為使研究更具應用性，減低研究偏差，日後在進行相關的研究時，建議加入 以下幾點考量，使研究更趨完善：
一、透過相關體育單位之協助，提高優秀運動選手之研究參與率，進行更為廣泛 之調查，提升整體受試者之人數。
二、探討基因與運動之間的關連性，可考慮將運動選手依運動項目分別進行探 討，以得到更精確且更具應用性之研究結果。
三、建議集中探討曾於國際級或世界級比賽中獲獎之頂尖選手，了解其基因型分 布之間是否具有相同之趨勢，可能得到更具有意義之結果。
四、受限於研究之人力及經費，受試者召募乃採立意取樣，而非隨機取樣，乃至 受試者主要來自臺北縣、市與桃園地區之大學運動選手，倘若在人力、經費 足以支援之下，應執行遍佈全國之大型調查，以求研究結果更具代表性。如 此則可依此結果作為國家運動選才之依據，而根據選手相關之運動基因，適 才適時給予妥切的營養諮詢與運動訓練，則可及早培養及成就優秀之運動國 手。
表 4.1 ACE、ACTN3 及 AGT 基因型和所對應之運動能力1
Table 4.1 ACE, ACTN3, and AGT genotypes and the corresponding exercise capacity. 1
1The association of genotype with the corresponding exercise ability was cited from studies (Busjahn et al., 1997; Clarkson et al., 2005; Myerson et al., 1999).
Endurance genotype
Middle genotype
Sprint genotype
ACE II ID DD
ACTN3 XX RX RR
AGT MM MT TT
表 4.2 受試者之生理參數1
Table 4.2 Anthropometric parameters of the participants.1
1 p <.05, data (mean ± S.D.) with different letters were significantly different, as analyzed by one-way ANOVA.
Male athletes (n = 146) Female athletes (n = 178)
Endurance (n = 57)
Sprint (n = 89)
Control
(n = 100) p Endurance
(n = 57)
Sprint
(n = 121) Control
(n = 100) p
Age (years) 20.3 ± 1.5b 20.0 ± 1.4b 21.4 ± 2.2a .0003 20.3 ± 1.2b 20.0 ± 1.2c 21.4 ± 2.0a <.0001
Height (cm) 175.7 ± 5.8a 178.1 ± 5.9a 172.9 ± 8.5b <.0001 163.6 ± 4.1a 165.5 ± 5.2a 160.7 ± 4.8b <.0001
Weight (kg) 74.4 ± 14.2a 73.3 ± 11.8a 68.4 ± 8.5b .0303 56.8 ± 6.5ab 58.9 ± 8.1a 55.0 ± 9.7b .0099
4.3 男性受試者之 ACE、ACTN3 及 AGT 基因型1
Table 4.3 ACE, ACTN3, and AGT genotypes of the male participants.1
1P value was analyzed by χ2 test, and the comparison was made with the corresponding control group.
#P <0.001, the comparison was made with the corresponding sprint group.
Group Genotype distribution Allele frequency
n
ACE
I/I, n (%) I/D, n (%) D/D, n (%) p I % D % p
Endurance 57 22 (38.6) 30 (52.6) 5 (8.8) .0446# 64.9 35.1 .8701
Sprint 89 47 (52.8) 39 (43.8) 3 (3.4) .0102 74.7 25.3 .1780
Control 100 48 (48.0) 36 (36.0) 16 (16.0) - 66.0 34.0 -
n
ACTN3
X/X, n (%) X/R, n (%) R/R, n (%) p X % R % p
Endurance 57 13 (22.8) 27 (47.4) 17 (29.8) .2441 46.5 53.5 .5218
Sprint 89 13 (14.6) 40 (44.9) 36 (40.5) .2469 37.0 63.0 .4695
Control 100 14 (14.0) 56 (56.0) 30 (30.0) - 42.0 58.0 -
n
AGT
M/M, n (%) M/T, n (%) T/T, n (%) p M % T % p
Endurance 57 3 (5.3) 16 (28.1) 38 (66.7) .2081 19.4 80.6 .6601
Sprint 89 4 (4.5) 16 (18.0) 69 (77.5) .5884 13.5 86.5 .4912
Control 100 8 (8.0) 18 (18.0) 74 (74.0) - 17.0 83.0 -
表 4.4 女性受試者之 ACE、ACTN3 及 AGT 基因型1
Table 4.4 ACE, ACTN3, and AGT genotypes of the female participants.1
1P value was analyzed by χ2 test, and the comparison was made with the corresponding control group.
#P <0.05, the comparison was made with the corresponding sprint group.
Group Genotype distribution Allele frequency
n
ACE
I/I, n (%) I/D, n (%) D/D, n (%) p I % D % p
Endurance 57 28 (49.1) 25 (43.9) 4 (7.0) .0475# 71.1 28.9 .4826# Sprint 121 41 (33.9) 63 (52.1) 17 (14.0) .3133 59.9 40.1 .3332
Control 100 40 (40.0) 50 (50.0) 10 (10.0) - 66.5 33.5 -
n
ACTN3
X/X, n (%) X/R, n (%) R/R, n (%) p X % R % p
Endurance 57 25 (43.9) 21 (36.8) 11 (19.3) .0025# 62.3 37.7 .0298# Sprint 121 16 (13.2) 65 (53.7) 40 (33.1) <.0001 40.0 60.0 .3181
Control 100 21 (21.0) 52 (52.0) 27 (27.0) - 47.0 53.0 -
n
AGT
M/M, n (%) M/T, n (%) T/T, n (%) p M % T % p
Endurance 57 4 (7.0) 12 (21.1) 41 (71.9) .0961 17.5 82.5 .5179 Sprint 121 6 (5.0) 25 (20.6) 90 (74.4) .6796 15.3 84.7 .9528
Control 100 3 (3.0) 24 (24.0) 73 (73.0) - 15.0 85.0 -
表 4.5 受試者之 ACE、ACTN3 及 AGT 基因型勝算比1
Table 4.5 Odds ratio of ACE, ACTN3, and AGT genotypes for the participants.1
1Analyzed by χ2 test. CI: confidence interval.
Endurance/male (n = 57) Sprint/male (n = 89) Endurance/female (n = 57) Sprint/female (n = 121)
Odds ratio 95% CI Odds ratio 95% CI Odds ratio 95% CI Odds ratio 95% CI
ACE
II 0.25 0.06－0.97 4.08 1.04－16.05 3.44 1.20－9.85 0.29 0.10－0.83
DD 4.08 1.04－16.05 0.25 0.06－0.97 0.29 0.10－0.83 3.44 1.20－9.85
ACTN3
XX 2.10 0.94－4.68 0.48 0.21－1.07 5.52 2.41－12.63 0.18 0.08－0.42
RR 0.48 0.21－1.07 2.10 0.94－4.68 0.18 0.08－0.42 5.52 2.41－12.63
AGT
MM 1.16 0.32－4.20 0.86 0.24－3.10 1.44 0.44－4.74 0.69 0.21－2.30
TT 0.86 0.24－3.10 1.16 0.32－4.20 0.69 0.21－2.30 1.44 0.44－4.74
表 4.6 合併受試者之 ACE 與 ACTN3 genotypes.1
Table 4.6 Combination of ACE and ACTN3 genotypes of the participants.1
1p >.05, no significantly different. Comparison was made among the three groups of each gender, as analyzed by χ2 test.
ACTN3 ACE Endurance/male
n (%)
Sprint/male n (%)
Control/male n (%)
Endurance/female n (%)
Sprint/female n (%)
Control/female n (%)
RR II 7 (12.3) 22 (24.7) 14 (14.0) 4 (7.0) 13 (10.7) 10 (10.0)
RR ID 8 (14.0) 9 (9.7) 12 (12.0) 7 (12.3) 19 (15.7) 16 (16.0)
RR DD 2 (3.5) 1 (1.1) 4 (4.0) 2 (3.5) 8 (6.6) 0 (0)
RX II 9 (15.8) 22 (24.7) 26 (26.0) 11 (19.3) 24 (19.8) 20 (20.0)
RX ID 19 (33.3) 18 (20.2) 20 (20.0) 10 (17.5) 36 (29.8) 29 (29.0)
RX DD 1 (1.8) 2 (2.2) 10 (10.0) 5 (8.8) 6 (5.0) 7 (7.0)
XX II 4 (7.0) 3 (3.2) 8 (8.0) 6 (10.5) 4 (3.3) 8 (8.0)
XX ID 6 (10.5) 12 (13.5) 4 (4.0) 9 (15.8) 9 (7.4) 7 (7.0)
XX DD 1 (1.8) 0 (0) 2 (2.0) 3 (5.3) 2 (1.7) 3 (3.0)
表 4.7 合併受試者之 ACE 與 AGT genotypes.1
Table 4.7 Combination of ACE and AGT genotypes of the participants.1
1p >.05, no significantly different. Comparison was made among the three groups of each gender, as analyzed by χ2 test.
ACE AGT Endurance/male
n (%)
Sprint/male n (%)
Control/male n (%)
Endurance/female n (%)
Sprint/female n (%)
Control/female n (%)
II MM 3 (5.3) 3 (3.4) 4 (4.0) 5 (8.8) 5 (4.1) 2 (2.0)
II MT 5 (8.8) 10 (11.2) 6 (6.0) 5 (8.8) 10 (8.3) 13 (13.0)
II TT 11 (19.3) 34 (38.2) 38 (38.0) 18 (31.5) 26 (21.5) 26 (26.0)
ID MM 0 (0) 1 (1.1) 2 (2.0) 1 (1.8) 1 (0.8) 3 (3.0)
ID MT 13 (22.8) 5 (5.6) 6 (6.0) 3 (5.3) 13 (10.7) 21 (21.0)
ID TT 20 (35.0) 33 (37.2) 28 (28.0) 21 (36.8) 49 (40.5) 26 (26.0)
DD MM 0 (0) 0 (0) 2 (2.0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0)
DD MT 0 (0) 1 (1.1) 6 (6.0) 2 (3.5) 2 (1.7) 2 (2.0)
DD TT 5 (8.8) 2 (2.2) 8 (8.0) 2 (3.5) 15 (12.4) 7 (7.0)
表 4.8 男性受試者之食物攝取調查1
Table 4.8 Dietary survey of the male participants.1
1 p <.05, data (mean ± S.D.) with different letters were significantly different, as analyzed by one-way ANOVA. EX: exchange.
# P <.05, the comparison was made with the corresponding sprint group, as analyzed by t-test.
Male athletes (n = 146)
表 4.9 女性受試者之食物攝取調查1
Table 4.9 Dietary survey of the female participants.1
1 p <.05, data (mean ± S.D.) with different letters were significantly different, as analyzed by one-way ANOVA. EX: exchange.
# P <.05, the comparison was made with the corresponding sprint group, as analyzed by t-test.
Female athletes (n = 178)
表 4.10 男性受試者之熱量分配調查1
Table 4.10 Energy intake survey of the male participants.1
1 p <.05, data (mean ± S.D.) with different letters were significantly different, as analyzed by one-way ANOVA. Snack: consumed before supper, in addition to regular meals. Late snack:
consumed after supper and before sleep. Drinks: consumed all kinds of liquid, except pure water or dairy products.
# P <.05, the comparison was made with the corresponding sprint group, as analyzed by t-test.
Male athletes (n = 146)
Energy distribution (%)
Meal 70.3 ± 11.2 72.6 ± 12.3 73.0 ± 11.7 .5645
表 4.11 女性受試者之熱量分配調查1
Table 4.11 Energy intake survey of the female participants.1
1 p <.05, data (mean ± S.D.) with different letters were significantly different, as analyzed by one-way ANOVA. Snack: consumed before supper, in addition to regular meals. Late snack:
consumed after supper and before sleep. Drinks: consumed all kinds of liquid, except pure water or dairy products.
Energy distribution (%)
Meal 78.2 ± 7.8a 67.4 ± 12.9b 78.7 ± 11.2a <.0001
Snack 4.3 ± 3.4 6.5 ± 5.8 4.7 ± 4.5 .0753
Late
snack 4.0 ± 3.9 4.1 ± 3.7 2.8 ± 2.9 .4109
Drinks 10.1 ± 3.5ab 13.2 ± 9.3a 6.1 ± 5.8b .0013
表 4. 12 受試者之運動訓練時間1
Table 4.12 Exercise training time of the participants.1
1 p >.05, data (mean ± S.D.) were no significantly different, as analyzed by t-test.
Male (n = 146) Female (n = 178)
Endurance (n = 57)
Sprint (n = 89)
p Endurance (n = 57)
Sprint (n = 121)
p
Training hour
(hrs/day) 2.4 ± 0.9 2.5 ± 1.1 .6227 1.9 ± 0.5 2.1 ± 0.9 .5289
Training frequency (days/wk)
5.4 ± 0.9 5.3 ± 1.1 .4592 5.3 ± 1.0 5.0 ± 1.4 .2491 Training
duration (yrs) 8.7 ± 2.6 9.5 ± 2.9 .1416 7.9 ± 3.3 8.8 ± 3.3 .1947
表 4.13 男性受試者之身體組成分析1
Table 4.13 Body composition of the male participants.1
1 p <.05, data (mean ± S.D.) with different letters were significantly different, as analyzed by one-way ANOVA. TSF: triceps skinfold thickness; FFM: fat-free mass; TBW: total body water; BM: bone mass; DBUA: dominant calcaneus broadband ultrasound attenuation; NDBUA: non-dominant calcaneus broadband ultrasound attenuation; T-score: standard division from the mean of young’s bone mineral density. dB/MHz, decibels/megahertz.
Endurance
表 4.14 女性受試者之身體組成分析1
Table 4.14 Body composition of the female participants.1
1 p <.05, data (mean ± S.D.) with different letters were significantly different, as analyzed by one-way ANOVA. TSF: triceps skinfold thickness; FFM: fat-free mass; TBW: total body water; BM: bone mass; DBUA: dominant calcaneus broadband ultrasound attenuation; NDBUA: non-dominant calcaneus broadband ultrasound attenuation; T-score: standard division from the mean of young’s bone mineral density. dB/MHz, decibels/megahertz.
Endurance
表 4.15 不同 ACE 基因型受試者之除脂體重1
Table 4.15 Fat-free mass (%) among different ACE genotypes.1
1 p >.05, data (mean ± S.D.) were no significantly different, as analyzed by one-way ANOVA.
ACE genotypes
ACE II ACE ID ACE DD p
FFM (%)
Endurance/male 83.4 ± 4.1 (n = 14)
Endurance/female 78.1 ± 5.1 (n = 17)
Control/female 69.9 ± 6.2 (n = 40)
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