Kinematics of the Chihshang Fault as revealed by outcrop-scale quantification of active faulting, Longitudinal Valley, eastern Taiwan, Tectonophysics, 274, 117-143.
Chan, C. H., and R. S. Stein, 2009, Stress evolution following the 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan, earthquake: consequences for afterslip, relaxation, aftershocks and departures from Omori decay, Geophys. J. Int., 177, 179-192
Chen, K. H., and R. J. Rau, 2002, Earthquake locations and style of faulting in an active arc-continental plate boundary: The Chishang Fault of easern Taiwan EOS Trans.
AGU 83 (47), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract T61B-1277.
Chen, K.C., 2003, Strong ground motion and damage in the Taipei basin from the Moho reflected seismic waves during the March 31, 2002, Hualien, Taiwan earthquake, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, doi:10.1029/2003gl017193.
Ho, C.S., 1986, A synthesis of the geologic evolution of Taiwan, Tectonophysics, 125, 1-16.
Ho, C.S., 1988, An introduction to the geology of Taiwan, explanatory text of the geological map of Taiwan, 2nd edn, pp. 192, Cent. Geol. Surv., Taipei.
Hsu, M.T., 1971, Seismicity of Taiwan and some related problems, Bull. Int. Inst.
Seismol. Earthquake Eng., 8, 41-60.
Hsu, Y.J., Rivera, L., Wu, Y.M., Chang, C.H., Kanamori, H., 2010, Spatial heterogeneity of tectonic stress and friction in the crust: new evidence from earthquake focal mechanisms in Taiwan, Geophys. J. Int., 329-342.
Hsu, Y. J., S. B. Yu, L. C. Kuo, Y. C. Tsai, and H. Y. Chen, 2011, Coseismic
Kinematics of the Chihshang Fault as revealed by outcrop-scale quantification of active faulting, Longitudinal Valley, eastern Taiwan, Tectonophysics, 274, 117-143.
Chan, C. H., and R. S. Stein, 2009, Stress evolution following the 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan, earthquake: consequences for afterslip, relaxation, aftershocks and departures from Omori decay, Geophys. J. Int., 177, 179-192
Chen, K. H., and R. J. Rau, 2002, Earthquake locations and style of faulting in an active arc-continental plate boundary: The Chishang Fault of easern Taiwan EOS Trans.
AGU 83 (47), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract T61B-1277.
Chen, K.C., 2003, Strong ground motion and damage in the Taipei basin from the Moho reflected seismic waves during the March 31, 2002, Hualien, Taiwan earthquake, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, doi:10.1029/2003gl017193.
Ho, C.S., 1986, A synthesis of the geologic evolution of Taiwan, Tectonophysics, 125, 1-16.
Ho, C.S., 1988, An introduction to the geology of Taiwan, explanatory text of the geological map of Taiwan, 2nd edn, pp. 192, Cent. Geol. Surv., Taipei.
Hsu, M.T., 1971, Seismicity of Taiwan and some related problems, Bull. Int. Inst.
Seismol. Earthquake Eng., 8, 41-60.
Hsu, Y.J., Rivera, L., Wu, Y.M., Chang, C.H., Kanamori, H., 2010, Spatial heterogeneity of tectonic stress and friction in the crust: new evidence from earthquake focal mechanisms in Taiwan, Geophys. J. Int., 329-342.
Hsu, Y. J., S. B. Yu, L. C. Kuo, Y. C. Tsai, and H. Y. Chen, 2011, Coseismic
deformation of the 2010 Jiashian, Taiwan earthquake and implications for fault activities in southwestern Taiwan, Tectonophysics, 502, 328-335.
Hu, J.C., Hou, C.S., Shen, L.C., Chan, Y.C., Chen, R.F., Huang, C., Rau, R.J., Chen, K.H.H., Lin, C.W., Huang, M.H., Nien, P.F., 2007, Fault activity and lateral extrusion inferred from velocity field revealed by GPS measurements in the Pingtung area of southwestern Taiwan, J Asian Earth Sci., 31, 287-302.
King, G.C.P., Stein, R.S., Lin, J., 1994, Static stress changes and the triggering of earthquakes, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 84, 935-953.
Lacombe, O., Mouthereau, F., Angelier, J., Deffontaines, B., 2001, Structural, geodetic and seismological evidence for tectonic escape in SW Taiwan, Tectonophysics, 333, 323-345.
Lee, C.T., Chen, C.T., Chi, Y.M., Liao, C.W., Liao, C.F., Lin, C.C., 2000, Engineering investigation of Hsinhua fault, National Central University 7, （in Chinese）.
Lee, J. C., J. Angelier, H. T. Chu, J. C. Hu, and F. S. Jeng, 2001, Continuous monitoring of an active fault in a plate suture zone: a creepmeter study of the Chihshang Fault, eastern Taiwan, Tectonophysics, 333, 219-240.
Liu, C. C., and S. B. Yu, 1990, Vertical crustal movements in eastern Taiwan and their tectonic implications, Tectonophysics, 183, 111-119.
Ma, K. F., C. H. Chan, and R. S. Stein, 2005, Response of seismicity to Coulomb stress triggers and shadows of the 1999 M-w=7.6 Chi-Chi, Taiwan, earthquake, J.
Geophys. Res., 110, doi: 10.1029/2004JB003389.
Okada, Y., 1985, Surface deformation due to shear and tensile faults in a half-space Bull.
Seismol. Soc. Am. 75, 1135-1154.
Okada, Y., 1992, Internal deformation due to shear and tensile faults in a half-space Bull.
Seismol. Soc. Am. 82, 1018-1040.
Seno, T., S. Stein, and A. E. Gripp, 1993, A model for the Motion of the Philippine Sea Plate consistent with Nuvel-1 and geological Data, J. Geophys. Res., 98, deformation of the 2010 Jiashian, Taiwan earthquake and implications for fault activities in southwestern Taiwan, Tectonophysics, 502, 328-335.
Hu, J.C., Hou, C.S., Shen, L.C., Chan, Y.C., Chen, R.F., Huang, C., Rau, R.J., Chen, K.H.H., Lin, C.W., Huang, M.H., Nien, P.F., 2007, Fault activity and lateral extrusion inferred from velocity field revealed by GPS measurements in the Pingtung area of southwestern Taiwan, J Asian Earth Sci., 31, 287-302.
King, G.C.P., Stein, R.S., Lin, J., 1994, Static stress changes and the triggering of earthquakes, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 84, 935-953.
Lacombe, O., Mouthereau, F., Angelier, J., Deffontaines, B., 2001, Structural, geodetic and seismological evidence for tectonic escape in SW Taiwan, Tectonophysics, 333, 323-345.
Lee, C.T., Chen, C.T., Chi, Y.M., Liao, C.W., Liao, C.F., Lin, C.C., 2000, Engineering investigation of Hsinhua fault, National Central University 7, （in Chinese）.
Lee, J. C., J. Angelier, H. T. Chu, J. C. Hu, and F. S. Jeng, 2001, Continuous monitoring of an active fault in a plate suture zone: a creepmeter study of the Chihshang Fault, eastern Taiwan, Tectonophysics, 333, 219-240.
Liu, C. C., and S. B. Yu, 1990, Vertical crustal movements in eastern Taiwan and their tectonic implications, Tectonophysics, 183, 111-119.
Ma, K. F., C. H. Chan, and R. S. Stein, 2005, Response of seismicity to Coulomb stress triggers and shadows of the 1999 M-w=7.6 Chi-Chi, Taiwan, earthquake, J.
Geophys. Res., 110, doi: 10.1029/2004JB003389.
Okada, Y., 1985, Surface deformation due to shear and tensile faults in a half-space Bull.
Seismol. Soc. Am. 75, 1135-1154.
Okada, Y., 1992, Internal deformation due to shear and tensile faults in a half-space Bull.
Seismol. Soc. Am. 82, 1018-1040.
Seno, T., S. Stein, and A. E. Gripp, 1993, A model for the Motion of the Philippine Sea Plate consistent with Nuvel-1 and geological Data, J. Geophys. Res., 98,
transferred by the 1995 M-w = 6.9 Kobe, Japan, shock: Effect on aftershocks and future earthquake probabilities, J. Geophys. Res, 103, 24543-24565.
Wang, W. H., 2000, Static stress transfer and aftershock triggering by the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake in Taiwan, Terrestrial Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, 11, 631-642.
Wang, W. H., and C. H. Chen, 2001, Static stress transferred by the 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan, earthquake: Effects on the stability of the surrounding fault systems and aftershock triggering with a 3D fault-slip model, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 91, 1041-1052.
Yu, S. B., H. Y. Chen, and L. C. Kuo, 1997, Velocity field of GPS stations in the Taiwan area, Tectonophysics, 274, 41-59.
Yu, S.B., and C.C. Liu, 1989, Fault creep on the central segment of the Longitudinal Valley fault, eastern Taiwan: Proc. Geol. Soc. China, 32, 3, 209-231.
Yu, S. B., and L. C. Kuo ,2001, Present-day crustal motion along the Longitudinal Valley Fault, eastern Taiwan, Tectonophysics, 333, 199-217.
transferred by the 1995 M-w = 6.9 Kobe, Japan, shock: Effect on aftershocks and future earthquake probabilities, J. Geophys. Res, 103, 24543-24565.
Wang, W. H., 2000, Static stress transfer and aftershock triggering by the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake in Taiwan, Terrestrial Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, 11, 631-642.
Wang, W. H., and C. H. Chen, 2001, Static stress transferred by the 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan, earthquake: Effects on the stability of the surrounding fault systems and aftershock triggering with a 3D fault-slip model, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 91, 1041-1052.
Yu, S. B., H. Y. Chen, and L. C. Kuo, 1997, Velocity field of GPS stations in the Taiwan area, Tectonophysics, 274, 41-59.
Yu, S.B., and C.C. Liu, 1989, Fault creep on the central segment of the Longitudinal Valley fault, eastern Taiwan: Proc. Geol. Soc. China, 32, 3, 209-231.
Yu, S. B., and L. C. Kuo ,2001, Present-day crustal motion along the Longitudinal Valley Fault, eastern Taiwan, Tectonophysics, 333, 199-217.
表一計算甲仙地震在其它斷層系統造成之庫倫應力改變所使用之斷層參數
(a) （b）
圖一、2010 年甲仙地震同震滑移量。（a）黑色箭頭代表由 GPS 觀測得到各測站之 水平位移量及其 95%信心區間誤差橢圓。紫色實線為地表主要斷層，黃色星號代 表甲仙地震震央位置。（b） GPS 垂直位移量，紅色圓圈代表抬升，藍色圓圈代表 下降，黑色圓圈代表一倍標準偏差之範圍。
(a) （b）
圖一、2010 年甲仙地震同震滑移量。（a）黑色箭頭代表由 GPS 觀測得到各測站之 水平位移量及其 95%信心區間誤差橢圓。紫色實線為地表主要斷層，黃色星號代 表甲仙地震震央位置。（b） GPS 垂直位移量，紅色圓圈代表抬升，藍色圓圈代表 下降，黑色圓圈代表一倍標準偏差之範圍。
圖二、甲仙地震同震滑移分佈與斷層幾何形貌。斷層面走向為N324°，傾角 40°向 東北。藍色箭頭代表滑移方向，滑移量以紅黃色階作表示。白色星號代表震源位 置，綠點為餘震分佈。此模型顯示沿斷層面有向上以及向左滑移之分量。
圖二、甲仙地震同震滑移分佈與斷層幾何形貌。斷層面走向為N324°，傾角 40°向 東北。藍色箭頭代表滑移方向，滑移量以紅黃色階作表示。白色星號代表震源位 置，綠點為餘震分佈。此模型顯示沿斷層面有向上以及向左滑移之分量。
(a) (b)
圖三、甲仙地震的同震滑移分布。（a）色階代表將斷層同震滑移量投影至地表，
黑色與藍色箭頭分別代表觀測與模式預測之水平位移，紫色實線為地表主要斷層，
白色星號代表震央位置，綠點為餘震分佈。（b）黑色箭頭代表觀測之 GPS 垂直位 移量，藍色代表模式預測值。綠點代表從 1991 到 2007 年所發生之震源深度小於 40km 之地震（Wu et al., 2010）。
(a) (b)
圖三、甲仙地震的同震滑移分布。（a）色階代表將斷層同震滑移量投影至地表，
黑色與藍色箭頭分別代表觀測與模式預測之水平位移，紫色實線為地表主要斷層，
白色星號代表震央位置，綠點為餘震分佈。（b）黑色箭頭代表觀測之 GPS 垂直位 移量，藍色代表模式預測值。綠點代表從 1991 到 2007 年所發生之震源深度小於 40km 之地震（Wu et al., 2010）。
圖四、各斷層系統之庫倫應力變化（ΔCFS）。ΔCFS 為紅色代表庫倫破壞應力為 正，主震造成之應力改變驅使斷層破裂；藍色為負值，顯示主震造成之應力改變 抑制斷層破裂。（a）潮州斷層（傾角=75 度，向東）；（b）潮州斷層（傾角=60 度，
向東）；（c）旗山斷層（傾角=50 度，向東）；（d）旗山斷層（傾角=60 度，向東）；
（e）新化斷層（傾角=80 度，向北），黃色點代表餘震；（f）觸口斷層（傾角=35 度，向東），白色星星代表甲仙地震震央位置。
圖四、各斷層系統之庫倫應力變化（ΔCFS）。ΔCFS 為紅色代表庫倫破壞應力為 正，主震造成之應力改變驅使斷層破裂；藍色為負值，顯示主震造成之應力改變 抑制斷層破裂。（a）潮州斷層（傾角=75 度，向東）；（b）潮州斷層（傾角=60 度，
向東）；（c）旗山斷層（傾角=50 度，向東）；（d）旗山斷層（傾角=60 度，向東）；
（e）新化斷層（傾角=80 度，向北），黃色點代表餘震；（f）觸口斷層（傾角=35 度，向東），白色星星代表甲仙地震震央位置。
圖五、綠色圓點為18 世紀以來地震規模大於 7.5 之地震及 20 世紀以來地震規模大 於7 之地震，海灘球為 1951 年花蓮-台東地震系列及 2003 成功地震之地震震源機 制，紅黃色階為331 地震之同震滑移量投影至地表。
圖五、綠色圓點為18 世紀以來地震規模大於 7.5 之地震及 20 世紀以來地震規模大 於7 之地震，海灘球為 1951 年花蓮-台東地震系列及 2003 成功地震之地震震源機 制，紅黃色階為331 地震之同震滑移量投影至地表。
（a）
（b）
圖六、花蓮 331 地震的同震滑移分布。（a）色階代表將斷層同震滑移量投影至地 表，黑色與藍色箭頭分別代表觀測與模式預測之水平位移，白色星號代表不同機 構求得之震央位置；（b）黑色箭頭代表觀測之 GPS 垂直位移量，藍色代表模式預 測值。綠點代表震後一個月震源深度小於50 km 之地震。
（a）
（b）
圖六、花蓮 331 地震的同震滑移分布。（a）色階代表將斷層同震滑移量投影至地 表，黑色與藍色箭頭分別代表觀測與模式預測之水平位移，白色星號代表不同機 構求得之震央位置；（b）黑色箭頭代表觀測之 GPS 垂直位移量，藍色代表模式預 測值。綠點代表震後一個月震源深度小於50 km 之地震。
圖七、花蓮 331 地震同震滑移分佈與斷層幾何形貌。斷層面走向為 N290°，傾角 30°向北。藍色箭頭代表滑移方向，滑移量以紅黃色階作表示。白色星號代表不同 機構求得之震源位置。此模型顯示沿斷層面有逆衝及右移之分量。
圖七、花蓮 331 地震同震滑移分佈與斷層幾何形貌。斷層面走向為 N290°，傾角 30°向北。藍色箭頭代表滑移方向，滑移量以紅黃色階作表示。白色星號代表不同 機構求得之震源位置。此模型顯示沿斷層面有逆衝及右移之分量。
圖八、各斷層系統之庫倫應力變化（ΔCFS）。ΔCFS 為紅色代表庫倫破壞應力為 正，主震造成之應力改變驅使斷層破裂；藍色為負值，顯示主震造成之應力改變 抑制斷層破裂。（a）台東縱谷斷層北段（傾角=70 度，向東）；（b） 縱谷斷層南 段（傾角=50 度，向東）；（c）山腳斷層（傾角=65 度，向南）；（d）中央山脈斷層
（傾角=65 度，向西）。粉紅色星號代表 331 地震震央位置（Harvard CMT），黄色 圓點為震後一個月深度小於50 km 之餘震，藍色圓點為距目標斷層±5 km 之地震。
圖八、各斷層系統之庫倫應力變化（ΔCFS）。ΔCFS 為紅色代表庫倫破壞應力為 正，主震造成之應力改變驅使斷層破裂；藍色為負值，顯示主震造成之應力改變 抑制斷層破裂。（a）台東縱谷斷層北段（傾角=70 度，向東）；（b） 縱谷斷層南 段（傾角=50 度，向東）；（c）山腳斷層（傾角=65 度，向南）；（d）中央山脈斷層
（傾角=65 度，向西）。粉紅色星號代表 331 地震震央位置（Harvard CMT），黄色 圓點為震後一個月深度小於50 km 之餘震，藍色圓點為距目標斷層±5 km 之地震。
圖九、花蓮331 地震之（a）震後一個月深度小於 50 km 之餘震分布及（b）規模 大於 4 之地震震源機制，紅色及藍色分別代表正斷層及逆斷層，綠色及黑色為走 向滑移斷層及其它種類之斷層。
圖九、花蓮331 地震之（a）震後一個月深度小於 50 km 之餘震分布及（b）規模 大於 4 之地震震源機制，紅色及藍色分別代表正斷層及逆斷層，綠色及黑色為走 向滑移斷層及其它種類之斷層。
1