第五章 討論
第二節 建議
有鑑於研究的準確性，最理想的方法應該是可以在三個月前先 徵求數位平常完全無運動習慣而且並不屬於肥胖的族群，將其分為有 氧運動組、無氧運動組和不運動組的對照組。在接下來的三個月當中 指導他們做各自有氧或無氧的運動，並且監控每週運動次數和時間加 上控制運動的強度以及控制對照組不得超過日常生活的活動量，如此 一來便可以確定每個受試者運動的量。在三個月後再進行乳酸閾值和 血液乳酸值等等的測試，這樣的實驗結果就會是最完美。
為了更進一步的探討有氧運動和無氧運動造成的生理效應，還可 以於歷經三個月一次測試後，在將兩組的運動習慣對調也就是說無氧 運動組改做三個月的有氧運動，無氧運動組則反之，對照組則一樣。
這樣可以更完整達到對象和實驗條件交換時是否達到相同的效果，如 此一來就確定可以屏除個體的差異性和更肯定有氧運動和無氧運動 帶給人體的效應為何。
參考文獻
吳慧君, 林正常：乳酸閾值測定法及其外在效度的比較研究。體育學 報 1995;12:363-373。
Achten J, Jeukendrup AE. Relation between plasma lactate concentration and fat oxidation rates over a wide range of exercise intensities. Int J Sports Med 2004;7:25-32.
Alkner BA, Tesch PA. Knee extensor and plantar flexor muscle size and function following 90 days of bed rest with or without resistance exercise.
Eur J Appl Physiol 2004;93:294-305.
Allen DG. Skeletal muscle function: role of ionic changes in fatigue damage and disease. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2004;31:485-493.
Allsop P, Anaes FC, Jorfeldt L, Rutberg H, Lennmarken C, Hall GM, Biol FI. Delayed recovery of muscle pH after short duration, high intensity exercise in malignat hyperthermia susceptible subjects. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1991;66:541-545.
Ander DS, Jaggi M, Rivers E. Undetected cardiogenic shock in patients with congestive heart failure presenting to the emergency department.
Am J Cardiol 1998;82:888-891.
Anderson GS, Rhodes EC. A review of blood lactate and ventilatory methods of detecting transition thresholds. Sports Med 1989;8:43-55.
Bahr R, Sejersted OM. Effect of intensity of exercise on excess postexercise oxygen consumption. Metabolism 1991;40:836-841.
Barnard RJ, Holloszy JO. The metabolic systems: aerobic metabolism and substrate utilization in exercising skeletal muscle. In: Tipton CM, editor. Exercise Physiology People and Ideas. New York (NY): Oxford University Press; 2003, pp.292-321.
Beaver WL, Wasserman K, Whipp BJ. Improved detection of lactate threshold during exercise using a log-log transformation. J Appl Physiol 1985;59:1936-1940.
Bergman BC, Wolfel EE, Butterfield GE, Lopaschuk GD, Casazza GA,
Horning MA, Brooks GA. Active muscle and whole body lactate kinetics after endurance training in men. J Appl Physiol 1999;87:1684-1696.
Böning D, Klarholz C, Himmelsbach B, Hutler M, Maassen N.
Extracellular bicarbonate and non-bicarbonate buffering against lactic acid during and after exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2007;100:457-467.
Brooks GA, Wolfel EE, Butterfield GE, Cymerman A, Roberts
AC, Mazzeo RS, Reeves JT. Poor relationship between arterial [lactate]
and leg net release during exercise at 4,300 m altitude. Am J Physiol 1998;275:R1192-R1201.
Burleson Jr MA, Obryant HS, Stone MH. Effect of weight training exercise and treadmill exercise on excess post–exercise oxygen consumption. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1998;30:518-522.
Burnley M, Doust JH, Jones AM. Effects of prior warm-up regime on severe-intensity cycling performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2005;37:
838-845.
Bylund-Fellenius AC, Walker PM, Elander A, Holm S, Holm J,Schersten.
Energy metabolism in relation to oxygen partial pressure in human skeletal muscle during exercise. Biochem J 1981;200:247-255.
Carsten J. Training-induced changes in membrane transport proteins of human skeletal muscle. Eur J Appl Physiol 2006;96:627-635.
Casaburi R, Storer TW, Sullivan CS, Wasserman K. Evaluation of blood lactate elevation as an intensity criterion for exercise training. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1995;27:852-862.
Cerretelli P, Ambrosoli G, Fumagalli M. Anaerobic recovery in man. Eur J Appl Physiol 1975;34:141-148.
Cheng B, Kuipers H, Snyder AC, Keizer HA, Jeukendrup A, Hesselink M.
A new approach for the determination of ventilatory and lactate thresholds. Int J Sports Med 1992;13:518-522.
Chittamma A, Vanavanan S. Comparative study of calculated and measured total carbon dioxide1. Clin Chem Lab Med 2008;46:15-17.
Chudalla R, Baerwalde S, Schneider G, Maassen N. Local and systemic
large muscle groups. Eur J Physiol 2006;452:690-697.
Coetzer P, Noakes TD, Sanders B, Lambert MI, Bosch NA, Wiggins T.
Superior fatigue resistance of elite black South African Distane runners. J Appl Physiol 1993;75:18-22.
Connett RJ, Gayeski TE, Honig CR. Lactate accumulation in fully aerobic, working, dog gracilis muscle. Am J Physiol 1984;246:
H120-H128.
Cory T, Walts ED, Hanson MJ, Delmonico MJ, Yao L, Wang MQ, Hurley BF. Do Sex or Race Differences Influence Strength Training Effects on Muscle or Fat? Med Sci Sports Exerc 2008;40:669-676.
Costill DL, Fink WJ, Hargreaves M, King DS, Thomas R, Fielding R.
Metabolic characteristics of skeletal-muscle during detraining from competitive swimming. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1985;17:339-343.
Coyle EF, Martin WH, Sinacore DR, Joyner MJ, Hagberg JM, Holloszy JO. Time course of loss of adaptations after stopping prolonged intense endurance training. J Appl Physiol 1984;57:1857-1864.
Davis JA.
Anaerobic threshold : Review of the concept and directions for future research. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1985;17:6-18.
Davis JA, Frank HM, Whipp JB, Wasserman K. Anaerobic threshold alterations caused by endurance training inmiddle-aged men. J Appl Physiol 1979;46:1039-1046.
Donovan CM, Brooks GA. Endurance training affects lactate clearance, not lactate production. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 1983;244:
E83-E92.
Elliot DL, Goldberg L, Kuehl KS. Effects of resistance training on excess postexercise oxygen consumption. J Appl Sport Sci Res 1992;6:77-81.
Farrell PA, Wilmore JH, Coyle EF, Billing JE, Costill DL. Plasma lactate accumulation and distance running performance. Med Sci Sports 1979;11:338-344.
Felix SD, Manos TM, Jarvis AT, Jensen BE, Headley SA. Swimming
swimmers. J Swimming Res 1997;12:1-6.
Fleck SJ, Kraemer WJ. Designing Resistance Training Programs (2nd ed.) Champaign (IL): Human Kinetics, 1997, pp.131-163.
Fitts RH. Cellular mechanisms of muscle fatigue. Physiol Rev 1994;74:
49-94.
Foss ML, Keteyian JS, Fox EL. Physiological Basis for Exercise and Sport. McGraw-Hill Book Co Ltd.1998:110-112.
Gastin PB. Energy System Interaction and Relative Contribution During Maximal Exercise. Sports Med 2001;31:725-741.
Gerbino A, Ward SA, Whipp BJ. Effects of prior exercise on pulmonary gas-exchange kinetics during high-intensity exercise in humans. J Appl Physiol 1996;80:99-107.
Grassi B, Quaresima V, Marconi C, Ferrari M, Cerretelli P. Blood lactate accumulation and muscle deoxygenation during incremental exercise. J Appl Physiol 1999;87:348-355.
Hicks AL, Kent-Braun J, Ditor DS. Sex differences in human skeletal muscle fatigue. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2001;29:109-112.
Hoffman GM, Ghanayem NS, Kampine JM. Venous saturation and the anaerobic threshold in neonates after the Norwood procedure for hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Ann Thorac Surg 2000;70:1515-1520.
Hortobagyi T, Tunnel D, Moody J, Beam S, DeVita P. Lowor high-intensity strength training partially restores impaired quadriceps force accuracy and steadiness in aged adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2001;56:38-47.
Hudson BM, Hosick AP, Mccaulley OG, Schrieber L,Wrieden J, Mcanulty SR, Triplett TN, Mcberide JM, Quindry CJ. The Effect of Resistance Exercise on Humoral Markers of Oxidative Stress. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2007;6:542-548.
Jansson E, Kaijser L. Substrate utilization and enzymes in skeletal muscle of extremely endurance-trained mean. J Appl Physiol 1987;62:999-1005.
oxidation during exercise? Europ J Sport Sci 2001;1:1-5.
Jones AM, Wilkerson DP, Burnley M, Koppo K. Prior heavy exercise enhances performance during subsequent perimaximal exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2003;35:2085-2092.
Karlsson J, Saltin B. Diet, muscle glycogen, and endurance performance.
J Appl Physiol 1971;31:203-206.
Kato T, Tsukanaka A, Harada T, Kosaka M, Matsui N. Effect of hypercapnia on changes in blood pH, plasma lactate and ammonia due to exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2005;95:400-408.
Kemp JG, Thompson HC, Taylor JD, Radda KG. Proton efflux in human skeletal muscle during recovery from exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 1997;
76:462-471.
Klausen K, Rasmussen B, Clausen JP, Trapjensen J. Blood lactate from exercising extremities before and after arm or leg training. Am J Physiol 1974;227:67-72.
Knechtle B, Muller G, Willmann F, Kotteck K, Eser P, Knecht H. Fat oxidation in men and women endurance athletes in running and cycling.
Int J Sports Med 2003;25:38-44.
Lamb GD , Stephenson DG, Bangsbo , Juel CJ. Point:Counterpoint:
Lactic acid accumulation is an advantage/disadvantage during muscle activity. J Appl Physiol 2006;100:1410-1414.
Lindinger MI, Heigenhauser GJF. Ion fluxes during titanic stimulation in isolated perfused rat hind limb. J Appl Physiol 1988;254:R117-R126.
Lippi G, Schena F, Franchinic M, Guidia CG. Chronic influence of demanding physical exercise on venous blood-gas status. J Sci Med Sport 2007;10:288-290.
Londeree BR. Effect of training on lactate/ventilatory thresholds: A meta-analysis. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1997;29:837-843.
MacDougall J. Limitations to anaerobic performance. Proceeding:
Science and the Athlete. Hamilton: Coaching Association of Canada and McMaster University, 1974.
Martin NA, Robert FZ, Robertson RJ, Lephart SM. The comparative effects of sports massage, active recovery, and rest in promoting blood lactate clearance after after supramaximal leg exercise. J Athl Train 1998;33:30-35.
Melby CL, Scholl C, Edwards G, Bullough R. Effect of acute resistance exercise on postexercise energy expenditure and resting metabolic rate. J Appl Physiol 1993;75:1847-1853.
Mellemgaard K, Astrup P. The quantitative determination of surplus amounts of acid or base in human body. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1960;12:187-199.
Medbo JI. Glycogen breakdown and lactate accumulation during high-intensity cycling. Acta Physiol Scand 1993;149:85–89.
Medbo JI, Tabata I. Relative importance of aerobic and anaerobic energy release during short-lasting exhausting bicycle exercise. J Appl Physiol 1989;67:1881-1886.
Motoi Y, Hiroyasu T, Masataka N, Ryuji O, Norikazu O, Mitsuo K.
Post-exercise leg and forearm flexor muscle cooling in humans attenuates endurance and resistance training effects on muscle performance and on circulatory adaptation. Eur J Appl Physiol 2006;96:572-580.
Nattie EE. Pulmonary Biology in Health and Disease. Springer New York 2004;273-288.
Nielsen HB. Arterial desaturation during exercise in man: implication for O2 uptake and work capacity. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2003;13:339-358.
Oshima Y, Miyamoto T, Tanaka S, Wadazumi T, Kurihara N, Fujimoto S.
Relationship between isocapnic buffering and maximal aerobic capacity in athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol and Occupational Physiol 1997;
76:409-414.
Patessio A, C asaburi R, Perfaut C, Folgering H, Donner C. Exercise training in chronic lung disease: exercise prescription. Eur Respir J 1997;6:129-146.
prospective, randomized study of goal-oriented hemodynamic therapy in cardiac surgical patients. Anesth Analg 2000;90:1052-1059.
Rustu G, Burak K, Bülent U, Emin E. Running velocities and heart rates at fixed blood lactate concentrations in elite soccer players. Advan Ther 2005;22:613-620.
Sargent AC, Scroop CG. Plasma lactate accumulation is reduced during incremental exercise in untrained women compared with untrained men.
Eur J Appl Physiol 2007;101:91-96.
Seals RD, Hagberg MJ, Hurley FB, Ehsani AA, Holloszy OJ.
Endurance training in older men and women Cardiovascular responses to exercise. J Appl Physiol 1984;57:1024-1029.
Sherman CS, Schindlbeck M. When is venous blood gas analysis enough?
Emerg Med 2006;38:44-48.
Slade JM, Miszko TA, Laity JH, Agrawal SK, Cress ME. Anaerobic power and physical function in strength-trained and nonstrength-trained older adults. J Gerontol Biol Sci Med Sci 2002;57:168-172.
Sjödin B, Svedenhag J. Applied physiology of marathon running.
Sports Med 1985;2:83-99.
Sjödin B, Jacobs I. Onset of blood lactate accumulation and marathon running performance. Int J Sports Med 1981;2:23-26.
Sööt T,Jürimäe T,Jürimäe J, Gapeyeva H , Pääsuke M. Relationship between leg bone mineral values and muscle strength in women with different physical activity J Bone Miner Metab 2005;23:401-406.
Spangenburg EE, Ward CW, Williams JH. Effects of lactate on force production by mouse EDL muscle: implications for the development of fatigue. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1998;76:642-648.
Spriet LL, Howlett RA, Heigenhauser GJ. An enzymatic approach to lactate production in human skeletal muscle during exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2000;32:756-763.
Spriet LL, Howlett RA, Heigenhauser GJ. An enzymatic approach to lactate production in human skeletal muscle during exercise. Med Sci
Stager JM, Tanner DA. Swimming: 2nd Edition. An International Olympic Committee Publication. Oxford UK: Blackwell Scinece Ltd, 2005.
Staron RS, Leonardi MJ, Karapondo DL, Malicky ES, Falkel JE, Hagerman FC, Hikida RS. Strength and skeletal muscle adaptations in heavy-resistance trained women after detraining and retraining. J Appl Physiol 1991;70:631-640.
Starritt EC, Howlett RA, Heigenhauser GJ, Spriet LL. Sensitivity of CPT1 to malonyl-CoA in trained and untrained human skeletal muscle.
Am J Physiol 2000;278:462-8.
Stegmann H, Kindermann W, Schnabel A. Lactate kinetics and individual anaerobic threshold. Int J Sports Med 1981;2:160-165.
Toftegaard M, Rees ES, Andreassen S. Correlation between acid–base parameters measured in arterial blood and venous blood sampled peripherally, from vena cavae superior, and from the pulmonary artery.
Eur J Emerg Med 2008;15:86-91.
Tremblay A, Depres JP, Leblanc C, Craig CL, Ferris B, Stephens T, Bouchard C. Effect of intensity of physical activity on body fatness and fat distribution. Am J Clin Nutr 1990;51:153-157.
Tupling AR. The sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle fatigue and disease:
role of the sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca2-ATPase. Can J Appl Physiol 2004;29:308-329.
Urhausen A. Blood ammonia and lactate concentrations during endurance
exercise of differing intensities. Eur J Appl Physiol 1992;65:88-96.
Vissing J, MacLean DA, Vissing SF, Saltin B, Haller RG. The exercise metaboreflex is maintained in the absence of muscle acidosis: insights from muscle microdialysis in humans with McArdle’s disease. J Physiol 2001;537:641-649.
Walsh ML, Banister EW. Possible mechanism of anaerobic threshold.
Sports Med 1988;5:269-302.
Wasserman K, Whipp BJ, Koyal SN, Beaver WL. Anaerobic threshold
236-243.
Weber C, Schneider D. Increases in maximal accumulated oxygen defect after high-intensity interval training are not gender dependent. J Appl Physiol 2002;92:1795-1801.
Westerblad H, Lee JA, Lannergern J, Allen DG. Cellular mechanisms of fatigue in skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 1991;261:
C195-C209.
Westerblad H, Bruton JD, Allen DG, Lannergren J. Functional significance of Ca2_ in long-lasting fatigue of skeletal muscle. Eur J Appl Physiol 2000;83:166-174.
Whipp BJ, Davis JA, Torres F, Wasserman K. A test to determine parameters of aerobic function during exercise. J Appl Physiol 1981;50:217-221.
Williams L, Wilkins L. American College of Sports Medicine. ACSM’s resource manual for guidelines for exercise testing and prescription. 4th ed. New York, 2001.
.
Williams L, Wilkins L. American College of Sports Medicine. ACSM’s resource manual for guidelines for exercise testing and prescription.7th ed.
New York, 2004.
Wilmore JH, Costill DL. Physiology of Sport and Exercise (3rd ed.).
Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 2004;122-127.
Wright J, O’Flynn G, Macdonald D. Being Fit and Looking Healthy:
Young Women’s and Men’s Constructions of Health and Fitness.
Sex Roles 2006;54:707-716.
Zoladz J, Duda K, Majerczak J. Oxygen uptake does not increase linearly at high power outputs during incremental exercise test in humans.
European Journal of Applied Physiology 1998;77:445-451.
附錄
1.受試者同意書
本次實驗由 中國醫藥大學基礎醫學研究所 運動醫學學門研究生陳則 瑜負責。
實驗內容：包含氣體分析儀和跑步機實驗，以及啞鈴重量訓練，在實驗 時間內會對受試者採取少許靜脈血兩次作血液乳酸分析。
※注意：請受侍者穿運動服裝,運動鞋和水。
所有實驗受試者已聽取過詳細說明，並樂意配合本次實驗
※本實驗可以讓您瞭解您自己身體的心肺和肌肉等資料，我會幫您解說 並且讓你瞭解目前你的運動如何對你的身體影響。
聯絡電話：
年齡：
身高：
體重：
請簡述您日常生活做的運動：
譬如，我一週平均運動 2～3 次（平均一週），
慢跑（種類），
每次約 30 分鐘（時間），