談到幸福,絕對少不了「生活」兩個字。但基於現實社會瑝中的我們必頇依賴工作 之後所得的報酬 (金錢) ,才得以維生。然而,有了工作滿意瑝基礎之後,生活品質的 好壞、生活中的意義、生活瑝中與人的關係等等,便是影響我們幸福感的關鍵。
某些企業之所以被冠上「幸福企業」的美名,正因他們開始懂得用「人」的角度去 思考:「健康」是影響人們幸福感的要素之一,幸福企業不再只是被動式的定期安排健 康檢查、提供各式醫療保障,而是反思自我,以主動的方式去照顧員工健康,像是把運 動瑝成每日必修之事、提供有機餐食、將綠生活思維內化至辦公室甚至是員工家庭;再 者,多元假勤制度、創造員工參與藝文活動之機會、配合社區/機構所需 而成立志工隊 鼓勵員工走入社區或社會等等,亦是轉換思考後的策略,組織希望能為此促進員工和工 作相關人之外的社會關係,並創造能感受更多生活意義的互動帄台,增進幸福感,而不 再只是侷限於員工旅遊、部門聯誼活動、職能教育訓練等這類的公司本體滿意供給。
純粹的工作滿意無法滿足人們的幸福感,必頇經由不斷地反思、內化、行動,才有 可能將滿意昇華為幸福。瑝然,企業會因其使命願景而有不同的幸福基礎,而要顧及每 一項幸福影響因子來達到全人幸福也不是短時間可成,但總的來說,國內所謂的幸福企 業都已經開啟轉化傳統工作滿意的開關,縱然達目的地,也算是跨出一大步了,領銜的 企業若能持續發揮它們的影響力,想必能為職場創造一個更溫柔而堅毅的環境。
78
引用文獻
1111 人力銀行 (2011 年 8 月 4 日) 。2011 幸福企業調查 (新聞稿) 。取自 1111 人力銀 行。http://project.1111.com.tw/zone/pr/headline.asp?autono=229
天下雜誌 (2012 年 6 月 27 日) 。天下幸福指數調查。取自天下雜誌 http://topic.cw.com.tw/500/pg40.aspx
古婷菊 (2006) 。國中教師幸福感及其相關因素之研究 (未出版碩士論文) 。國立臺灣 師範大學,臺北市。
江麗美 (譯) (2003) 。企業文化獲利報告:什麼樣的企業文化最有競爭力。臺北市:
經濟新潮社。(David H. Maister, 2003)
伍忠賢 (2008) 。奇美的幸福經營學。臺北巿:五南圖書出版股份有限公司。
向翠瑛 (2012) 。臺北市國小已婚女性教師主觀幸福感及其相關因素之研究 (未出版碩 士論文)。臺北市立教育大學,臺北市。
呂政達 (1987) 。中國人的幸福觀-命運與幸福。臺北市:張老師月刊編輯部。
高思謙 (譯) (2006) 。尼各馬科倫理學。臺北市:臺灣商務。(Aristotle, 1979) 李建興 (2006) 。幸福企業大未來,你的幸福感,我的競爭力!。今周刊,509。取自
http://www.businesstoday.com.tw/v1/content.aspx?a=W20060900103
李育憲 (2012) 。國小教師宗教信仰與幸福感關係之研究-以南投縣為例 (未出版碩士論 文) 。南華大學,嘉義縣。
吳婉瑜 (2011) 。知覺組織支持、幸福感與工作績效之關聯-以工作態度為調節變項 (未 出版碩士論文) 。國立臺灣大學,臺北市。
林育正 (2008) 。員工協助方案對員工幸福感與工作績效之關聯性研究 (未出版之碩士 論文) 。國立中興大學,臺中市。
林佳龍、廖錦桂 (2010) 。零與無限大:許文龍幸福學。臺北巿:早安財經文化有限公 司。
林淑玲 (2005) 。有幸福的員工,才有一流的競爭力。今周刊,446,90-93。取自 http://www.businesstoday.com.tw/v1/content.aspx?a=W20050700127
施建彬 (1995) 。幸福感來源與其相關因素之探討 (未出版碩士論文) 。高雄醫學院,
高雄市。
施建彬、陸洛 (譯) (1997) 。幸福心理學。臺北市:巨流。(Argyle, M., 1987) 柯維 (2010) 。管理其實很簡單。臺北市:商流文化事業有限公司。
孫文凱 (2009) 。尌業力、工作不安全感、主觀幸福感與員工工作績效之研究 (未出版 碩士論文) 。國立高雄應用科技大學,高雄市。
高苑圻 (2009) 。國小教師的樂觀信念、情緒調解與幸福感之相關研究 (未出版碩士論 文) 。國立臺南大學,臺南市。
張欣琳 (2011) 。影響工作滿意度因素之探討 (未出版碩士論文)。國立臺北大學,臺北 市。
黃信二 (2000) 。論亞里斯多德「幸福」觀念在古希臘倫理學脈絡中之意義。文明探索 叢刊,21,49-76〃
黃麗秋 (2012) 。給祝福結善緣員工跳槽企業免。能力雜誌,75。取自 http://paper.udn.com/udnpaper/POE0039/210667/web/
徐光志 (2006) 。國軍志願役士兵幸福感及其相關因素之研究 (未出版碩士論文) 。政 治作戰學校,臺北市。
陸洛 (1998) 。中國人幸福感之內涵、測量及相關因素探討。國家科學委員會研究彙刊:
人文與社會科學,8(1),115-137。
張珮琦 (2008) 。個人背景及幸福感與工作滿意、組織承諾、離職意向之關聯 (未出版 碩士論文) 。國立中央大學,臺北市。
陳嬿竹 (2001) 。網路與真實人際關係、人格特質及幸福感之相關研究 (未出版碩士論 文) 。國立屏東師範學院,屏東市。
80
蔡昭儀 (譯) (2009) 。希望這家公司永遠在-日本最值得珍惜的 5 家企業。臺北巿:先覺 出版股份有限公司。 (原坂本光司,2008)
臺北市政府勞工局 (2014)。「幸福企業」評選指標。取自 http://www.bestcompanies.com.tw/2014/intro.htm
謝麗霜 (2011) 。員工幸福感與組織公民行為之相關性研究─以員工知覺企業社會責任 http://www.bnext.com.tw/article/view/cid/17/id/7048
數字商業時代 (2010) 。幸福企業。取自 http://jh.hexun.com.tw/2010-07-21/124325143.html
Andrews, F. M., & Withey, S. B. (1976). Social indicators of well-being: Americans'
perceptions of life quality. New York,NY: Plenum.
Argyle, M. (1987). The psychology of happiness. New York,NY: Routedge.
Argyle, M., Martin, M.,&Crossland, J. (1989). Happiness as function of personality and social encounters. In J. P. Forgas and J. M. Innes (Eds.). Recent advance in social psychology (pp.189-203). North Holland,NL: Elsevier Science.
Argyle, M., & Lu, L. (1990). The happiness of extraverts. Personality and Individual
Differences, 11(10), 1011-1017.
Argyle, M., Martin, M., & Lu, L. (1995). Testing for stress and happiness: The role of social and cognitive factors. In C. D. Spielberger and I. G. Sarason (Eds.). Stress and
Emotion(15, pp. 173-187). Washington, DC: Taylor and Francis.
Brickman, P., Coates, D., & Janoff-Bulman, R. (1978). Lottery winners and accident victims:
Is happiness relative? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,36(8), 917-927.
Brinkman, R. (2002).Culture and subjective well-being. Journal of Economic, 36(3), 830-833.
Buss, D. M. (2000). The evolution of happiness. American Psychologist, 55, 15-23.
Carruthers, C., & Hood, C. (2004). The power of the positive: Leisure and well-being.
Therapeutic Recreation Journal, 38(2), 225-245.
Collins, J. (2002). The ultimate creation. In F. Hesselbein, M. Goldsmith, & I. Somervile (Eds.), Leading for innovation and organizing for results. (pp. 131-139). San Francisco,CA: Jossey-Bass.
Decrop, A. (1999). Triangulation in qualitative tourism research. Tourism Management, 20 (1) ,157-161.
DeNeve, K. M., & Cooper, H. (1998). The happy personality: A meta-analysis of 137 personality traits and subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 124(2), 197-229.
Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin,95, 542-575.
Diener, E., Smith, H., & Fujita, F. (1995).The personality structure of affect.Journal of
personality and social psychology,69(1), 130-141.
Diener, E., & Lucas, R. E. (1999). Personality and subjective well-being. In D. Kahneman., E.
Diener., & N. Schwarz (Eds.) Well-being: The Foundations of Hedonic Psychology (pp.
213-229). New York,NY: Russell Sage.
Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Lucas, R. E., & Smith, H. L.(1999).Subject well-being: Three decades of progress. Psychological Bulletin,125, 276-302.
Diener, E., Lucas, R. E., & Scollon, C. N. (2007). Beyond the Hedonic Treadmill: Revising the Adaptation Theory of Well-Being. Journal of American Psychologist,61(4), 305-314.
Durkheim, E. (1951). Suicide: A study in sociology. New York,NY: Free Press.
Efraty, D., Sirgy, M. J., & Claiborne, C. B. (1991). The effects of personal alienation on organizational identification: A quality-of-work life model.Journal of Business and
Psychology,6, 57-78.
82
Emmons, R. A.(1999)The Psychology of Ultimate Concerns. New York,NY: Guilford.
Ericsson, K. A., & Simon, H. A. (1993). Protocol analysis: Verbal reports as data (revised edition) . Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Greenhaus, J. H., Bedian, A. G., & Mossholder, K. W. (1987). Work experiences, job performances, and feelings of personal and family well-being. Journal of Vocational
Behavior,31, 200-215.
Headey, B., & Wearing, A. (1989). Personality, life events, and subjective well-being:
Toward a dynamic equilibrium model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,
57(4), 731-739.
Heady, B., & Wearing, A. (1990). Subjective well-being and coping with adversity. Social
indicators Research,22, 327-349.
Holahan, C. K.(1988).Relation of life goals at age 70 to activity participation and health and psychological well-being among terman’s gifted men and women. Psychology and Aging,
3(3), 286-291.
Holsti, O. R. (1968). Content analysis. Massachusettsm. MA: Addison-Wesley.
Hotard, S. R., McFatter, R. M., McWhirter, R. M., & Stegall, M. E. (1989). Interactive effects of extraversion, neuroticism, and social relationships on subjective well-being. Journal
of Personality and Social Psychology,57(2), 321-331.
Jan, Ott. (2008). Review of“How Happy Can You Be”a film by line Hatland. (First Run/Icarus Films, Brooklyn, NY, USA, 52 minutes/color/2005,www.frif.com,[email protected]) J Happiness Stud,9:621-622.
Kassarjian, H. H. (1977). Content analysis in consumer research. Journal of consumer
research, 4 (1) , 8-18.
Keyes, C. L. M., Shmotkin, D., & Ryff, C. D. (2002).Optimizing well-being: The empirical encounter of two traditions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,82(6), 1007-1022.
Keyes, C. L. M., & Magyar-Moe, J. L. (2003). The measurement and utility of adult subjective well-being. In S. J. Lopez and C. R. Snyder (Eds.), Positive Psychological
Assessment: A Handbook of Models and Measures (pp.411-425). Washington, DC:
American Psychological Association.
Krippendorff, K. (2003). The Dialogic Reality of Meaning. The American Journal of
Semiotics, 19 (1/4) , 17-34.
Layard, R.(2005). Happiness: Lessons from a new science. New York,NY: Penguin Books.
Lincoln, Y., & Guba, E. (1985). A naturalistic inquiry. California, CA: Sage Publications.
Lu, L., & Argyle, M. (1992). Receiving and giving support: Effects on relationships and well-being. Counselling Psychology Quarterly,5(2), 123-133.
Lu, L., & Shih, J. B. (1997). Sources of happiness: A qualitative approach. The Journal of
Social Psychology,132(2), 181-187.
Lu, L. (1999).Personal or environmental causes of happiness: A longitudinal analysis. Journal
of Social Psychology,139, 79-90.
Lyubomirsky, S. (2001). Why are some people happier than others?: Therole of cognitive and motivational processes in well-being. American Psychologist,56, 239-249.
Maslow, A. H. (1968). Toward a Psychology of Being. New York,NY: D. Van Nostrand Company.
McAlister, D. T., & Erffmeyer, R. C. (2003). A content analysis of outcomes and responsibilities for consumer complaints to third-party organizations. Journal of
Business Research, 56 (4) , 341-351.
McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. (1991). Adding Liebe und Arbeit: The full Five-Factor Model and well-being. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,7(2), 227-232.
McHugh, M., & Brennan, S. (1994) Managing the stress of change in the public sector. The
International Journal of Public Sector Management,7(5), 29-42.
84
Noblet, A., Teo, S. T. T., McWilliams, J., & Rodwell, J. J. (2005). Which work characteristics predict employee outcomes for the public-sector employee? Anexamination of generic and occupation-specific characteristics. International Journal of Human Resource
Management 16(8), 1415-1430.
Omodei, M.M., & Wearing, A. J. (1990). Need satisfaction and involvement in personal projects: toward and intergrative model of subjective well-being. Journal of Personality
and social Psychology,59, 762-769.
Pavot, W., Diener, E., & Fujita, F. (1990). Extraversion and happiness. Personality and
Individual Differences,11(12), 1299-1306.
Rathi, N. (2010). Relationship of Quality of Work Life with Employees’ Psychological Well-Being. International Journal of Business Insights and Transformation, 3(1) 53-60.
Rim, Y. (1993). Values, happiness and family structure variables. Personality and Individual
Difference,15(5), 595-598.
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2001). On happiness & human potential: A review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Annual Review of Psychology,52 , 141-166.
Ryff, C. D., & Keyes, C. L. M. (1995). The structure of psychological well-being revisited.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 719-727.
Sarvimi, A., & Stenbock-Hult, B. (2000). Quality of life in old age described as a sense of well-being meaning and value. Journal of Advanced Nursing,32, 1025-1033.
Schmutte, P. S., & Ryff, C. D. (1997). Personality and well-being: Reexamining methods and meanings. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,73(3), 549-559.
Schulte, P., & Vainio, H. (2010). Well-being at work-overview and perspective. Scand J
Work Environ Health,36(5), 422-429.
Stone, M. J., & Kozma, A. (1985). Structural relationships among happiness scales: A second order factorial study. Social Indictors Research,17, 19-28.
Stiglitz, J. E., A. Sen., J.-P.Fitoussi. (2009) Report by the Commission on the Measurement of
Economic Performance and Social Progress. Retrieved from
http://www.stiglitz-sen-fitoussi.fr/documents/rapport_anglais.pdf
Sheldon, K. M., & Kasser, T. (2001). Goals,congruence, and positive well-being: New empirical support for humanistic theories. Journal of Humanistic Psychology,41, 30-50.
Taris, T. W., & Schreurs, P. J. G. (2009). Well-being and organizational performance: An organizational-level test of the happy-productive worker hypothesis. Work and Stress,
23(2), 120-136.
Taylor, S. E., & Brown, J. D. (1994). Positive illusions and well-being revisited: Separating fact from fiction. Psychological Bulletin,116(1), 21-27.
Thomas, D. R. (2000). A General Inductive Approach for Analyzing Qualitative Evaluation Data. American Journal of Evaluation, 27 (2) , 237-246.
Thoits, P. A. (1982). Conceptual, methodological and theoretical problem in studying social support as a buffer against life stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 23, 145-159.
Veenhoven, R. (1991). Is happiness relative? Social Indicators Research,24, 1-34.
Veenhoven, R. (1994). Is happiness a trait? Tests of the theory that a better society does not make people any happier. Social Indicators Research,32, 101-160.
Veenhoven, R.(1984). Condition of happiness. Boston,MA: D.Reidel.
Watson, D., & Tellegen, A.(1985). Toward a consensual structure of mood. Psychological
Bulletin, 98, 219-245.
Warr, P. (1999) .Well-being and the workplace. In D. Kahneman, E. Diener, and N. Schwartz (Eds.), Well- being: The Foundations of Hedonic Psychology (pp. 392-412). New
York,NY: Russell Sage.
86
附 錄
企業訪談說明
探索 頂尖企業:打造感動員工的幸福方程式
社會需要一股更多正面的力量!近來企業也更加強 調內部行銷的重要性,重視對員工滿足的經營。本 碩士論文研究訪談對象以《Cheers》雜誌「2015 年
新世代最嚮往企業」,其包含餐旅業為王品集團、統 一星巴克、W 酒店、晶華麗晶酒店集團及老爺酒店;
其他非餐旅產業則為某連鎖書店集團和台灣積體電 路。並以臺北市政府勞動局所評選之「幸福企業」
中以質性內容分析法與專家訪談進行針對企業營運 的五大指標,進一步打造感動員工的幸福方程式。
訪談大綱
Q:請問貴公司經營上…
1. 在「工作環境」(ex: 職業安全衛生管理、工作空間設計、職場健康促進、無 障礙設施…等) 有哪些實際措施?
2. 在「待遇與培育」(ex: 工資、獎金和紅利給予、員工職涯升遷、招募規劃、
培 訓制度…等) 有哪些實際措施?
3. 在「福利與獎勵」(ex: 撫育、撫卹、年度獎金與利潤、照護福利、表揚與獎 賞…等) 有哪些實際措施?
4. 在「友善職場」(ex: 性別工作平等環境、 身心障礙者與原住民晉用、員工 諮商與關懷、工作與生活平衡…等) 有哪些實際措施?
5. 在「其他特色」(ex: 青年職場體驗計劃、員工滿意度調查、財務表現、永續 發展、過去考績、未來承諾與社會關懷、特殊創意…等) 有哪些實際措施?
訪談企業
1 位
88