一、未來研究建議
(一)使用縱貫式研究
本研究是使用橫斷式研究無法探討因果關係,因此建議未來研究可以使用縱貫式 研究。過去 Duda 與同僚 (2013) 在歐洲執行PAPA計畫,針對10至14歲足球俱樂部青少
年,介入引導教練塑造賦權動機氣候的研究,讓選手感受到更多自我決定動機與較正向 的運動經驗。介入方式是利用影片剪輯的方式說明與提升教練對動機、動機歷程與動機 造成的結果的了解,期間有互動與自我反思的練習,為了使教練接受和內在化此介入。
根據 PAPA計畫的介入方式,未來研究可以針對教練使用賦權動機氣候的課程介入,讓 教練了解賦權動機氣候的概念及賦權動機氣候對選手產生的影響,接著讓教練在平日訓 練時塑造賦權動機氣候,如:強調工作涉入,給予選手自主支持與社會支持,經過介入 後可以比較控制組與實驗組教練所教導的選手的心理堅韌性是否有差異。
(二)使用質性研究
本研究結果顯示在教練塑造低賦權高削權時的積極奮鬥,比教練塑造低賦權低削 權動機氣候還高,表示選手知覺到教練塑造較低的工作涉入,給予較少的自主持與社 會支持時,教練若塑造高自我涉入和高控制行為,選手會將此削權動機氣候視為督處 他們持續努力的驅力。然而選手對削權動機氣候的想法為何,以及多少程度的削權動 機氣候是可以當作驅力,這些問題還沒有研究進行探討。根據以上敘述可以使用質性 研究探討選手對削權動機氣候的看法,接著探討多少程度的削權動機氣候選手會將其 當作持續努力的驅力。
(三)探討跟隨教練年數對賦權與削權預測心理堅韌性時的交互作用是否會有差異 由於過去研究指出心理堅韌性的發展需要一個長時間的過程,而本研究結果顯示賦 權與削權對抗壓性與忍受傷痛無顯著交互作用,本研究參與者平均跟隨教練年數為2 年,推論兩年對於教練給予的賦權動機氣候要促進心理堅韌性的發展可能尚有不足,
因此建議未來研究可以比較不同程度的跟隨教練年份,賦權與削權動機氣候在預測心 理堅韌性時的交互作用是否會有差異。
二、在實務建議上
本研究顯示選手知覺賦權動機氣候與心理堅韌性呈正相關,並且可以顯著預測心理 堅韌性。表示教練若在訓練時強調技巧精熟、進步代表成功、適時給予正向回饋以及使 選手有選擇權時,有助於選手在面對壓力時能保持積極進取的態度、有效的管理抗壓性 和具有忍受當下傷痛的能力。賦權與削權動機氣候在預測積極奮鬥時有交互作用,結果 顯示當教練塑造高賦權動機氣候不管同時塑造高削權或低削權的動機氣候,選手都會有 很高的積極奮鬥,在實務上教練應該塑造很高的賦權動機氣候,給予選手很多的正向回 饋並強調進步精熟,鼓勵選手表達自身想法,建立良好的教練選手關係增進社會支持,
以及讓選手有較多的選擇機會提高自主支持,如:訓練時為了達到每日訓練的目標,可 以給予不同的訓練方式讓選手選擇,並鼓勵選手表達自身想法,給予專業上的指導,同 時教練不管有高或低的控制行為或是強調比賽結果,選手都會有較高的積極奮鬥。
而當教練塑造低的賦權動機氣候時,同時選手若知覺到教練也塑造高削權動機氣候 時,會比低削權動機氣候有較高的積極奮鬥。因此在實務上教練若不會給予選手鼓勵、
也不讓選手有選擇的機會,並且不強調進步精熟,同時建議教練塑造高控制的行為以及 強調比賽結果,使選手會有較高的積極奮鬥,如:當教練不給予選手社會支持、自主支 持與工作涉入時,教練利用獎懲的方式控制選手達到目標,並且訓練時主要關注在比賽 結果,可以使選手有比較高的積極奮鬥。然而雖然根據交互作用有以上的建議,但還是 提倡教練都塑造高賦權低銷權的環境,使選手的心理堅韌性有正向的發展。
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