificial neural network-based seismic detector. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 85, 308-319.

Wong, J., Han, L., Stewart, R. R., Bentley, L. R., and Bancroft, J. C. (2009).

Geophysical Well Logs from a Shallow Test Well and Automatic

Determination of Formation Velocities from Full-Waveform Sonic Logs.

CSEG RECORDER.

Zhang, H. (2001). Application of Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) Neural Network in Identification and Picking P-wave arrival. ECE539 Project Report, Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of

Wisconsin-Madison.

Zhang, H., Thurber, C., and Rowe, C. (2003). Automatic P-wave arrival detection and picking with multiscale wavelet analysis for

single-component recordings. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 93, 1904-1912.

Zhao, Y., and Takano, K. (1999). An artificial neural network approach for broadband seismic phase picking. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 89, 670-680.

131

Seismic Shear Wave Studies, 孔內震測法及非破壞性地表震測法示意圖.

Retrieved from :

http://www.enviroscan.com/html/seismic_shear_wave_studies.html OYO corporation, 懸盪式波速量測系統配置圖. Retrieved from :

http://www.oyo.jp/other/30-english/08-borehole/01-suspension_ps_logger.h tm

OYO suspension PS logger Manual, PS logger 震源原理. Retrieved from : http://www.oyo.jp/other/30-english/08-borehole/01-suspension_ps_logger.h tm

國家地震工程研究中心, 懸盪式震測法訊號波形. Retrieved from : http://egdt.ncree.org.tw/PSLogger.htm

CRYSTAL instruments, 非週期訊號遺漏. Retrieved from : http://www.go-ci.com/Highlights/index.asp?id=10 测试技术实验指导, 頻譜能量遺漏. Retrieved from :

http://jpkc.whut.edu.cn/csjs/course/Top_Bar/ShiYan/xunishiyan/6.htm

132

附錄(一)