第六章 討論
第三節 研究限制
雖然顱內動脈瘤破裂之蜘蛛膜下腔出血患者在神經外科領域中並不少 見,但本院一年大約也只能收集約五十例個案,加上其中死亡率將近 40 %,
故臨床上大約只有 30-40 例可完整收集到資料,要做大規模的研究並不容 易且須耗費較長時間,如果還要交叉比對不同的臨床狀況或收集不同的血 漿生化分析則此研究的困難度會更高,如果可以整合醫療院所共同參與相 信可以得到較完整而迅速的研究成果。
第七章 結論與建議 第一節 結論
綜合以上的研究結果結論出,發生自發性蜘蛛膜下腔出血的顱內動脈 瘤破裂病人在早期出血(第一、二天),血漿維生素 C 及維生素 E 即有顯著 的降低,而 TBARS 則顯著上升,並且上述研究結果持續至第十五天均有顯 著差異。
而發生早期血管痙攣(兩天內)的患者,比較無發生早期血管痙攣患 者其血漿中維生素 C、維生素 E,在早期(第二天)有明顯的降低,而 TBARS 則明顯上升。
由此可知顱內動脈瘤破裂的病人,其血漿抗氧化物(維生素 C、維生素 E)在早期均被迅速的消耗,而脂質過氧化物迅速的發生。以上結果得知自 由基在顱內動脈瘤破裂後蜘蛛膜下腔出血的患者體內在早期(兩天內)就會 產生,並且與血管痙攣的發生與否有一定的關聯性,而抗氧化物對於抑制 自由基進而減少血管痙攣的演變過程的影響亦扮演著重要的角色。
第二節 建議
經過此次研究結果顯示在人體顱內動脈瘤破裂產生蜘蛛膜下腔出血的 臨床病人中發維生素 C、維生素 E 和 TBARS,在早期(第一天)就可以有明顯
的改變,所以可以推論自由基在顱內動脈瘤破裂的早期就立刻產生並發生 作用;而此次所採用三十七位臨床病人中也有十位病患(27%),經血管攝影 檢查已經可以發現有早期(兩天內)就有血管痙攣的現象。
根據以上的結論,臨床上在治療對於顱內動脈瘤破裂產生蜘蛛膜下腔 出血的病人,可以考慮在發病時立即採用對抗自由基的藥物,包括維生素 C 和維生素 E 等來降低脂質過氧化反應來治療,尤其有血管痙攣的病人更應 及早給予對抗自由基的藥物治療。
至於進一步的臨床研究未來可以將顱內動脈瘤破裂產生蜘蛛膜下腔出 血的病人分為兩組用前瞻性的研究方法,以維生素 C 和維生素 E 的分別投 與與否,比較其血管痙攣及預後程度。
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附 錄
試 劑 來 源
99 % Alcohol Scharlau Acetyl chloride Fisher Scientific Acetate (CH3COOH) Merck 1-Butanol Merck Benzene Fisher Scientific 1-Chloro-2,4-ditrobenzene ( CDNB) Sigma 2, 4-Dinitrofluorobenzene(FDNB) Sigma 5,5
′
-Dithio-bis (2-Nitrobenoic acid) ( DTNB) Sigma Drabkins′
s reagent Sigma Dithiothreitol (DTT) Sigma EDTA SigmaN-Ethylmaleimide (NEM) Sigma 30 %H2O2 Merck
HCl Fisher Scientific Hexane Merck
Heptane Sigma
試 劑 來 源
H2SO4 Merck Indoacetic acid(IAA) Sigma Lauryl sulfate (SDS) Sigma Magnesium chloride hexahydrate (MgCl .6H2O) Sigma Methanol Tedia NADPH 日本和光公司 NaCl Merck Olive oil Sigma Oxized glutathione (GSSG) Sigma
Potassium cyanide ( Na2WO4 . 2H2O) Fluka Potassium phosphate (KH2PO4 . 7H2O) Sigma
Phosphoric acid Tedia Phosphotungstic acid Sigma Perchloric acid (PCA) GFS Potassium bicarbonate (KHCO3) Sigma Potassium carbonate (K2CO3) Sigma
Retinyl acetate Sigma
試 劑 來 源
Sodium phosphate (Na2HPO4) Sigma Sodium phosphate (NaH2PO4) Sigma Sodium acetate (CH3COONa) 日本和光公司 α-Tocopheryl acetate Sigma Thiobarbituric acid ( TBA) Sigma 1,1,3,3-Tetramethoxypropane (TMP) Sigma Trichloro acetic acid (TCA) Sigma Vanillin Sigma
附表:
表一、顱內動脈瘤破裂患者之基本資料(N=37) Age Sex
(M:F)
Angio.time
(hrs)
GCS HHGS CT-Fisher grade
Mortality Vasospasm
62±16 20:17 13.4±5.4 12±4 3±1 3±1 38% 27%
Angio.time:住院至血管攝影時間 GCS:昏迷指數
HHGS:Hunt and Hess grade scale
CT Fisher grade:Fisher 氏電腦斷層 SAH 級數 Mortality:死亡率
Vasospasm:早期血管痙攣(< 48 小時)
表二、正常人與顱內動脈瘤破裂患者第一天之血漿脂質過氧化反應及維生 素 C、維生素 E 之變化
Normal(N=274;mean age:48)Aneurysms(N=37;mean age:62)
Mean Mean(住院第一天)
維生素 C(mg/dl) 1.26±0.71 0.83±0.48*
維生素 E(ug/ml) 8.95±3.91 6.99±2.96*
TBARS(um) 2.51±1.53 4.08±2.02*
Normal :對照組
Aneurysms:動脈瘤破裂患者
*P< 0.001 by the analysis of Mann-Whitney U test
表三、死亡(14/37)與存活(23/37)兩組動脈瘤破裂患者全部平均血漿 抗氧化物和脂質過氧化物的濃度相關性統計
存活(M±SD)人數 23 死亡(M±SD)人數 14 維生素 C (mg/dl) 0.73±0.36 0.73±0.45 維生素 E (ug/ml) 6.56±2.85 7.48±3.65 TBARS(um) 3.69±2.17 4.09±2.16
表四、維生素 C、維生素 E 及 TBARS 與動脈瘤破裂後無早期血管痙攣患者的 昏迷指數等相關性
GCS HHGS CT-Fisher
CC P CC P CC P
維生素 C (mg/dl)
0.17 0.22 0.10 0.32 -0.20 0.19 維生素 E
(ug/ml)
-0.17 0.22 0.25 0.12 0.04 0.42 TBARS (um) 0.18 0.20 -0.25 0.13 0.23 0.15 CC:Correlation of Coefficient
P:P value of correlation analysis
表五、有早期血管痙攣的患者血漿抗氧化物及過氧化物濃度變化的關聯性 統計
GCS HHGS CT-Fisher
CC P CC P CC P
維生素 C (mg/dl) 0.09 0.42 -0.66 *0.04 -0.55 0.08 維生素 E (ug/ml)
0.58 0.07 -0.66 *0.04 -0.33 0.21 TBARS (um) 0.45 0.13 -0.53 0.09 -0.33 0.21
*.Correlation is significant at the .05 level (1-tailed).
附圖:
圖一、動脈瘤破裂患者血漿維生素 C 的變化
1.26 0.83 0.72 0.79 0.78 0.85
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
1 2 5 10 15
住院日
維生素C(mg/dl)◎ 對照組
★ P < 0.05
ê
ê ê
ê ê
◎
圖二、動脈瘤破裂患者血漿維生素 E 的變化
8.95 6.99 5.97 7.05 8.33 8.06
0 4 8 12 16
1 2 5 10 15
住院日
維生素E(µg/ml)◎ 對照組
★ P < 0.05
◎
★
★
★
★
★
圖三、動脈瘤破裂患者血漿維生素 TBARS 的變化
4.08 4.35 3.31 2.65 2.17
0.47
圖四、動脈瘤破裂患者的死亡率及體內抗氧化物和脂質過氧化物濃度的相
2.36 2.122.40
圖五、顱內動脈瘤破裂患者有無早期血管痙攣(兩天內)死亡率的比較
圖六、顱內動脈瘤破裂患者第一天 HHGS 昏迷指數與血漿維生素 C 的相關分
圖七、顱內動脈瘤破裂患者第一天 HHGS 昏迷指數與血漿維生素 E 的相關分 析
*P<0.05
14.27 9.95 6.1 5.09
0
14.27 9.95 6.1 5.09
0
圖八、有無早期血管痙攣患者血漿維生素 C、維生素 E 和 TBARS 的分析比較
Vaso spasm
1 2 5 10 15
Vaso spasm
1 2 5 10 15
圖九、比較有無早期血管痙攣患者血漿維生素 C、維生素 E 和 TBARS 與死亡
自述
我於民國 74 年畢業於國防醫學院醫學系後,於台北市三軍總醫院外科 服務並兼任國防醫學院助教,因對神經科學有濃厚興趣而專攻神經外科,
於民國 82 年取得神經外科專科醫師並任神經外科主治醫師,於民國 84 年 轉換人生跑道而離開。
先至美國 UCLA 醫學院進修神經外科三個月主攻腦內視鏡及腦顱底手 術,回國後於 84 年至 86 年服務於大里仁愛醫院,至民國 86 年底因緣轉至 彰基服務,於 87 年接任神經外科主任至今,其中於 88 年赴美國鳳凰城 Barrow 神經醫學中心專攻腦瘤及血管瘤手術二個月,於臨床工作百忙之 餘,有感於所學不足及對學術研究有興趣,於民國 91 年投考中國醫藥大學 臨床醫學研究所,在劉青山博士及蔡輔仁院長指導下從事顱內動脈瘤破裂 後蜘蛛膜下腔出血患者血漿中維生素 C、維生素 E 及脂質過氧化反應等相關 研究。
至今年(93 年)6 月提出初步成果寫成碩士論文(顱內動脈瘤破裂患者血 漿維生素 C 維生素 E 及脂質過氧化反應之相關性),希望未來能持續在臨床 與學術研究上,對顱內動脈瘤破裂患者的治療能提供更好的方針。
彰化基督教醫院 神經外科 周啟文