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第四章 結果
第一節 實驗一
由於我們不清楚 BMSO 是否真的有降體脂的功效,在實驗過程中小鼠只有些微 的體重減少,直到犧牲後才發現在 BMSO 組其體脂有減少,所以我們便針對一些與 脂質代謝相關的基因先做測定,以便初步了解苦瓜籽油可能的降體脂機制。
- Leptin、Adiponectin 及 Mest 這三個主要是與體脂的堆積成正相關,所以如果表 現量增加則表示其體脂堆積較高
-ACC、FAS、DGAT、aP2 及 LPL 則與脂質生合成相關,其表現越高則表示脂質 合成增加,體脂堆積較多
-perilipin 及 CGI-58,perilipin 主要是保護油滴避免油滴被水解,其表現越高則表 油滴沒有被水解,體脂堆積多;而 CGI-58 則是 TG lipase 的 cofactor,如果其表 現越高,則表示脂解越高,體脂堆積會減少
-UCP2 主要是可增加生熱作用,其表現越高則體脂越少
一. 苦瓜籽油對小鼠攝食之影響
表 4-1 為小鼠 18 至 23 週齡實驗期間體重增加及飼料攝取量。以誘導肥胖之後 (18 週齡)的體重做為初始體重,可看到四組高脂飲食(HFB、HFSCH、HSFCL及 HFS) 其初始體重皆高於 LF 組(P<0.0001),而四組高脂飲食的初始體重則無顯著差異,但 在體重增加的情形 HFSCH和 HFSCL則比 HFB 和 HFS,有顯著的減少(P<0.0001)。
而在攝食情況方面,由於高脂飼料熱量密度大於 LF 飼料( 5.02 vs. 3.4 Kcal/g ),四 組高脂飲食的攝食量均顯著低於 LF 組(P<0.0001),但四組間無顯著差異,雖然苦瓜
第四章 結果
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籽油組剛開始介入時攝食量降低,但不久即回復如 HFS 與 HFB。換算為熱量攝取 後則高脂組大於 LF 組,四組高脂組間除 HFSCH熱量攝取稍低外其餘無顯著差異。
二. 體脂肪及其他組織重
絕對及相對體脂肪量分別顯示於表 4-2 與 4-3,白色脂肪(包括 retroperitoneal, epididymal 及 inguinal fat)不論絕對及相對重,高脂組均顯著高於低脂組,但在 retroperitoneal fat 發現含苦瓜籽油之 HFSCH及 HFSCL二組顯著低於 HFS 及 HFB (P<0.0001), 而 在 epididymal 及 inguinal fat 苦 瓜 籽 油 二 組 則 顯 著 低 於 HFB (P<0.0001),且有低於 HFS 的傾向,其中 HFSCH 與 HFSCL無差異。此結果顯示奶 油飲食成功誘發肥胖,大豆油取代 5 週並不能減緩體脂增加,相對的 BMSO 介入(不 論 CLN 含量高或低品系)可有效降低體脂堆積。
至於棕色脂肪,雖然高脂組絕對重量大於低脂組,但以相對重量表達並無差異,
而在肝臟和腎臟方面五組在相對重量表達也無差異,顯示 BMSO 餵食並無誘發肝臟 及腎臟腫大情形(表 4-2 及 4-3)。
三. 其他肥胖相關指標
由於 serum leptin 常與體脂肪堆積呈現正比關係(158),因此我們測定血清 leptin 濃度(圖 4-1),發現與體脂肪量結果類似,HFB 及 HFS 均顯著高於 LF (P<0.005),
HFSCH及 HFSCL二組相較於 HFB 及 HFS 有較低的 serum leptin levels,其中含高 CLN 品系 BMSO 之 HFSCH 組降低效果優於 HFSCL。
我們也測定了脂肪組織 TG 含量(圖 4-2),結果與脂肪組織重量結果大致相符,
HFB 顯著高於 LF 有最高值(P<0.0001),其次依序為 HFS、HFSCL、HFSCH,HFSCH
第四章 結果
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與 LF 間無顯著差異。
為進一步確認降體脂功能,我們以脂肪組織切片觀察脂肪細胞大小(圖 4-3),結 果顯示 HFB 及 HFS 比起 LF 確實可見脂肪細胞肥大情形,相較之下 HFSCH 及 HFSCL二組脂肪細胞肥大情形不如 HFS 及 HFB 明顯,但仍大於 LF 組。這些結果 確認苦瓜籽油相較於同為 PUFA rich 之大豆油,確實有降體脂功能。
四. 血糖與血清胰島素
禁食血糖值方面 HFB、HFSCL、HFSCH顯著高於 LF(P<0.0001)(圖 4-4),飽食 血糖值五組並無顯著差異(data not shown);另測定飽食胰島素值(圖 4-5),結果高脂 組均顯著高於低脂組(P<0.0001),四組高脂組間無顯著差異。此結果顯示 BMSO 補 充四週在此模式下並無改善胰島素阻抗功效。
五. 血脂質
血清脂質結果列於表 4-4,HFB 相較於 LF 有較高血清 TG,HFS 與 HFSCH
血清 TG 則顯著低於 HFB(P<0.05),同樣含苦瓜籽油之 HFSCL血清 TG 降低效果不 如 HFS 及 HFSCH明顯。至於血清 cholesterol,四組高脂組均顯著大於 LF(P<0.0001),
大豆油或 BMSO 並無降低 serum cholesterol 功能。在血清游離脂肪酸(NEFA)方面,
HFSCH、HFSCL與 HFS 均呈現降低功效,但 BMSO(不論兩種品系)降低效果不如 大 豆 油 。 血清 TG 與 NEFA 降 低 或 許 與膳 食 油脂 來源 由 SFA( 奶 油 ) 轉 換為 PUFA(soybean oil 及 BMSO)有關,降血脂功能方面 BMSO 並未證實優於 soybean oil。
第四章 結果
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六. 脂肪組織脂質代謝相關基因表現
脂肪組織 leptin、adiponectin 及 mesoderm-specific transcript (Mest) mRNA levels 通常與脂肪細胞肥大相關(158),結果示於圖 4-6。leptin mRNA 與血清值大致 符合,除了 HFS 顯著大於 HFB(P<0.0001),一致均觀察到含 BMSO 組(HFSCH與 HFSCL)比起 HFB 與 HFS 有較低 leptin mRNA levels;Mest mRNA 結果與 leptin mRNA 相似;adiponectin mRNA 則可見 HFSCH與 HFSCL比起 HFB 與 HFS 有較 低 mRNA levels,而在 HFSCL則顯著低於 HFB 與 HFS(P<0.0001)。
與脂質生合成相關基因包括 ACC、FAS、DGAT、aP2 及 LPL 結果分別示於圖 4-7 及 4-8。ACC1 mRNA 由高至低分別為 LF>HFS>HFB=HFSCH=HFSCL,HFB、
HFSCH和 HFSCL相較於 HFS 有較低的趨勢,而與 LF 相比則有顯著降低(P<0.05);
ACC2 mRNA 由高至低分別為 LF>HFB=HFSCH>HFSCL>HFS,HFS 組顯著低於其 他三組高脂飲食(P<0.005);FAS mRNA 則可見含 BMSO 之 HFSCH與 HFSCL組均 顯著低於 HFB 及 HFS;DGAT mRNA levels 四組高脂組均一致顯著低於 LF 組 (P<0.0001);aP2 mRNA 五組無顯著差異;LPL mRNA 方面 HFB、HFSCH與 HFSCL 比起 HFS 與 LF 有較低趨勢,HFSCL有最低值。
脂肪組織中脂質水解重要酵素為 TG lipase 及 hormone sensitive lipase (HSL),
分別負責 TG 與 DG水解;Perilipin 為 coating 於脂肪油滴(lipid droplet)表面蛋白質,
可防止 lipase 進入水解;CGI-58 則為 TG lipase 活化所需 cofactor(47) 。perilipin 與 CGI-58 mRNA 結果示於圖 4-9 ,perilipin mRNA 五組間無顯著差異;CGI-58 mRNA HFB、HFSCH與 HFSCL比起 HFS 與 LF 有較低趨勢,其中 HFSCL有最低 值。
脂肪組織中 UCP2 為生熱功能相關蛋白質也參與脂肪酸氧化作用,UCP2 mRNA 結果示於圖 4-10,PUFA rich oil 包括 HFS、HFSCH及 HFSCL有高於 HFB
第四章 結果
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與 LF 趨勢,其中 HFSCL有最高 UCP2 mRNA levels。
這些結果顯示苦瓜籽油降體脂功能可能與抑制脂肪組織脂質生合成(如 FAS 及 LPL)或促進生熱(UCP-2)有關。
第四章 結果
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表 4-1 C57BL/6J 小鼠餵食試驗飲食 5 週之初始體重、最終體重、攝食量及能量攝取1,2
Table 4-1 Initial body weight, final body weight, food intake and energy intake of C57BL/6J mice fed the experimental diets for 5 wk1,2
1 Calory content for LF diet (chow diet):3.4 kcal/g;for high fat diet:5.02 kcal/g
2 The significance of differences among the five groups (LF, HFB, HFSCH, HFSCL and HFS) was analyzed statistically by one-way ANOVA and Duncan’s multiple range tests. The values are the means ± S.D.. Values not sharing the same superscript letters in the same column are significantly different among groups (p<0.05).
Initial body Final body Body weight Food intake Energy intake weight(18wk) weight(23wk) gain(18-23wk)
(g) (g) (g / 5w) (g / d) (kcal / d) LF (n = 10) 25.19±1.09b 25.72±1.09b 0.53±0.50b 3.22±0.2a 10.95±0.70c HFB (n = 6) 34.85±6.26a 35.03±5.51a 0.18±1.13bc 2.46±0.08b 12.28±0.39a HFSCH (n = 9) 34.02±4.49a 32.29±4.10a -1.74±0.96d 2.23±0.15b 11.16±0.76bc HFSCL (n = 8) 34.19±3.91a 33.68±3.58a -0.52±0.82c 2.35±0.14b 11.75±0.72abc HFS (n = 10) 33.28±3.04a 35.08±3.32a 1.80±0.83a 2.41±0.21b 12.07±1.06ab
第四章 結果
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表 4-2 C57BL/6J 小鼠餵食試驗飲食 5 週之絕對組織重1,2
Table4-2 The absolute tissue weights of C57BL/6J mice fed the experimental diets for 5 wk1,2
1 The values are the means ± S.D..
2 The significance of differences among the five groups (LF, HFB, HFSCH, HFSCL and HFS) was analyzed statistically by one-way ANOVA and Duncan’s multiple range tests. Values not sharing the same superscript letters in the same column are significantly different among groups (p<0.05).
Liver Retroperitoneal fat Epididymal fat Inguinal fat Brown fat Kidney (g)
LF (n =10) 0.98±0.08 0.08±0.02c 0.32±0.04c 0.25±0.06c 0.07±0.01b 0.29±0.01c HFB (n = 6) 1.15±0.25 0.51±0.21a 1.64±0.71a 1.11±0.51a 0.10±0.02a 0.41±0.04a HFSCH (n = 9) 1.11±0.16 0.32±0.17b 1.18±0.56b 0.79±0.42b 0.09±0.01a 0.37±0.03b HFSCL (n = 8) 1.09±0.18 0.35±0.15b 1.26±0.47b 0.81±0.31b 0.09±0.02a 0.39±0.04ab HFS (n =10) 1.13±0.12 0.56±0.14a 1.46±0.45ab 0.95±0.26ab 0.10±0.02a 0.42±0.05a
第四章 結果
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表 4-3 C57BL/6J 小鼠餵食試驗飲食 5 週之相對組織重1,2
Table 4-3 The relative tissue weights of C57BL/6J mice fed the experimental diets for 5 wk1,2
1 The values are the means ± S.D..
2 The significance of differences among the five groups (LF, HFB, HFSCH, HFSCL and HFS) was analyzed statistically by one-way ANOVA and Duncan’s multiple range tests. Values not sharing the same superscript letters in the same column are significantly different among groups (p<0.05).
Liver Retroperitoneal fat Epididymal fat Inguinal fat Brown fat Kidney (% of body weight)
LF (n =10) 3.84±0.27a 0.30±0.07c 1.24±0.13c 0.96±0.24c 0.27±0.05 1.13±0.05 HFB (n = 6) 3.26±0.32b 1.41±0.37a 4.52±1.43a 3.04±1.00a 0.30±0.06 1.19±0.11 HFSCH (n = 9) 3.43±0.19b 0.95±0.41b 3.52±1.31b 2.35±1.08b 0.29±0.05 1.16±0.06 HFSCL (n = 8) 3.23±0.39b 1.02±0.38b 3.67±1.07b 2.36±0.78b 0.26±0.05 1.15±0.11 HFS (n =10) 3.23±0.12b 1.60±0.32a 4.14±1.00ab 2.73±0.75ab 0.27±0.03 1.19±0.09
第四章 結果
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圖 4-1 C57BL/6J 小鼠餵食試驗飲食 5 週之禁食血清瘦體素(leptin)含量
Figure4-1 The fasting serum leptin levels of C57BL/6J mice fed the experimental diets for 5 wk. The values are the means ± S.D. ( n=6~10 ). The significance of differences among the five groups (LF, HFB, HFSCH, HFSCL and HFS ) was analyzed statistically by one-way ANOVA and Duncan’s multiple range tests. Values not sharing the same superscript letters are significantly different among groups (p<0.05).
c
a
bc
ab
a
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000
LF HFB HFSCH HFSCL HFS
Serum Leptin ( pg / mL )
第四章 結果
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圖 4-2 C57BL/6J 小鼠餵食試驗飲食 5 週之副睪脂內脂質含量
Figure4-2 The epididymal TG levels of C57BL/6J mice fed the experimental diets for 5 wk. The values are the means ± S.D. ( n=6~10 ). The significance of differences among the five groups (LF, HFB, HFSCH, HFSCL and HFS ) was analyzed statistically by one-way ANOVA and Duncan’s multiple range tests. Values not sharing the same superscript letters are significantly different among groups (p<
0.05).
d
a
cd
bc
ab
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
LF HFB HFSCH HFSCL HFS
TG ( mg ) / total EP
第四章 結果
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圖 4-3 C57BL/6J 小鼠餵食試驗飲食 5 週之副睪脂脂肪組織切片
Figure4-3 The histological section of epididymal fat of C57BL/6J mice fed the experimental diets for 5 wk.
第四章 結果
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圖 4-4 C57BL/6J 小鼠餵食試驗飲食 5 週之禁食血糖
Figure4-4 The fasting serum glucose levels of C57BL/6J mice fed with experimental diets for 5 wk. The values are the means ± S.D. ( n=6~10 ). The significance of differences among the five groups (LF, HFB, HFSCH, HFSCL and HFS ) was analyzed statistically by one-way ANOVA and Duncan’s multiple range tests. Values not sharing the same superscript letters are significantly different among groups (p<0.05).
b
a a a
ab
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
LF HFB HFSCH HFSCL HFS
Serum glucose ( mmol / L )
第四章 結果
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圖 4-5 C57BL/6J 小鼠餵食試驗飲食 4 週之飽食血清胰島素(insulin)含量
Figure4-5 The feeding serum insulin levels of C57BL/6J mice fed with experimental diets for 4 wk. The values are the means ± S.D. ( n=6~10 ). The significance of differences among the five groups (LF, HFB, HFSCH, HFSCL and HFS ) was analyzed statistically by one-way ANOVA and Duncan’s multiple range tests. Values not sharing the same superscript letters are significantly different among groups (p<0.05).
b
a
a
a
a
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
LF HFB HFSCH HFSCL HFS
Serum Insulin ( pmol / L )
第四章 結果
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表 4-4 C57BL/6J 小鼠餵食試驗飲食 5 週之禁食血液生化值1,2,3
Table4-4 The fasting serum levels of mice fed the experimental diets for 5 wk1,2,3
1 The values are the means ± S.D..
2 The significance of differences among the five groups (LF, HFB, HFSCH, HFSCL and HFS) was analyzed statistically by one-way ANOVA and Duncan’s multiple range tests. Values not sharing the same superscript letters in the same column are significantly different among groups (p<0.05).
3 TG:Triacylglycerol;TC:Total cholesterol ;NEFA:Non esterified fatty acid Treatment group Serum TG Serum TC Serum NEFA
( mmol / L ) ( mmol / L ) ( mmol / L ) LF (n = 10) 0.93±0.23ab 2.22±0.16b 1.16±0.26a
HFB (n = 6) 1.15±0.27a 4.23±0.56a 1.16±0.18a HFSCH (n = 9) 0.81±0.14b 4.05±0.42a 0.93±0.17b HFSCL (n = 8) 1.05±0.35ab 4.11±0.46a 0.93±0.21b HFS (n = 10) 0.82±0.20b 3.89±0.29a 0.68±0.12c
第四章 結果
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圖 4-6 C57BL/6J 小鼠餵食試驗飲食 5 週以 qRT-PCR 定量腹膜後脂肪(RE)中與 體脂堆積量相關基因表現
Figure4-6 The mRNA levels of genes associated with adiposity quantified by qRT-PCR in retroperitoneal fat of C57BL/6J mice fed the experimental diets for 5 wk. The fold induction was calculated by taking the normalized values of LF group as 1. The values are the means ± S.D. ( n=6~10 ). The significance of differences among the five groups (LF, HFB, HFSCH, HFSCL and HFS ) was analyzed statistically by one-way ANOVA and Duncan’s multiple range tests.
Values not sharing the same superscript letters are significantly different among groups (p<0.05).
第四章 結果
80
圖 4-7 C57BL/6J 小鼠餵食試驗飲食 5 週以 qRT-PCR 定量腹膜後脂肪(RE)中與 脂質生合成相關基因表現
Figure4-7 The mRNA levels of genes associated with lipogenesis quantified by qRT-PCR in retroperitoneal fat of C57BL/6J mice fed the experimental diets for 5 wk. The fold induction was calculated by taking the normalized values of LF group as 1. The values are the means ± S.D. ( n=6~10 ). The significance of differences among the five groups (LF, HFB, HFSCH, HFSCL and HFS ) was analyzed statistically by one-way ANOVA and Duncan’s multiple range tests.
Values not sharing the same superscript letters are significantly different among groups (p<0.05).
ACC:acetyl CoA carboxylaes;FAS:fatty acid synthase
a a
第四章 結果
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圖 4-8 C57BL/6J 小鼠餵食試驗飲食 5 週以 qRT-PCR 定量腹膜後脂肪(RE)中與 脂質生合成相關基因表現
Figure4-8 The mRNA levels of genes associated with lipogenesis quantified by qRT-PCR in retroperitoneal fat of C57BL/6J mice fed the experimental diets for 5 wk. The fold induction was calculated by taking the normalized values of LF group as 1. The values are the means ± S.D. ( n=6~10 ). The significance of differences among the five groups (LF, HFB, HFSCH, HFSCL and HFS ) was analyzed statistically by one-way ANOVA and Duncan’s multiple range tests.
Values not sharing the same superscript letters are significantly different among groups (p<0.05).
DGAT: diacylglycerol acyltransferase;aP2:adipose specific fatty acid binding protein;LPL:lipoprotein lipase
第四章 結果
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圖 4-9 C57BL/6J 小鼠餵食試驗飲食 5 週以 qRT-PCR 定量腹膜後脂肪(RE)中與 脂肪油滴脂解相關基因表現
Figure4-9 The mRNA levels of genes associated with lipolysis quantified by qRT-PCR in retroperitoneal fat of C57BL/6J mice fed the experimental diets for 5 wk. The fold induction was calculated by taking the normalized values of LF group as 1. The values are the means ± S.D. ( n=6~10 ). The significance of differences among the five groups (LF, HFB, HFSCH, HFSCL and HFS ) was analyzed statistically by one-way ANOVA and Duncan’s multiple range tests.
Values not sharing the same superscript letters are significantly different among
Values not sharing the same superscript letters are significantly different among