計畫中文名稱 庫倫應力變化之推演 計畫編號 MOTC-CWB-100-E-08 主管機關 交通部中央氣象局 計畫編號 MOTC-CWB-100-E-08 主管機關 交通部中央氣象局
研究成果 本研究利用 GPS 觀測之同震位移和彈性半空間錯位模
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庫倫應力變化之推演
移已不顯著;花蓮鄰近測站之水平位移約為 10 mm,往西北方運動;琉球群島上 之測站位移量約為 5~15 mm,主要往東南方運動。在垂直位移量方面,近震央處 之蘇澳觀測到最大下陷量25 mm,宜蘭和台北之間之 GPS 測站大部份呈現下陷,
琉球群島上之GPS 測站有些許抬升現象。使用 GPS 資料逆推之最佳斷層模型為走 向N290°、傾角 30°,斷層頂部沒有出露海床,位於深度 12 km 處。斷層面上最大 滑移量為0.56 m,分佈在震央東側深度 25 km 處。
利用 331 同震滑移計算台灣東部縱谷斷層、中央山脈斷層、及台灣北部山腳 斷層斷層面上之庫倫應力變化顯示:331 地震過後,山腳斷層及縱谷斷層中段及南 段斷層滑移面上的庫倫應力增加(0.001~0.02 MPa);而縱谷斷層北段及中央山脈 斷層大部份區域庫倫應力下降(~0.005 MPa)。
綜言之,由於甲仙地震規模較小,而 2002 年花蓮外海之 331 地震又是外海地 震,初步研究顯示主震造成的應力改變對台灣本島斷層之影響有限。
移已不顯著;花蓮鄰近測站之水平位移約為 10 mm,往西北方運動;琉球群島上 之測站位移量約為 5~15 mm,主要往東南方運動。在垂直位移量方面,近震央處 之蘇澳觀測到最大下陷量25 mm,宜蘭和台北之間之 GPS 測站大部份呈現下陷,
琉球群島上之GPS 測站有些許抬升現象。使用 GPS 資料逆推之最佳斷層模型為走 向N290°、傾角 30°,斷層頂部沒有出露海床,位於深度 12 km 處。斷層面上最大 滑移量為0.56 m,分佈在震央東側深度 25 km 處。
利用 331 同震滑移計算台灣東部縱谷斷層、中央山脈斷層、及台灣北部山腳 斷層斷層面上之庫倫應力變化顯示:331 地震過後,山腳斷層及縱谷斷層中段及南 段斷層滑移面上的庫倫應力增加(0.001~0.02 MPa);而縱谷斷層北段及中央山脈 斷層大部份區域庫倫應力下降(~0.005 MPa)。
綜言之,由於甲仙地震規模較小,而 2002 年花蓮外海之 331 地震又是外海地 震,初步研究顯示主震造成的應力改變對台灣本島斷層之影響有限。
壹、 前 言
層活動所引起,由於地表無顯著破裂面,因此在甲仙地震發生後,中研院地球所 地球所提供,而琉球附近的GPS 資料可經由日本國土地理院(Geospatial Information Authority of Japan, GSI)之網站申請。GPS 資料以 RunGamit 自動化 GPS 資料處理 系統解算各測站每天之ITRF2005 座標。RunGamit 系統乃以 GAMIT/GLOBK 軟體 為核心之自動化GPS 資料處理系統,由美國地質調查所(USGS)出資研發後提供 各界免費使用。可自動將一大型GPS 觀測網分成數個由不大於 40 個測站組成的子 網,並分配於不同的伺服器同時計算,提高資料處理效率。各子網未經約制之每 日鬆弛解,經由GLOBK 結合約制在 ITRF2005 座標架構下;整合一段期間的每日 解而獲得各測站之ITRF2005 座標時間序列(余水倍等, 2010)。另藉由美國噴射推 進實驗室(JPL)董大南博士發展的 QOCA 軟體(Quasi Observation Combination Analysis, http://gipsy.jpl.nasa.gov/qoca/)進行時間序列分析,移除 GPS 測站共有之 誤差並進行雜訊分析,最後再利用所得之 ITRF2005 時間序列及最小二乘法計算 地球所提供,而琉球附近的GPS 資料可經由日本國土地理院(Geospatial Information Authority of Japan, GSI)之網站申請。GPS 資料以 RunGamit 自動化 GPS 資料處理 系統解算各測站每天之ITRF2005 座標。RunGamit 系統乃以 GAMIT/GLOBK 軟體 為核心之自動化GPS 資料處理系統,由美國地質調查所(USGS)出資研發後提供 各界免費使用。可自動將一大型GPS 觀測網分成數個由不大於 40 個測站組成的子 網,並分配於不同的伺服器同時計算,提高資料處理效率。各子網未經約制之每 日鬆弛解,經由GLOBK 結合約制在 ITRF2005 座標架構下;整合一段期間的每日 解而獲得各測站之ITRF2005 座標時間序列(余水倍等, 2010)。另藉由美國噴射推 進實驗室(JPL)董大南博士發展的 QOCA 軟體(Quasi Observation Combination Analysis, http://gipsy.jpl.nasa.gov/qoca/)進行時間序列分析,移除 GPS 測站共有之 誤差並進行雜訊分析,最後再利用所得之 ITRF2005 時間序列及最小二乘法計算 331 地震之同震位移。
參、台灣地區大型地震之庫倫破壞應力
中 Δτ 是在斷層面上的剪切應力變化,μ'為視摩擦係數,受孔隙液壓之影響,其值 一般約介於 0~0.7,Δσn為正應力變化,壓制(clamping)為正。若 ΔCFS>0,斷 層破裂會被激發;相反地,若ΔCFS<0,斷層破裂則會被壓制 (King et al., 1994)。 移逆斷層(Lacombe et al., 2001)。由間震期 GPS 觀測結果顯示,橫跨斷層有明顯 之右移分量,速率為24~30 mm/yr(Hu et al., 2007)。新化斷層造成 1946 年規模 灣區域之震源機制發現視摩擦係數約介於0.2~0.5(Hsu et al., 2010)。本研究決定 使用μ'值 0.4 計算庫倫應力。結果顯示:庫倫應力在潮州斷層(圖四 a)的深部, 一般約介於 0~0.7,Δσn為正應力變化,壓制(clamping)為正。若 ΔCFS>0,斷 層破裂會被激發;相反地,若ΔCFS<0,斷層破裂則會被壓制 (King et al., 1994)。 移逆斷層(Lacombe et al., 2001)。由間震期 GPS 觀測結果顯示,橫跨斷層有明顯 之右移分量,速率為24~30 mm/yr(Hu et al., 2007)。新化斷層造成 1946 年規模 灣區域之震源機制發現視摩擦係數約介於0.2~0.5(Hsu et al., 2010)。本研究決定 使用μ'值 0.4 計算庫倫應力。結果顯示:庫倫應力在潮州斷層(圖四 a)的深部,
(二) 花蓮 331 地震
帶,西側的中央山脈屬於歐亞大陸,而東側的海岸山脈則屬於菲律賓海板塊。GPS 得到之影像及2003 年成功地震之餘震分佈求得(Chen and Rau, 2002)。位於縱谷 斷層西側之中央山脈斷層其位置、形貌與活動性仍不清楚。野外地質考察及河階 得到之影像及2003 年成功地震之餘震分佈求得(Chen and Rau, 2002)。位於縱谷 斷層西側之中央山脈斷層其位置、形貌與活動性仍不清楚。野外地質考察及河階
肆、綜合結果討論
庫倫破壞應力被廣泛地應用在評估大地震後可能發生較大餘震或地震災害之 區域。國內學者在1999 年集集地震過後研究主震造成之庫倫應力發現應力上升區 域和餘震發生區域大致吻合(Wang, 2000; Wang and Chen, 2001; Ma et al., 2005;
Chan and Stein, 2009)。本研究利用 GPS 同震位移和彈性半空間錯位模型,推求甲 仙地震斷層最佳模型為走向 N324°,傾角 40°往東北,斷層面上的傾向滑移量為 須謹慎。這些因子包含區域應力(King et al., 1994; Toda et al., 1998)、地球介質非 均勻性、斷層幾何形態及主震滑移分布之不確定性。例如在本研究中使用不同之
Chan and Stein, 2009)。本研究利用 GPS 同震位移和彈性半空間錯位模型,推求甲 仙地震斷層最佳模型為走向 N324°,傾角 40°往東北,斷層面上的傾向滑移量為 須謹慎。這些因子包含區域應力(King et al., 1994; Toda et al., 1998)、地球介質非 均勻性、斷層幾何形態及主震滑移分布之不確定性。例如在本研究中使用不同之
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