第三節 第三節 第三節
第三節 研究限制 研究限制 研究限制 研究限制
本研究潛在之偏差來源：
一、本研究受試者之召募採自願性參與，其飲食行為可能與未參與者有所不同。
二、本研究受試者皆來自臺北縣、市之婦女，其飲食行為、生活型態可能與其他 縣市之婦女有所不同，因此無法推估於全臺灣之婦女現況。
三、本研究之停經婦女乃於參與研究計畫前三年內無服用女性荷爾蒙藥物，其身 體組成及骨骼相關數值可能與有接受荷爾蒙藥物者有所不同。
四、本研究受試者之飲食問卷雖由同一研究人員諮詢並當場記錄，但可能受限於 記憶力或牽涉自我揭露，受試者之回答可能會有不精確之疑慮。
五、本研究乃為橫斷性之資料收集，並無回溯或追蹤受試者以往或日後之飲食型 態，亦無法獲得過往之生理、生化數值，故難以依現階段之飲食行為、生活 型態進一步瞭解其對未來骨骼發展之影響。
第四節 第四節 第四節
第四節 未來研究之建議 未來研究之建議 未來研究之建議 未來研究之建議
為使研究更具應用性，減低研究偏差，日後在進行相關的研究時，建議加入 以下幾點考量，使研究更趨完善：
一、透過相關單位或團體之協助，提高婦女之研究參與率，進行更為廣泛之調查，
提升整體受試者之人數，並可將運動受試者再加以區分為過往運動但目前靜 態、過往靜態但目前運動及長久皆有運動等；而經期狀態亦可再將目前處於 亂經者（即接近更年期）區分出來探討。
二、納入有服用女性荷爾蒙藥物作治療者，與未服用者之數值進行比較，可進一
步瞭解兩者之異同及其影響程度為何，期能判定服用女性荷爾蒙藥物之必要 性，以防可能罹患癌症之弊端。
三、因本研究之人力及經費有限，受試者召募乃採立意取樣，而非隨機取樣，乃 至受試者皆來自臺北縣、市，無法應用於所有中年婦女，倘若人力、經費足 以支援之下，應盡力做到隨機取樣之大型調查，以求更符合研究精神。
四、雖然本研究已涵蓋了飲食行為、運動習慣、身體組成及尿液、血液等生化代 謝分析，來探討其與骨骼健全之可能影響。然而骨質疏鬆症是高齡化社會不 可迴避之慢性病，更是重要之公衛議題，故須更多面向之深入探討，以期確 實提供營養教育及運動宣導等政策推行之參考，方能助益中年、甚至是老年 婦女健康之提升。
表 4.1 規律負重運動、停經與否對受試者生理參數之主要效果及交互作用效果分析1,2 Table 4.1 Anthropometric parameters of the subjects. 1,2
Age (years)
Height (cm)
Weight (kg)
Exercise status .4482 .4025 .7072
Menstrual status ＜＜＜＜.0001 .2896 .9352
Interaction .2931 .8691 .8494
1 Analyzed by two-way ANOVA.
2p-values of main effect (N = 88) .
表 4. 2 各組受試者之生理參數1,2
Table 4.2 Anthropometric parameters of the subjects. 1,2
1 Analyzed by one-way ANOVA.
2Values are mean ± S. D.. Values with the same superscripts are not significantly different (p＞.05).
Exercise (N = 42) Sedentary (N = 46) Premenopause
(N = 21)
Postmenopause (N = 21)
Premenopause (N = 21)
Postmenopause
(N = 25) p
Age (years) 47.8 ± 3.6b 55.8 ± 1.9a 47.6 ± 3.6b 57.0 ± 3.4a ＜＜＜＜.0001
Height (cm) 158.5 ± 5.2a 157.2 ± 5.1a 157.5 ± 5.4a 156.5 ± 4.3a .5836
Weight (kg) 56.1 ± 7.7a 56.2 ± 7.8a 56.9 ± 6.0a 56.5 ± 6.9a .9808
表 4.3 各組受試者之運動習慣1,2 Table 4.3 Exercise status of the subjects. 1,2
1 Analyzed by one-way ANOVA.
2Values are mean ± S. D.. Values with the same superscripts are not significantly different (p＞.05).
表 4.4 各組受試者之血清雌二醇濃度、初經年齡與停經年數調查1,2
Table 4.4 Serum estradiol concentration , age at menarche, and years since menopause of the subjects. 1,2
1 Analyzed by one-way ANOVA.
2Values are mean ± S. D.. Values with the same superscripts are not significantly different (p＞.05).
Exercise (N = 42) Sedentary (N = 46)
Exercise time before 35
y/o (hours/week) 10.0 ± 5.5a 8.4 ± 5.3a --- --- .1146
Accumulated exercise
years after 35 y/o (years) 10.1 ± 4.1a 12.3 ± 7.2b --- --- .0173
Exercise frequency after
35 y/o (times/week) 5.5 ± 2.3a 5.0 ± 1.4a 1.5 ± 1.1b 1.5 ± 1.0b ＜＜＜＜.0001 Exercise time after 35 y/o
(hours/week) 8.0 ± 5.0a 5.1 ± 2.0b 0.8 ± 0.3c 1.1 ± 0.5c ＜＜＜＜.0001
表 4.5 各組受試者於懷孕、坐月子及哺乳期間之乳製品與補充劑攝取1,2
Table 4.5 Dairy product and supplement consumptions during pregnancy, confinement and lactation of the subjects. 1,2
1Analyzed by one-way ANOVA.
2Values are mean ± S. D.. Values with the same superscripts are not significantly different (p＞.05).
Supplement: New Prenatal MVM Tablets, iron tablets, etc. (non-dairy products).
Exercise (N = 42) Sedentary (N = 46) Number (%) of subjects
consuming dairy products
during pregnancy 9 (42.9%) 6 (28.6%) 8 (38.8%) 6 (24.0%) ---
Number (%) of subjects taking supplement during taking supplement during
breast feeding 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) ---
表4.6 規律負重運動、停經與否對受試者自我體型認知之主要效果及交互作用效果分析1,2 Table 4.6 Self-perceived body image of the subjects. 1,2
Desired
1 Analyzed by two-way ANOVA.
2p-values of main effect. Difference = Desired – Current (N = 88).
表 4.7 各組受試者之自我體型認知1,2
Table 4.7 Self-perceived body image of the subjects. 1,2
1 Analyzed by one-way ANOVA.
2Values are mean ± S. D.. Values with the same superscripts are not significantly different (p＞.05).
Difference = Desired – Current.
Exercise (N = 42) Sedentary (N = 46)
表 4.8.1 各組受試者自我體型 (somatotype) 認知之分布1 Table 4.8.1 Self-perceived body image (somatotype) of the subjects. 1
1Difference = Desired – Current.
Exercise (N = 42) Sedentary (N = 46) Difference in somatotype (score)
-5
表 4.8.2 各組受試者自我體型 (BMI) 認知之分布1 Table 4.8.2 Self-perceived body image (BMI) of the subjects. 1
1Difference = Desired – Current.
Exercise (N = 42) Sedentary (N = 46)
表 4.8.3 各組受試者自我體型 (WHR) 認知之分布1 Table 4.8.3 Self-perceived body image (WHR) of the subjects. 1
1Difference = Desired – Current.
Exercise (N = 42) Sedentary (N = 46)
表 4.9 規律負重運動、停經與否對受試者飲食態度之主要效果及交互作用效果分析1,2 Table 4.9 Eating Attitudes Test of the subjects. 1,2
Total EAT score Dieting Bulimia and food
preoccupation Oral control
Exercise status .9547 .6197 .3834 .7510
Menstrual status .8895 .7655 .3834 .4941
Interaction .9361 .8816 .9229 .8974
1 Analyzed by two-way ANOVA.
2p-values of main effect (N = 88) .
表 4.10 各組受試者之飲食態度1,2
Table 4.10 Eating Attitudes Test of the subjects. 1,2
1 Analyzed by one-way ANOVA.
2Values are mean ± S. D.. Values with the same superscripts are not significantly different (p＞.05).
Exercise (N = 42) Sedentary (N = 46) Premenopause
(N = 21)
Postmenopause (N = 21)
Premenopause (N = 21)
Postmenopause
(N = 25) p
Total EAT score 8.5 ± 5.3a 8.4 ± 6.7a 8.6 ± 5.5a 8.4 ± 5.3a .9976
Dieting 6.2 ± 4.6a 6.0 ± 4.2a 6.8 ± 3.8a 6.4 ± 4.2a .9664
Bulimia and food preoccupation
0.8 ± 1.6a 0.6 ± 1.4a 0.6 ± 1.0a 0.3 ± 0.7a .6306
Oral control 1.5 ± 1.4a 1.8 ± 2.4a 1.3 ± 2.0a 1.7 ± 2.9a .8803
Number of subjects with EAT score ≧ 20
2 2 1 1 ---
％ of subjects with EAT score ≧ 20
9.1 9.5 4.8 4 ---
83
表 4.11 規律負重運動、停經與否對受試者食物攝取調查之主要效果及交互作用效果分析1,2
Table 4.11 Dietary survey of the subjects. 1,2
Grains
1 Analyzed by two-way ANOVA.
2p-values of main effect (N = 88) .
表 4.12 各組受試者之食物攝取調查1,2 Table 4.12 Dietary survey of the subjects. 1,2
1Analyzed by one-way ANOVA.
2Values are mean ± S. D.. Values with the same superscripts are not significantly different (p＞.05).
Exercise (N = 42) Sedentary (N = 46)
85
表 4.13 規律負重運動、停經與否對受試者熱量分配調查之主要效果及交互作用效果分析1,2
Table 4.13 Energy intake survey of the subjects. 1,2
Breakfast
1Analyzed by two-way ANOVA.
2p-values of main effect. Snack: consumed before supper, in addition to regular meals. Late snack: consumed after supper and before sleep. Drinks: consumed all kinds of liquid, except pure water and dairy products (N = 88) .
表 4.14 各組受試者之熱量分配調查1,2
Table 4.14 Energy intake survey of the subjects. 1,2
1 Analyzed by one-way ANOVA.
2Values are mean ± S. D.. Values with the same superscripts are not significantly different (p＞.05).
Snack: consumed before supper, in addition to regular meals. Late snack: consumed after supper and before sleep. Drinks: consumed all kinds of liquid, excpet pure water and dairy products.
Exercise (N = 42) Sedentary (N = 46)
87
表 4.15 規律負重運動、停經與否對受試者身體組成之主要效果及交互作用效果分析1,2
Table 4.15 Body composition of the subjects. 1,2 BMI
1 Analyzed by two-way ANOVA.
2p-values of main effect. dB/MHz, decibels/megahertz. DXA, dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, measured at lumbar spine (L2–L4); T-score: standard division from the mean of young’s bone mineral density (N = 88) .
表 4.16 各組受試者之身體組成分析1,2 Table 4.16 Body composition of the subjects. 1,2
1 Analyzed by one-way ANOVA.
2Values are mean ± S. D.. dB/MHz, decibels/megahertz. DXA, dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, measured at lumbar spine (L2–L4); T-score: standard division from the mean of young’s bone mineral density.
Exercise (N = 42) Sedentary (N = 46) Premenopause
(N = 21)
Postmenopause (N = 21)
Premenopause (N = 21)
Postmenopause
(N = 25) p
BMI (kg/m2) 22.3 ± 2.7a 22.7 ± 2.7a 23.0 ± 2.3a 23.1 ± 2.8a .7488 WHR 0.85 ± 0.04b 0.88 ± 0.04ab 0.87 ± 0.05b 0.89 ± 0.05a .0114 TSF (mm) 21.2 ± 4.1b 22.7 ± 3.9ab 23.1 ± 3.5ab 23.9 ± 4.1a .1387 Fat mass (kg) 16.0 ± 5.2a 17.2 ± 5.1a 17.7 ± 4.2a 18.4 ± 5.2a .3956 FFM (kg) 40.1 ± 3.7a 39.1 ± 3.5a 39.3 ± 3.3a 38.1 ± 3.1a .2518 TBW (kg) 27.7 ± 2.6a 27.0 ± 2.4a 27.1 ± 2.3a 26.3 ± 2.2a .2545 BM (kg) 2.32 ± 0.16a 2.28 ± 0.15a 2.28 ± 0.14a 2.24 ± 0.13a .2468 Fat mass (%) 27.9 ± 5.6b 29.9 ± 5.2ab 30.8 ± 5.0ab 32.0 ± 5.6a .0741 FFM (%) 72.0 ± 5.6a 70.1 ± 5.2ab 69.3 ± 5.0ab 68.1 ± 5.7b .0997 Muscle mass (%) 67.9 ± 5.3a 66.5 ± 5.0ab 65.3 ± 4.6ab 64.4 ± 5.3b .0802 TBW (%) 49.6 ± 3.8a 48.4 ± 3.6ab 47.8 ± 3.3ab 46.9 ± 3.9b .0836
BM (%) 4.2 ± 0.4a 4.4 ± 0.4ab 4.1 ± 0.1ab 4.0 ± 0.5b .6013
DBUA (dB/MHz) 86.0 ± 16.7a 66.5 ± 10.6c 77.9 ± 13.4b 62.6 ± 12.1c ＜＜＜＜.0001 NDBUA (dB/MHz) 85.2 ± 14.2a 67.9 ± 12.1b 74.6 ± 12.4b 60.1 ± 9.4c ＜＜＜＜.0001 DXA (T-score) 0.29 ± 1.26a -0.82 ± 0.96b 0.20 ± 1.04a -1.57 ± 1.03c ＜＜＜＜.0001
表 4.17 規律負重運動、停經與否對受試者血液分析之主要效果及交互作用效果分析1,2 Table 4.17 Serum analysis of the subjects. 1,2
Estradiol (pg/mL)
BAP (U/L)
Exercise status .3340 .1102
Menstrual status ＜＜＜＜.0001 .0003
Interaction .3331 .5694
1 Analyzed by two-way ANOVA.
2p-values of main effect (N = 88) .
表 4.18 各組受試者之血液分析1,2
Table 4.18 Serum analysis of the subjects. 1,2
1 Analyzed by one-way ANOVA.
2Values are mean ± S. D.. Values with the same superscripts are not significantly different (p＞.05)..
BAP, bone alkaline phosphatase.
Exercise (N = 42) Sedentary (N = 46) Premenopause
(N = 21)
Postmenopause (N = 21)
Premenopause (N = 21)
Postmenopause
(N = 25) p
Estradiol
(pg/mL) 159.6 ± 185.1a 14.0 ± 5.4b 208.4 ± 152.4a 14.5 ± 4.2b ＜＜＜＜.0001 BAP
(U/L) 19.5 ± 9.9bc 25.3 ± 9.9a 15.6 ± 5.3c 23.4 ± 7.3ab .0014
表 4.19 規律負重運動、停經與否對受試者尿液分析之主要效果及交互作用效果分析1,2 Table 4.19 Urinary analysis of the subjects. 1,2
HP/Cr
1Analyzed by two-way ANOVA.
2p-values of main effect (N = 88) .
表 4.20 各組受試者之尿液分析1,2
Table 4.20 Urinary analysis of the subjects. 1,2
1 Analyzed by one-way ANOVA.
2Values are mean ± S.D.. Values with the same superscripts are not significantly different (p＞.05).
Exercise (N = 42) Sedentary (N = 46)
表 4.21 受試者懷孕次數、成功產下之子女數及哺餵母乳的月數與骨質之相關分析1 Table 4.21 Correlations among frequency of pregnancy, number of children, duration of
lactation, broadband ultrasound attenuation, and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry of the subjects. 1
1dB/MHz, decibels/megahertz. DXA, dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, measured at lumbar spine (L2–L4); T-score: standard division from the mean of young’s bone mineral density.
*p<.05
All subjects (N＝88) DBUA
(dB/MHz)
NDBUA (dB/MHz)
DXA (T-score) Frequency of pregnancy -.076 -.160 -.227*
Number of children -.078 -.158 -.168
Duration of lactation (month) .045 .016 -.035
表 4.22.1 行經運動組體型意識、熱量攝取與身體組成之相關分析1
Table 4.22.1 Correlations among body image, energy intake, and body composition of the premenopause/exercise group (N =21). 1 Current
somatotype
Difference somatotype
Energy (kcal/day)
Weight (kg)
BMI (kg/m2)
WHR TSF
(mm)
Fat mass (kg)
Fat mass (%)
Desired .589** .119 -.003 .068 .102 .044 -.008 .014 .022
Current --- -.732** -.072 .595** .642** .519* .537* .575** .562**
Difference --- --- .086 -.675** -.702** -.601** -.668** -.694*** -.672**
Energy (kcal/day) --- --- --- .081 -.065 -.090 -.069 -026 -.098
Weight (kg) --- --- --- --- .869*** .661** .778*** .915*** .748***
BMI (kg/m2) --- --- --- --- --- .893*** .942*** .960*** .918***
WHR --- --- --- --- --- --- .963*** .902*** .979***
TSF (mm) --- --- --- --- --- --- --- .962*** .983***
Fat mass (kg) --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- .947***
1Difference = Desired – Current.
*p<.05, **p<.01, ***p<.001.
93 表 4.22.2 停經運動組體型意識、熱量攝取與身體組成之相關分析1
Table 4.22.2 Correlations among body image, energy intake, and body composition of the postmenopause/exercise group (N =21). 1 Current
somatotype
Difference somatotype
Energy (kcal/day)
Weight (kg)
BMI (kg/m2)
WHR TSF
(mm)
Fat mass (kg)
Fat mass (%)
Desired .606** .132 .155 .566** .653** .541* .628** .621** .595**
Current --- -.709** .222 .607** .807*** .748*** .818*** .759*** .822***
Difference --- --- -.138 -.254 -.063 -.452* -.462* -.395 -.496*
Energy (kcal/day) --- --- --- .366 .240 .126 .253 .304 .231
Weight (kg) --- --- --- --- .881*** .650** .877*** .941*** .789***
BMI (kg/m2) --- --- --- --- --- .891*** .983*** .974*** .962***
WHR --- --- --- --- --- --- .916*** .858*** .926***
TSF (mm) --- --- --- --- --- --- --- .986*** .972***
Fat mass (kg) --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- .942***
1Difference = Desired – Current.
*p<.05, **p<.01, ***p<.001.
表 4.22.3 行經靜態組體型意識、熱量攝取與身體組成之相關分析1
Table 4.22.3 Correlations among body image, energy intake, and body composition of the premenopause/sedentary group (N =21). 1 Current
somatotype
Difference somatotype
Energy (kcal/day)
Weight (kg)
BMI (kg/m2)
WHR TSF
(mm)
Fat mass (kg)
Fat mass (%)
Desired .711** -.006 -.051 .336 .517* .444* .492* .486* .523*
Current --- -.708** -.149 .484* .696** .615** .692** .679*** .707**
Difference --- --- .161 -.350 -.481* -.428 -.489* -.478* -.480*
Energy (kcal/day)
--- --- --- -.099 .117 .212 .104 .027 .083
Weight (kg) --- --- --- --- .763*** .471* .697** .850*** .607**
BMI (kg/m2) --- --- --- --- --- .901*** .972*** .972*** .945***
WHR --- --- --- --- --- --- .926*** .839*** .944***
TSF (mm)
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- .967*** .979***
Fat mass (kg) --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- .931***
1Difference = Desired – Current.
*p<.05, **p<.01, ***p<.001.
95 表 4.22.4 停經靜態組體型意識、熱量攝取與身體組成之相關分析1
Table 4.22.4 Correlations among body image, energy intake, and body composition of the postmenopause/sedentary group (N =25). 1 Current
somatotype
Difference somatotype
Energy (kcal/day)
Weight (kg)
BMI (kg/m2)
WHR TSF
(mm)
Fat mass (kg)
Fat mass (%)
Desired .591** .037 .356 .584** .510** .392 .513** .549** .451*
Current --- -.784*** .143 .523** .687** .666** .737*** .682*** .737***
Difference --- --- .100 -.020 -.458* -.523** -.519** -.422* -.566**
Energy (kcal/day)
--- --- --- .169 .128 .069 .106 .138 .120
Weight (kg) --- --- --- --- .908*** .728*** .812*** .911*** .778***
BMI (kg/m2) --- --- --- --- --- .921*** .960*** .984*** .945***
WHR --- --- --- --- --- --- .950*** .922*** .940***
TSF (mm) --- --- --- --- --- --- --- .979*** .986***
Fat mass (kg) --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- .960***
1Difference = Desired – Current.
*p<.05, **p<.01, ***p<.001.
表 4.23.1 行經運動組骨質、骨質密度與運動習慣、飲食攝取、身體組成之相關分析1 Table 4.23.1 Correlations among bone mass, BUA (calcaneus), T-score (DXA), exercise status,
dietary intake, and body composition of the premenopause/exercise group. (N =21)1
1dB/MHz, decibels/megahertz. DXA, dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, measured at lumbar spine (L2–L4); T-score: standard division from the mean of young’s bone mineral density.
*p<.05, ***p<.001.
表 4.23.2 停經運動組骨質、骨質密度與運動習慣、飲食攝取、身體組成之相關分析1 Table 4.23.2 Correlations among bone mass, BUA (calcaneus), T-score (DXA), exercise status,
dietary intake, and body composition of the postmenopause/exercise group (N =21). 1
1dB/MHz, decibels/megahertz. DXA, dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, measured at lumbar spine (L2–L4); T-score: standard division from the mean of young’s bone mineral density.
*p<.05, **p<.01, ***p<.001.
表 4.23.3 行經靜態組骨質、骨質密度與運動習慣、飲食攝取、身體組成相關分析1 Table 4.23.3 Correlations among bone mass, BUA (calcaneus), T-score (DXA), exercise status,
dietary intake, and body composition of the premenopause/sedentary group (N =21). 1
1dB/MHz, decibels/megahertz. DXA, dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, measured at lumbar spine (L2–L4); T-score: standard division from the mean of young’s bone mineral density.
*p<.05, ***p<.001.
表 4.23.4 停經靜態組骨質、骨質密度與運動習慣、飲食攝取、身體組成相關分析1 Table 4.23.4 Correlations among bone mass, BUA (calcaneus), T-score (DXA), exercise status,
dietary intake, and body composition of the postmenopause/sedentary group (N =25). 1
1dB/MHz, decibels/megahertz. DXA, dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, measured at lumbar spine (L2–L4); T-score: standard division from the mean of young’s bone mineral density.
**p<.01, ***p<.001.
表 4.23.5 行經組與停經組骨質、骨質密度與飲食攝取相關分析1
Table 4.23.5 Correlations among BUA (calcaneus), T-score (DXA), and dietary intake of the premenopause and postmenopause groups. 1
Premenopause group (N = 42) Postmenopause group (N = 46) Energy
1dB/MHz, decibels/megahertz. DXA, dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, measured at lumbar spine (L2–L4); T-score: standard division from the mean of young’s bone mineral density.
*p<.05, **p<.01
表 4.23.6 運動組與靜態組骨質、骨質密度與血清雌二醇濃度相關分析1
Table 4.23.6 Correlations among BUA (calcaneus), T-score (DXA), and serum estradiol concentration of the exercise and sedentary groups. 1
Exercise group (N = 42) Sedentary group (N = 46)
1dB/MHz, decibels/megahertz. DXA, dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, measured at lumbar spine (L2–L4); T-score: standard division from the mean of young’s bone mineral density.
**p<.01
表 4.23.7 受試者骨質、骨質密度與運動時間、尿液中 3-甲基組胺酸及脫氧吡啉二酚胺 濃度相關分析1
Table 4.23.7 Correlations among BUA (calcaneus), T-score (DXA), weekly exercise time, urinary concentrations of 3-methylhistidine and deoxypyridinoline of the subjects (N =88). 1
DBUA (dB/MHz)
NDBUA (dB/MHz)
DXA (T-score)
Exercise time (hours/week)
3MH/Cr (µmole/mg)
Dpd/Cr (nmol/L) DBUA
(dB/MHz) --- .885*** .584*** .276** -.080 -.114 NDBUA
(dB/MHz) --- --- .597*** .386*** .002 .027
DXA
(T-score) --- --- --- .338** -.079 -.052
1dB/MHz, decibels/megahertz. DXA, dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, measured at lumbar spine (L2–L4); T-score: standard division from the mean of young’s bone mineral density.
**p<.01, ***p<.001.
圖4.1 受試者最常使用之烹調方法
圖4.3 受試者食用乳品之脂含量比較
圖4.5 受試者之自我認知食量
圖4.7 受試者營養補充劑之使用狀況
Fat mass (kg)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Exercise group (n = 42) r = .922, p<.0001 Sedentary group (n = 46) r = .882, p<.0001
Body weight (kg)
30 40 50 60 70 80
Fat free mass (kg)
25 30 35 40 45
50 Exercise group (n = 42) r = .836, p<.0001 Sedentary group (n = 46) r = .716, p<.0001
圖 4.8 體重與體脂重、除脂體重之相關
Fig. 4.8 Correlations among body weight, fat mass and fat-free mass.
Premenopause group (N = 42)
BUA (dB/MHz)
50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130
DBUA
r = .207, p = .189 NDBUA r = .321, p = .038
Postmenopause group (n = 46)
Exercise duration (years)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
BUA (dB/MHz)
20 40 60 80 100 120
DBUA
r = .124, p = .410 NDBUA r = .341, p = .020
圖 4.9 運動持續年數與跟骨廣頻衰減率之相關
Fig. 4.9 Relations between exercise duration and calcaneus broadband ultrasound attenuation.
圖 4.10 運動持續年數與骨質密度之相關
Fig. 4.10 Relations between exercise duration and bone density.
Exercise duration (years)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
T-score (DXA)
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
4 Premenopause group (n = 42)
r = .052, p = .742
Postmenopause group (n = 46) r = .383, p = .009
Years since menopause (years)
0 5 10 15 20 25
BUA (dB/MHz)
20 40 60 80 100
120 DBUA
r = -.086, p = .568 NDBUA r = -.133, p = .378
Postmenopause group (n = 46)
圖 4.11 停經年數與跟骨廣頻衰減率之相關
Fig. 4.11 Relations between years since menopause and calcaneus broadband ultrasound attenuation.
Years since menopause (years)
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
T-score (DXA)
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1
2 Postmenopause group (n = 46)
r = -.426, p = .003
圖 4.12 停經年數與骨質密度之相關
圖 4.12 停經年數與骨質密度之相關