第七章 結論與建議
第二節 建議
建議一
(建議主題):立即可行建議 主辦機關:內政部建築研究所 協辦機關:內政部營建署
建議我國的硬固混凝土氯離子含量規範可採酸溶法進行,並將限制量訂為 0.4 kg/m3。但宜再經過鋼筋腐速率、結構物使用年限及對力學(含耐震)性能評估 方可確定。
第七章 研究結論與發現
建議二
(建議主題):中長期性建議 主辦機關:內政部建築研究所 協辦機關:內政部營建署
建議未來建管與工程單位,在各建築物竣工送審時需於圖說上檢附混凝土配 比相關資訊。
建議三
(建議主題):中長期性建議 主辦機關:內政部建築研究所 協辦機關:內政部營建署
建議內政部建研所未來可進行長久曝曬與含氯量對鋼筋混凝土構材劣化之 研究。
參考文獻
參考文獻
1. Meira, G. R., Andrade, C., Alonso, C., Borba Jr., G. R., Padilha Jr., M.,
―Durability of concrete structures in marine atmosphere zones – The use of chloride deposition rate on the wet candle as an environmental indicator ‖, Cement and Concrete Composites, Vol 32, 2010, pp. 427-435.
2. Bulu Pradhan, B. Bhattacharjee, ―Rebar corrosion in chloride environment―, Construction and Building Materials, Vol 25, 2011, pp. 2565-2575.
3. 詹穎雯、陳振川、吳建國、楊仲家、許鎧麟、卓世偉、陳育聖、張永昌, ―台 灣苗栗以北地區大氣中氯鹽與橋樑腐蝕劣化環境之研究‖ , 交通部公路總局 委託研究案報告, 2010.
4. CNS 3090, ―預拌混凝土‖,中國國家標準, 1994.
5. CNS 13465, ―新拌混凝土中水溶法氯離子含量詴驗法‖, 1995.
6. 民視新聞報導,‖台北縣三重市海砂屋,150 戶搏命住危樓‖,雅虎資訊,
http://tw.news.yahoo.com/article/url/d/a/101021/11/2fdrl.htmL, 2010.
7. McGrath, P., and Hooton, R. D., ―Re-Evaluton of the AASHTO T259 90-Day Salt Ponding Test,‖ Cement and Concrete Research, 1999, Vol. 29,
pp.1239-1248.
8. Andrade, C., ―Calculation of chloride diffusion coefficients in concrete from ionic migration measurements‖, Cement and Concrete Research, 1993, Vol.23, pp. 724-742.
9. Wee, T. H., Suryavanshi, A. K., and Tin, S. S, ―Evaluation of rapid chloride permeability test (RCPT) results for concrete containing mineral admixture‖, ACI Materials Journal, Vol. 97, No. 2, 2000,pp.221-232.
10. Detwiler, R. J., Kjellsen, O. K., and Gjψrv, O. E., ― Resistance to Chloriede Intrusion of Concrete Cured at Different Temperatures‖, ACI Materials Journal, Vol.88, 1991, pp.19-24.
11. Yang, C.C., and Cho, S.W., ― The relationship between chloride migration rate for concrete and electrical current in steady state using the accelerated chloride migration test,‖ Materials and Structures, Vol.37, 2004, pp.456–463.
12. Yang, C.C., and Cho, S.W., ―Approximate migration coefficient of percolated interfacial transition zone by using the accelerated chloride migration test,‖
Cement and Concrete Research, Vol.35, 2005, pp. 344–350.
13. Yang, C.C., Cho, S.W. Wang, L. C., ―The relationship between pore structure and chloride diffusivity from ponding test in cement-based materialst‖, Materials Chemistry and Physics, Vol.100, 2006, pp203–210.
14. Ueli Angst, Bernhard Elsener, Claus K. Larsen, Øystein Vennesland, ―Critical
chloride content in reinforced Concrete— A review‖, Cement and Concrete Research, Volume 39, 2009, pp. 1122-1138.
15. Miguel A. Climent, Guillem de Vera, Estanislao Viqueira, M. M. López-Atalaya,
―Generalization of the possibility of eliminating the filtration step in the determination of acid-soluble chloride content in cement and concrete by potentiometric titration‖, Cement and Concrete Research, Vol 34, 2004, pp.
2291-2295.
16. Muralidharan, S., Vedalakshmi, R., Saraswathi, V., and Palaniswamy, J. N.,
―Studies on the aspects of chloride ion determination in different types of
concrete under macro-cell corrosion conditions‖, Building and Environment, Vol.
40, 2005, pp. 1275-1281.
17. CNS 61,"卜特蘭水泥",中國國家標準, 2005.
18. ASTM C114, ―Standard Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Hydraulic Cement‖, ASTM International, 2011.
19. CNS 1240,"混凝土粒料",中國國家標準, 2009.
20. Mehta,P. K., and Monteiro, P. J. M., ―Concrete-structure, properties, and materials‖, Prentice Hall, pp.17-29 ,1993
21. Page, C. L., Short, N. R. and Tarras, A. E., ―Diffusion of Chloride ions in hardened cement paste‖, Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 11, 1981, pp.395-406.
22. Arsenault, J., Bigas, J. P., Ollivier, J. P., ―Determination of chloride diffusion coefficient using two different steady-state methods: influence of concentration gradient‖, Chloride Penetration into Concrete, Proceedings of the International RILEM Workshop, pp.150-160,1995.
23. Simeonov, P., and Ahmad, S., "Effect of Transition Zone on the Elastic Behavior of Cement-based Composities", Cement and Concrete Research, Vol.25, No.1, pp.165-176,1995.
24. Yang, C.C., and Cho, S.W., ―Approximate migration coefficient of percolated interfacial transition zone by using the accelerated chloride migration test‖, Cement and Concrete Research, Vol.35, pp.344–350 ,2005.
25. Seng, C., Zhang, M. H. ,―Water permeability and chloride penetrability of high-strength lightweight aggregate concrete‖, Cement and Concrete Research, Vol.32, pp. 639-645,2002.
26. Enevoldsen, J. N., Hansson, C. M., Hope, B.B., ―Binding of chloride in mortar containing admixed or penetrated chlorides‖ Cement and Concrete Research, Vol.24, 1994, pp. 1525-1533.
27. CNS 14702, "硬固水泥砂漿及混凝土中酸溶法氯離子含量詴驗法",中國國家 標準, 2002.
參考文獻 28. CNS 14703, "硬固水泥砂漿及混凝土中水溶法氯離子含量詴驗法",中國國家
標準, 2002.
29. Schießl, P, ‖ Draft recommandation for repair strategies for concrete structures damaged by reinforcement corrosion‖, Materials and Structures Vol.27,
pp.415-436, 1994.
30. RILEM TC 178-TMC, ―Analysis of total chloride content in concrete ‖, Materials and Structures, Vol.35, pp.583-585, 2002.
31. DIN EN 206, ―Specification, performance, production and conformity ‖, German Institute for Standardization ,2001.
32. DIN EN 480-10, ―Admixtures for concrete. mortar and grout - Test methods - Part 10: Determination of water soluble chloride conten, 2010.\
33. NS 3420, " Specifications for buildings and construction‖, Norway Standards, 1986.
34. NT Build 208, " Concrete, Hardened: Chloride Content by Volhard Tiration, Nordtest Method,2007.
35. BS EN 206-1 ―Eurocode 2. Design of concrete structures. General rules and rules for buildings ―, British-Adopted European Standard, 2004.
36. BS 1881-124 ―Methods of Testing Concrete Part 124: Methods for Analysis of Hardened Concrete ―, British-Adopted European Standard, 2004.
37. JASS 5 ―鋼筋混凝土工程‖, 日本建築學會,2009.
38. JIS A1154 ―硬化コンクリート中に含まれる塩化物イオンの詴験方法‖, 日 本工業標準,2003.
39. FDOT Standard, ―FDOT Standard Specifications for Road and Bridge Construction‖, Florida Department of Transportation, 2010.
40. FM 5-516, ―Determining Low Levels of Chloride in Concrete and Raw Materials‖, Florida Department of Transportation, 2009.
41. Clear, K.C. Time-to-Corrosion of Reinforcing Steel in Concrete Slabs.
FHWA-RD-76-70.Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C., 1976.
42. AASHTO T260, ―Sampling and Testing for Chloride Ion in Concrete and Concrete Raw Materials‖, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, 2009.
43. ACI 318, ―Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete and Commentary‖, American Concrete Institute, 2008.
44. ASTM C1218, ―Standard Test Method for Water-Soluble Chloride in Mortar and Concrete‖, American Society for Testing and Materials, 2008.
45. ACI 222, ―Guide to Design and Construction Practices‖, American Concrete Institute, 1993.
46. ASTM C1152, ―Standard Test Method for Acid-Soluble Chloride in Mortar and Concrete‖, American Society for Testing and Materials, 2004.
47. AS 3972. Concrete Structures,, Standards Australia, Sydney, 2009.
48. AS 1012.20 Determination of chloride and sulfate in hardened concrete and concrete aggregates, Standards Australia, Sydney, 1992.
49. AS 2758.1 Aggregates and rock for engineering purposes. Part 1: Concrete aggregates, Standards Australia, Sydney, 1998.
50. NZS 3101, Concrete Structures Standard, Standards New Zealand, 2006.
附錄 1
量並比對與配比水泥
附錄 1
張大鵬
附錄 1 2. 國家標準中氯離子含量
測定法尚包括「吸光光 度分析氯離子含量及簡 易測定器法」,其含氯標 準與上述水溶性法及酸 溶性法之差異性如何?
3. 按照初步研究結論,新 拌混凝土的氯離子含量 較硬固混凝土者為高,
此與國家標準相符,若 長久曝曬於空氣中之硬 固混凝土,則又如何?
含氯量要多少才會致使 構材劣化?
般常用的電位滴定法功 能相同均為氯離子含量 分析方法。
3. 長久曝曬於空氣中之硬 固混凝土與本身孔隙結 構與氯離子擴散係數有 關。含氯量要多少才會致 使構材劣化並非本計畫 研究範圍,因此相關資訊 將 以 文 獻 整 理 方 式 呈 現,並建議未來建研所可 規劃相關研究課題。
附錄 2
3. 建議可參考當初經濟部
0.1,0.2,0.3,0.4 kg/m3 之氯離子,再以水溶法
附錄 2
王亭復
附錄 2 量 0.4 kg/m3宜再經過
鋼筋腐速率、結構物使 用年限及對力學(含耐 震 ) 性 能 評 估 方 可 確 定 。 例 如 ACI-318 、 ACI-222 等均高此值。
本土性硬固混凝土氯離子含量標準與檢測方法之研究 出版機關:內政部建築研究所
電話:(02)89127890
地址:新北市新店市北新路三段 200 號 13 樓 網址:http://www.abri.gov.tw
編者:何明錦、楊仲家、卓世偉、薛凱元、江慶堂、翁詵涵 出版年月:100 年 12 月
版次:第 1 版
ISBN 978-986-03-0908-9 (平裝)