第五章 結論與展望
5.2 未來研究方向
因本文採用的 DKT 板元素沒有定義元素內部的側向位移w,所以本文 推導的兩種元素幾何剛度矩陣都僅是近似的幾何剛度矩陣,這也許會影響
平衡迭代的收斂速度和偵測平衡路徑上分歧點及挫屈模態的準確性,因此 以後研究可以考慮把 DKT 板元素替換成具有側向位移場w的三角板元素,
或用不同的側向位移場,以本文採用的共旋轉 total Lagrangian 法推導元素 幾何剛度矩陣,或以共旋轉推導法來推導元素幾何剛度矩陣,並探討其對 平衡迭代和偵測平衡路徑上分歧點及挫屈模態的影響。雖然本文中決定元 素座標系統的方法是文獻上最常用的方法,但文獻[49]中提到在共旋轉推導 法中,不同的元素座標會影響分析的結果,並提出數種決定元素座標的方 法,因此以後的研究可以提出其他決定元素座標的方法,並比較各種方法 用在本文之殼元素的結果,選擇對本文之殼元素本身最適合的元素座標系 統,應可提高薄殼結構之幾何非線性分析的精度或收斂速率。
參考文獻 參考文獻參考文獻 參考文獻
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表 4.1 圓柱殼片段受到單點集中力作用所偵測到的挫屈負荷(例題 4.3)
Element Mesh Kg 元素座標 Buckling load(N)
10×10 (1) (a) 528.513
10×10 (1) (b) 528.496
10×10 (2) (a) 528.315
Present
10×10 (2) (b) 528.296
10×10 (3) (a) 528.209
10×10 (3) (b) 528.192
表 4.2 Lateral torsional buckling 所偵測到的挫屈負荷(例題 4.4)
Element Mesh Kg 元素座標 Buckling load
(2+2+2)×14 (1) (a) 2889.74
(2+2+2)×14 (1) (b) 2888.91
(2+2+2)×14 (2) (a) 2906.06
Present
(2+2+2)×14 (2) (b) 2905.41
(2+2+2)×14 (3) (a) 2887.08
(2+2+2)×14 (3) (b) 2886.25
(4+4+4)×60 (1) (a) 2746.74
(4+4+4)×60 (1) (b) 2750.94
(4+4+4)×60 (2) (a) 2889.61
(4+4+4)×60 (2) (b) 2752.41
(4+4+4)×60 (3) (a) 2738.66
(4+4+4)×60 (3) (b) 2751.19
OPT DKT[10] (2+2+2)×15 - (b) 2618.26
(4+4+4)×60 - (b) 2529.29
表 4.3 Simply supported compressed plate 所偵測到的挫屈負荷(例題 4.5)
Element Mesh Kg 元素座標 Buckling load
Present 4×6 (1) (a) 58.4289
4×6 (1) (b) 58.4491
4×6 (2) (a) 58.2711
4×6 (2) (b) 58.2915
4×6 (3) (a) 58.2699
4×6 (3) (b) 58.2902
4×10 (1) (a) 56.5610
4×10 (1) (b) 56.5711
4×10 (2) (a) 56.4145
4×10 (2) (b) 56.4253
4×10 (3) (a) 56.4221
4×10 (3) (b) 56.4247
6×12 (1) (a) 57.1913
6×12 (1) (b) 57.1983
6×12 (2) (a) 57.0414
6×12 (2) (b) 57.0489
6×12 (3) (a) 57.0411
6×12 (3) (b) 57.0483
8×20 (1) (a) 57.2675
8×20 (1) (b) 57.2570
8×20 (2) (a) 57.1089
8×20 (2) (b) 57.1201
8×20 (3) (a) 57.1176
8×20 (3) (b) 57.1073
OPT DKT[10] 4×10 - (b) 59.1703
8×20 - (b) 58.4762
表 4.4 Transversally loaded T profile 所偵測到的挫屈負荷(例題 4.6)
Element Mesh Kg 元素座標 Buckling load
Prsent (2+2+4)×20 (1) (a) 2799.01
(2+2+4)×20 (1) (b) 2798.68
(2+2+4)×20 (2) (a) 2797.21
(2+2+4)×20 (2) (b) 2796.70
(2+2+4)×20 (3) (a) 2797.16
(2+2+4)×20 (3) (b) 2796.65
(3+3+5)×30 (1) (a) 2848.46
(3+3+5)×30 (1) (b) 2847.75
(3+3+5)×30 (2) (a) 2846.41
(3+3+5)×30 (2) (b) 2845.71
(3+3+5)×30 (3) (a) 2846.32
(3+3+5)×30 (3) (b) 2845.61
(5+5+8)×50 (1) (a) 2829.86
(5+5+8)×50 (1) (b) 2829.02
(5+5+8)×50 (2) (a) 2827.77
(5+5+8)×50 (2) (b) 2826.93
(5+5+8)×50 (3) (a) 2827.67
(5+5+8)×50 (3) (b) 2826.83
OPT DKT[10] (2+2+4)×20 - (b) 3103.86
(5+5+8)×50 - (b) 2890
表 4.5 Channel section in torsion 所偵測到的極限點(例題 4.7)
Element Mesh Kg 元素座標 J 點側向位移(-W) Limit point
(1+2+1)×20 (2) (a) 18.8209 1097.65
(1+2+1)×20 (2) (b) 18.9037 1104.65
(2+4+2)×40 (2) (a) 20.5250 1104.07
Present
(2+4+2)×40 (2) (b) 20.0766 1106.21
OPT DKT[10] (1+2+1)×20 - (b) - 1011.92
(3+8+3)×56 - (b) - 1080.86
圖 1.1 文獻[37]實驗所觀察到四種變形轉換(a-d)及 對應於 a-c 圖結構的上視圖(e-g)
,U
圖 2.2 旋轉向量
n R′
R
φ
圖 2.3 元素變形示意圖 v
, x , x2E 2E
0
u3 3
v3
03 Current
Initial
1
01,
x12B′ 0
x12B′
x12B′ 2 0
θ
z02
u2 2 0x1E,x1E,u
圖 2.4 元素節點 j中心面之xijB軸受旋轉向量−θnj作用的示 意圖
θ
nj−
B
x
1jB
x
2jB
x
3jB j E
x x
3,
3′θ
njj
圖 2.5 元素節點 j中心面之θzj 3eE為將0x1Bj′軸旋轉到x1Bj′軸旋 轉向量的示意圖
B
x
1j′ Bx
1j′ 0B
x
2j′B
x
2j′ zj 0θ
θ
zjE B
j B
j
x x x
3 3 30 ′
,
′,
j
X3G
X2G
X1G
x1E
x3E
x2E
h v3
u3
w3 3
θ
z3
θ
yL
3
2
1
圖 2.6 三角元素的示意圖及節點自由度
s
s
s α
12α
13α
23n
12n
13n
23x
1Ex
2E5
1
3
6
4
2
圖 2.7 DKT 元素的節點及其三邊上的局部座標示意圖
(a)
(b) (c)
圖 4.1 半圓環受到單點集中力作用 (a)結構尺寸示意圖 (b)網格 18×1 示意 圖(c)網格 18×2 示意圖
F 2
A
=1 d
=20 R
θ V X2G,
U X1G, 25 . 0 , 107 =
= v
E
A A
圖 4.2 半圓環受到單點集中力作用,不同網格下之負荷位移曲線圖。
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
(a)
(b)
ref.[18]
20x1 30x1 40x2 80x4 100x6 L o a d F ( 1 0
3)
Vertical displacement of point A (-V
A)
(a)
(b)
圖 4.3 直角構架受到端點剪力作用 (a)結構尺寸示意圖 (b)網格 M21 與網格 M22 示意圖
F A
9
1 1
9 U X1G, V
X2G, θ
1 , 3 . 0 , 10
3× 7 = =
= t
E ν
M21 M22
圖 4.4 直角構架受到端點剪力作用,不同網格下之負荷位移曲線圖。
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
(a) (b)
ref.[18]
M21 M22
L o a d F ( 1 0
4)
Horizontal displacement of point A (U
A)
(a)
(b) (c)
圖 4.5 圓柱殼片段受到單點集中力作用 (a)結構尺寸示意圖 (b)力負荷圖 (c)網格 10×10 示意圖
L=254mm R=2540mm h=6.35mm θ=0.1rad
E=3102.75MPa ν=0.3
L
L
R
h
θ θ
E D
A
C
B
R R
θ θ
E
U X
,W
Z
,F
A B
C D
圖 4.6 圓柱殼片段受到單點集中力作用之負荷位移曲線圖
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
-0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6
0.8 ref.[48]
Primary path Secondary path
L o ad F ( k N )
Vertical displacement(-W) at E (mm)
(a)
(b)
圖 4.7Lateral torsional buckling (a)結構尺寸示意圖 (b)網格(1+2+1)×2 示意圖
=150
L E=21000
=10
b ν =0.3
=10 h
=1 t
A B
C D
E F
G I
t
W X3G,
V X2G,
U X1G,
λ I
G
F E
D
C B
A
L
b h
(a)
(b)
圖 4.8Simply supported compressed plate (a)結構尺寸示意圖 (b)網格 4×6 示意圖
=100
L ,b =50,t =2,E =100,ν =0.3
A B
C D
L
A B
C D
λ λ
U X1G, V X2G,
b
(a)
(b)
圖 4.9Transversally loaded T profile (a)結構尺寸示意圖 (b)網格(2+2+3)×4 示意圖
=450
L E =70960
=38
b ν =0.321
=65 h
=1 t
A C B
E G F
D I
C G P
W X3G,
V X2G,
U X1G,
t I
G F
E
D
C B
A
h
b
L
J
(a)
t (b)
圖 4.10Channel section in torsion (a)結構尺寸示意圖 (b)網格(1+2+1)×2 示意圖
A B
C D
E F
G I
=1100
L E =2.1×106
=75
b ν =0.3
=25 h
3 .
=1 t
C B
U X1G, V
X2G,
W X3G,
D A
E
F G
I
K J
M
λ λ
λP
λP
L
b h
圖 4.11 Channel section in torsion,不同網格下之負荷位移曲線圖。
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
ref.[13]
(1+2+1)x20 (2+4+2)x40
L o ad f ac to r
λDisplacement(-W) at J
(a)
(b)
圖 4.12 直角梁受到單點集中力作用 (a)結構尺寸示意圖 (b)網格(2+3)×2 示意圖
=1400
L E =193300 75
.
=47
b ν =0.3 75
.
=72 h
5 .
=2 t
A
B
C
D E
F
L
U X1G, V
X2G,
W X3G,
A
B
C
D
F
P
t
E
b
h
圖 4.13 直角梁受到單點集中力作用,不同網格下之負荷位移曲線圖。
0 20 40 60 80 100
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
(a) (b)
OPT[10]
ALL[10]
CM FM L o ad P
(1 0
3 )Axial displacement of point A
(a)
(b)
圖 4.14 懸臂圓柱殼受到單點集中力作用 (a)結構尺寸示意圖 (b)網格 16×16 示意圖
R
t
F 2
F 2
L U X1G, V
X2G,
W X3G, A
end Free
end Clamped 016
.
=1
R E=2.0685×107 048
.
=3
L ν =0.3 03
.
=0 t
B
C D
A
B
C D
圖 4.15 懸臂圓柱殼受到單點集中力作用之負荷位移曲線圖
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 0
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
ref.[13]
Present
L o ad F
Vertical displacement at A / R
(a)
(b)
圖 4.16 半球殼受到單點集中力作用 (a)結構尺寸示意圖 (b)網格 12×12 示意圖
B
x3j x2Bj
B
x1j
R
W X3G,
V X2G, U
X1G,
F
B A 2
t
F F 2
2
F 2
C
B A
C
=10 R
5 .
=0 t
104
= E
2 .
=0 ν
圖 4.17 半球殼受到單點集中力作用之負荷位移曲線圖
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
40 ref.[13]
Present
B A
Load F
Normal displacements at A (with reverse sign) and B
附錄 附錄 附錄
附錄 A 面積座標面積座標面積座標(area coordinates) 面積座標
A.1 面積座標的定義面積座標的定義面積座標的定義面積座標的定義
如圖 A.1 所示,x、y為三角形中任一點P在直角座標中的座標值,將P 點與三角形的三個頂點作連線,就形成了三個小三角形,三個頂點1、2、3 相對應的三個小三角形的面積分別為A1、A2、A3,令面積座標
A A1
λ = (A.1)
A A2
ξ = (A.2)
A A3
η = (A.3)
(
21 31 31 21)
2
1 x y x y
A= − (A.4)
j i
ij x x
x = − (A.5)
j i
ij y y
y = − (A.6)
其中A為三角形 123 的面積,xi、yi代表三角形頂點i的x和y座標。λ、ξ、 η稱為三角形中P點的面積座標,固
A A A
A1 + 2 + 3 = (A.7)
由(A.1)式至(A.3)式與(A.7)式可以得出
=1 + +ξ η
λ (A.8)
因λ、ξ 、η之間不是互相獨立的,因此在本文中僅用ξ 、η表示三角形中 任意點的面積座標,如圖 A.2。
A.2 面積座標與直角座標的關係面積座標與直角座標的關係面積座標與直角座標的關係面積座標與直角座標的關係
P點之面積座標與直角座標之間的關係可表示成[42]
圖 A.1 面積座標表示方法
圖 A.2 面積座標示意圖
P
1A A
2A
31
2 3
x y
(0,0)
1 2
3
(1,0) (0,1)
ξ
η
附錄 附錄附錄
附錄 B 不完整三階埃爾米特元素不完整三階埃爾米特元素不完整三階埃爾米特元素的形狀函數及其微分不完整三階埃爾米特元素的形狀函數及其微分的形狀函數及其微分的形狀函數及其微分
在(2.15)式與(2.16)式中Ni
(
i =1 L, ,9)
及其對ξ、η的偏微分,可表示為[40]:i Ni Ni,ξ Ni,η
1 λ2(3−2λ)+2a 6λ(−1+λ)+ 2b 6λ(−1+λ)+ 2c 2 ξλ2 +a/2 λ(λ −2ξ)+b/2 −2ξλ +c/2 3 ηλ2 +a/2 −2λη +b/2 λ(λ −2η)+c/2 4 ξ2(3−2ξ)+2a 6ξ(1−ξ)+ 2b 2c
5 ξ2(−1+ξ)−a ξ(−2+3ξ)−b −c
6 ξ2η +a/2 2ξη +b/2 ξ2 +c/2
7 η2(3−2η)+2a 2b 6η(1−η)+2c
8 ξη2 +a/2 η2 +b/2 2ξη +c/2
9 η2(−1+η)−a −b η(−2+3η)−c
其中
η ξ
λ =1− − (B.1)
ξηλ
=
a (B.2)
) (λ ξ η −
=
b (B.3)
) (λ η ξ −
=
c (B.4)
在(2.65)式中的Nu,x、Nu,y、Nv,x、Nv,y為:
η
ξ η
ξ, , , ,
,x x u x u
u N N
N = + (B.5)
η
ξ η
ξ, , , ,
,y y u y u
u N N
N = + (B.6)
η
附錄 C DKT 元素的形狀函數
在(2.54)式裡面的Hx與Hy分別有 9 個分量,其表示式為[32]
Hx1 =1.5(a6N6 −a5N5) Hx2 =b5N5 +b6N6 Hx3 = N1 −c5N5 −c6N6 Hx4 =1.5(a4N4 −a6N6) Hx5 =b6N6 +b4N4 Hx6 = N2 −c6N6 −c4N4 Hx7 =1.5(a5N5 −a4N4) Hx8 =b4N4 +b5N5 Hx9 = N3 −c4N4 −c5N5 Hy1 =1.5(d6N6 −d5N5) Hy2 =−N1 +e5N5 +e6N6 Hy3 =−Hx2
Hy4 =1.5(d4N4 −d6N6) Hy5 =−N2 +e6N6 +e4N4 Hy6 =−Hx5
Hy7 =1.5(d5N5 −d4N4) Hy8 =−N3 +e4N4 +e5N5 Hy9 =−Hx8
其中
其中ξ、η是元素面積座標裡的L2與L3[43],如圖 C.1 所示。
1
圖 C.1 元素面積座標的示意圖
圖 C.2 殼元素節點的自然座標示意圖
x y
A
1A
2A
31
2 3
P
ξ η
6
5 4
3
1 2 ) 0 , 0
( ,0) (1,0)
2 (1 ) 1 , 0 (
2) ,1 0
( )
2 ,1 2 (1
附錄附錄
附錄附錄 D 元素幾何剛度矩陣元素幾何剛度矩陣元素幾何剛度矩陣元素幾何剛度矩陣
為了要推導精確的幾何剛度矩陣,必須考慮非線性的位移-應變關 係,文獻[43]中以完整的 Green’s strain 及 total Lagrangian 推導法推導出一三 維元素之切線剛度矩陣的通式,本附錄將重複文獻[43]中的推導,並加以修
將(2.37)式、(2.38)式、(2.41)式代入(D.7)式可得:
Gq
θ= (D.14) 其中G 為u- θ 關係矩陣,q 為元素節點自由度向量。
將(D.14)式代入(D.13)式可得:
q
D.2 元素幾何剛度矩陣元素幾何剛度矩陣元素幾何剛度矩陣元素幾何剛度矩陣的推導的推導的推導的推導 將(D.20)式、(D.21)式代入(D.19)式可得:
dV matrix),kL為初始位移矩陣或大位移矩陣(initial displacement matrix or large
displacement matrix),kσ 為元素幾何剛度矩陣。
將(D.16)式代入(D.24)式可得:
將(D.26)式代入(D.25)可得:
V dV
b
將(D.31)式、(D.44)式代入(D.43)可得:
dzdA
∫ ∫
− 附錄
將(E.1)至(E.4)式代入(E.11)式可得
( )
∫
−= t t A t u n v
P
tf q T t N t N dA
qθ δ θ ξθ
δ (E.12)
由(E.12)式可得
( )
∫
−= t A t u n v
P T t N t N dA
f ξθ (E.13)
在(E.13)式中的受力面積dA為 ξ
d tL
dA= 12 (E.14)
其中L12為邊 12 的長度。將(E.14)式代入(E.13)式可得
( )
∫
−=tL12 ξθ 01 tt u tn v dξ
t
P T N N
f (E.15)
E.2 結構分佈力之等效節點外力結構分佈力之等效節點外力結構分佈力之等效節點外力結構分佈力之等效節點外力
如圖 E.2、圖 E.3 與圖 E.4 所示,考慮邊 AB 被m+1個節點由節點 A 向節點 B 離散成等長的m段,則邊 AB 的長度與(E.15)式中的L12之關係為
mL12
LAB = (E.16)
將(E.16)式代入(E.15)式中,並將tt與tn分開寫成
= ξθ
∫
01t dξ mtL
u t AB t
t T N
f (E.17)
−
∫
= ξθ 01t dξ m
tL
v n AB t
n T N
f (E.18)
在本文例題中負荷分佈情形最高為二次變化,因此以下將就不同負荷分佈 作分類:
1.均勻分佈力(uniform distributed surface traction)
(1)邊 AB 受到平行於邊的均勻分佈力,如圖 E.2(a)所示,其合力大小為 fut,
則第k 段所受分佈力可表示成:
AB ut t
k
tL
t = f (E.19)
將(E.19)式代入(E.17)式並積分可得
F1
將(E.23)式代入(E.18)式並積分可得
F2 2.二次分佈力(quadratic distributed surface traction)
(1)邊 AB 受到平行於邊的二次分佈力,如圖 E.3(a)所示,其合力大小為
將(E.27)式代入(E.17)式並積分可得
3 T F3
將(E.35)式代入(E.18)式並積分可得
3 T F4
3.純彎分佈力(pure bending distributed surface traction)
將(E.39)式代入(E.18)式並積分可得
2 T F5
在(E.22)式、(E.26)式、(E.30)式、(E.38)式以及(E.42)式中所計算出的kft與
n
kf 須經(2.57)式座標轉換至固定總體座標與節點基礎座標後,並計算k從 第1段到m段,然後將其總合成負荷外力向量P。
(a) (b)
圖 E.1 元素受力示意圖 (a)σt (b)σn
(a) (b)
圖 E.2 均勻分佈力示意圖 (a) fut (b) fun
(a) (b)
圖 E.3 二次分佈力示意圖 (a) fqt (b) fqn
圖 E.4 純彎分佈力示意圖 M
1 2 L m
B A
fqt fqn
1 2 L m 1 2 L m
A B
B A
fut fun
1 2 L m 1 2 L m
A B
B A
1 2
E 3 x2
x1E
tt
1 2
E 3 x2
x1E
tn
附錄
令(F.5)為 0 可得:
∑
∑
=
=
+
−
= 3
1
0 0
3
1
0 0
) (
) (
tan
j
j j j j j
j j j j
x y y x
x y y x
α (F.6)
此時當前變形位置元素座標軸轉α角使得當前變形位置的元素各節點對 應初始未變形時的元素各節點的距離平方和為最小。
圖F.1元素變形示意圖 u3
v3
Initial
Current
x12B′ 0
x12B′ 0
x12B′
2
θ
zv x x2E, 2E,
0
u x x1E, 1E,
0
02
2
01
1 3
03