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立 政 治 大 學
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第四章.結論與未來展望
一 .結論
由於規模小的公司通常比較年輕、較沒有資產可以抵押、也較難取得外部融 資,而高淨價市值比的公司傾向融資槓桿以及現金流的問題,所以規模小的公司 以及高淨價市值比的公司面對信用市場惡化、利率調高會表現得比較脆弱。也因 此我們可以期待違約利差(default spread)、期間利差(term spread)可以解釋 規模(size)、淨價市值比(bm)兩個變數是如何捕捉股票報酬的變化。
本文實證發現,違約利差的變動 Δdefault spread 對 SMB 顯著,兩者為正 向關係。小規模公司由於資訊不對稱的緣故,對貨幣政策以及景氣循環都有不對 稱的反應。結果發現,在景氣好的時候,違約利差縮小,小規模公司的股票報酬 率大於大規模公司的股票報酬率,故 SMB 變大;然而經濟不景氣的時候,小規模 公司的信用條件惡化、暴露在違約風險之中,迴歸實證結果亦發現此時小規模公 司的表現較差,故 SMB 下降。另外也發現期間利差的變動 Δterm spread 對 HML 顯著,兩者為正向關係。由於高淨價市值比的公司通常是槓桿程度較高的公司,
所以當短期利率較低的時候同時也減輕了高淨價市值比公司的負債負擔,因此景 氣繁榮的時候,淨價市值比程度高的公司股票報酬會比程度低的股票報酬還高,
故 HML 也變大。相反地,期間利差縮小時,景氣處於緊縮低迷的狀態,高淨價市 值比的公司槓桿高、財務風險大、每股盈餘偏低且容易刪減股利,因此投資人會 要求比較高的風險貼水,而本文實證發現,期間利差縮小時,高淨價市值比公司 的股票報酬較低,故 HML 縮小。
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立 政 治 大 學
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l Ch engchi University
二 .後續研究與建議
本文研究結果與 Hahn and Lee(2006)相同,即違約利差以及期間利差皆可 以捕捉 SMB、HML 與景氣循環間的關聯,也故而利差應可以解釋 SMB、HML 何以可 以在 Fama and French 三因子模型中做為解釋變數。Hahn and Lee(2006)後來利 用六個月商業本票利率及六個月公債利率之差替代違約利差,以及利用一年期公 債利率及三個月公債利率之差替代期間利差,但是這兩個變數並不比違約利差及 期間利差對 SMB、HML 更有解釋能力。證明違約利差及期間利差可以解釋並賦予 SMB、HML 更多總體經濟意涵後,Hahn and Lee 更甚者將違約利差代替 SMB、期 間利差代替 HML 成為三因子模型的變數,其結論認為違約利差及期間利差可以良 好地成為解釋 Fama and French 25 投資組合報酬的重要變數,並且提供了三因 子與系統風險間連結的經濟意涵。故後續研究者可以從這幾個方向進一步探討台 灣資料是否也有一樣的情形,供此參考。
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