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第六章 結論

本文利用民國 92 年到民國 108 年的中華民國人力運用調查資料搭配經濟部 製造業營運及投資概況調查資料,分別計算出製造業從業人員之薪資收入吉尼 係數、教育年數吉尼係數、潛在工作年數吉尼係數以及調整後的工作經驗吉尼 係數,並彙整成追蹤資料進行分析,試圖找出台灣製造業中人力資本不均以及 薪資收入不均之間的關聯。

在資料處理方面,我們從歷年人力運用調查的原始數據中得到製造業從業 人員之薪資、年齡、教育程度等資料,並搭配 Castello-Climent and

Domenech (2014)之公式計算得到各項變數之吉尼係數,最終將各產業別資料分 群整理為追蹤資料來進行分析。進行迴歸分析之前,本研究對各個變數進行 ADF-FISHER 檢定及 IPS 檢定,以確保各變數為定態序列,不會因外來之衝擊造 成殘差之累積,使迴歸結果失準。接著進行模型選取的檢定,在確認資料的橫 斷面特性後選擇適當的模型進行分析,以避免異質性偏誤的發生。在使用 F 檢 定、LM 檢定以及 Hausman 檢定後,確定最適合各個資料集的計量模型,並開始 進行分析。

本研究主要有三個貢獻。第一,我們發現多數傳統文獻以國家為單位進行 分析,指出勞工教育年數的差異與潛在工作年數的差異是造成勞工間薪資收入 差異的重要原因。依照本文的迴歸結果,我們發現實際情況仍需視分析的樣本 單位大小而定。本文以台灣製造業資料進行分析,發現迴歸結果存在產業間之 差異,即便是同樣被歸類在製造業內的各個產業,與其薪資收入不均有顯著關 聯的變數仍不盡相同。這樣的發現顯示了以國家為分析單位討論人力資本與薪 資收入不均之間的關聯或許無法幫助我們深入了解國內薪資不均度的實際情 形。

第二,本研究嘗試將潛在工作年數以及工作經驗這兩個概念加以區分。文 獻中,探討個體的工作經驗對人力資本的影響時,多以該個體的年齡減去其教

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育年數後在減去 7,然而,這樣的衡量方式充其量只能代表該個體的潛在工作 年數,無法體現不同個體在各自的工作職位上接受的訓練強度存在差異。因 此,本文有別於傳統文獻以潛在工作年數衡量工作經驗的設定,設定了調整後 的工作經驗此一變數,在考慮潛在工作年數的同時,亦考慮該產業的固定資產 支出累計值,嘗試將潛在工作年數與該勞工在工作岡位上的學習強度進行連 結,試圖更精準地捕捉勞工在工作上邊做邊學的人力資本累積。

第三,在探討人力資本不均與薪資收入不均時,相較於以教育年數吉尼係 數及潛在工作年數吉尼係數作為解釋變數的式(4.3),以教育年數吉尼係數及調 整後的工作經驗吉尼係數作為解釋變數的式(4.4)在不同資料的迴歸結果中普遍 得到較高的判定係數(R ),顯示出以調整後的工作經驗吉尼係數當作解釋變數 或許在探討此議題上有較好的解釋能力。

透過第五章的迴歸結果,我們發現以全體製造業資料進行分析時,教育年 數吉尼係數、潛在工作年數吉尼係數以及調整後的工作經驗吉尼係數皆對薪資 收入吉尼係數有顯著的正向影響;在民生工業方面,其薪資收入不均度受到潛 在工作年數不均度以及調整後的工作經驗不均度顯著的正向影響;在化學工業 方面,其薪資收入不均度受到教育年數不均度顯著的正向影響;最後是資訊電 子工業,其薪資收入不均度受到潛在工作年數不均度以及調整後的工作經驗不 均度顯著的正向影響。

本研究同時也面臨一些研究限制,有賴後續之研究與以補足。首先,本研 究計算薪資收入吉尼係數的資料來自歷年的人力運用調查,然而在該調查的原 始資料當中,僅能找到固定薪資的資料,而沒有包含獎金的整體年薪資料。但 是,製造業中的某些子產業如資訊電子工業,其薪資組成有一大部分是年終獎 金這種非固定薪資,這是本研究在分析上所欠缺的。再來,如同第四章之說 明,若要衡量個體之間人力資本不均對薪資收入不均的影響,最好的做法應該 是找出各種影響人力資本累積的變數後,透過資本累積的生產函數計算出一個 人力資本存量,再透過所有各體之人力資本存量資料計算出人力資本吉尼係

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數,並對薪資收入吉尼係數進行迴歸分析。將各個變數分開計算吉尼係數並對 薪資收入吉尼係數進行迴歸分析的作法,只能算是一種在現有的技術下做出的 妥協。然而若要使用上述的方法進行分析,則有賴後續研究對人力資本的衡量 方式有更深入的研究,以找出人力資本累積過程的明確的生產函數。

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