結論與未來工作

本研究針對健康長輩在為期四週的電腦認知遊戲介入後，結果顯示在短期記憶力、分散注意力以及抑制功能三項認知功能方面均有進步的趨勢。另一方

面，該 16 位健康長輩隨機分派至大動作組與小動作組，其中，結合拍打之大

動作組於電腦認知遊戲介入後，動作功能(包含上肢與下肢動作)除了左上肢動作以外，進步程度較手指按壓鍵盤之小動作組多，然而認知功能包含短期記憶力、分散注意力及抑制功能進步程度沒有較手指按壓鍵盤之小動作組多。

另由問卷調查與訪談可得知，本研究所研發之電腦認知遊戲能夠引起長輩的興趣，

達到娛樂的效果。未來除了增加收案數量，提供更多實證資料驗證此電腦認知遊戲可兼顧娛樂及提升認知與動作功能，亦可根據實驗、問卷調查及訪談結果修正實驗設計與改善或擴充此電腦認知遊戲，待技術與相關服務完整且成熟後推向市場，讓更多長輩受惠。

參考文獻

內政部統計處。2017。106 年人口數。台北：內政部統計處。網址:

https://www.moi.gov.tw/stat/。上網日期: 2018-03-23。

注意力研究&職能治療。2016。分散注意力。網址：

陳家慶、林春香、陳俐君、魏于鈞、蕭蓉、林南岳、梁忠詔。2010。復健運動對於

Anguera, J. A., J. Boccanfuso, J. L. Rintoul, O. Al-Hashimi, F. Faraji, J. Janowich, and A.

Gazzaley. 2013. Video game training enhances cognitive control in older adults. Nature, 501(7465): 97.

Brunner, D., A. Abramovitch, and J. Etherton. 2017. A yoga program for cognitive enhancement. PLoS One, 12(8): e0182366.

Churchill, J. D., R. Galvez, S. Colcombe, R. A. Swain, A. F. Kramer, and W. T. Greenough, 2002. Exercise, experience and the aging brain. Neurobiology of Aging, 23(5):

941-955.

D'Elia, L., and P. Satz. 2000. Color Trails Test. Psychological Assessment Resources.

Fleishman, E. A. 1975. Toward a taxonomy of human performance. American Psychologist, 30(12): 1127.

García-González, L., M. P. Moreno, A. Moreno, A. Gil, and F. Del Villar. 2013.

Effectiveness of a video-feedback and questioning programme to develop cognitive expertise in sport. PLoS One, 8(12): e82270.

Gariépy, Q., and R. Ménard. 2010. Handbook of cognitive aging: causes, processes, and effects. Nova Biomedical.

Giné-Garriga, M., M. Roqué-Fíguls, L. Coll-Planas, M. Sitjà-Rabert, and A. Salvà. 2014.

Physical exercise interventions for improving performance-based measures of

review and meta-analysis. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 95(4): 753-769.

Glantz, S. A.(1997)。2000。簡明生物統計學(程毅豪、曾仲瑩，譯)。台北：美商麥格羅希‧爾。

Golden, C. J.. 1975. The measurement of creativity by the Stroop Color and Word Test.

Journal of Personality Assessment, 39(5): 502-506.

Hill, R. D., M. Storandt, and M. Malley. 1993. The impact of long-term exercise training on psychological function in older adults. Journal of Gerontology, 48(1): 12-17.

Kueider, A. M., J. M. Parisi, A. L. Gross, and G. W. Rebok. 2012. Computerized cognitive training with older adults: A systematic review. PLoS One, 7(7): e40588.

Lamm, R. D., and R. H. Blank. 2005. The challenge of an aging society. The Futurist, 39(4): 23.

Lauenroth, A., A. E. Ioannidis, and B. Teichmann. 2016. Influence of combined physical and cognitive training on cognition: A systematic review. BMC

Geriatrics, 16(1): 141.

León, J., A. Ureña, M. J. Bolaños, A. Bilbao, and A. Oña. 2015. A combination of physical and cognitive exercise improves reaction time in persons 61–84 years old. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, 23(1): 72-77.

Lewis, S. C.(2003)。2012。老人職能治療學(蔡宜蓉、張玲慧、毛慧芬，譯)。台北 : 華騰。

Liberati, G., A. Raffone, and M. O. Belardinelli. 2012. Cognitive reserve and its implications for rehabilitation and Alzheimer’s disease. Cognitive processing, 13(1): 1-12.

Lin, Y. H., H. F. Mao, Y. C. Tsai, and J. J. Chou. 2018. Developing a serious game for the elderly to do physical and cognitive hybrid activities. In "IEEE Conference on

Serious Games and Applications for Health ", 1-8. Vienna.

Liu, K. Y., S. M. Chen, and H. L. Huang. 2017. Development of a game-based cognitive measures system for elderly on the basis of Mini-Mental State Examination.

In "IEEE Conference on Applied System Innovation ", 1853-1856. Sapporo.

López-Martínez, Á., S. Santiago-Ramajo, A. Caracuel, C. Valls-Serrano, M. J. Hornos, and M. J. Rodríguez-Fórtiz. 2011. Game of gifts purchase: Computer-based training of executive functions for the elderly. In "IEEE Conference on Serious Games and Applications for Health ", 1-8. Braga.

Lumsden, J., E. A. Edwards, N. S. Lawrence, D. Coyle, and M. R. Munafo. 2016.

Gamification of cognitive assessment and cognitive training: A systematic review of applications and efficacy. JMIR Serious Games, 4(2): e11.

Maseda, A., and L. N. Naveira. 2013. Efficacy of a computerized cognitive training application for older adults with and without memory impairments. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research, 25(4): 411-419.

Mathias, S., U. S. Nayak, and B. Isaacs. 1986. Balance in elderly patients: the "get-up and go" test. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 67(6): 387-389.

Mathiowetz, V., K. Weber, N. Kashman, and G. Volland. 1985. Adult norms for the Nine Hole Peg Test of finger dexterity. The Occupational Therapy Journal of Research, 5(1): 24-38.

Miller, K. J., R. V. Dye, J. Kim, J. L. Jennings, E. O'Toole, J. Wong, and P. Siddarth. 2013.

Effect of a computerized brain exercise program on cognitive performance in older adults. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 21(7): 655-663.

Montreal Cognitive Assessment. 2012. 蒙特利爾認知評估台灣版使用及計分指引(蔡佳芬、傅中玲，譯). Available at:

November 2017.

Moyer, V. A. 2012. Prevention of falls in community-dwelling older adults: US

Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Annals of Internal Medicine, 157(3): 197-204.

Olanrewaju, O., S. Kelly, A. Cowan, C. Brayne, and L. Lafortune. 2016. Physical activity in community dwelling older people: A systematic review of reviews of interventions and context. PLoS One, 11(12): e0168614.

Park, D. C., and P. Reuter-Lorenz. 2009. The adaptive brain: Aging and neurocognitive scaffolding. Annual Review of Psychology, 60: 173-196.

Postolache, O., F. Lourenço, J. D. Pereira, and P. Girão. 2017. Serious game for physical rehabilitation: Measuring the effectiveness of virtual and real training

environments. In "IEEE Conference on Instrumentation and Measurement Technology ", 1-6. Turin.

Rahe, J., A. Petrelli, S. Kaesberg, G. R. Fink, J. Kessler, and E. Kalbe. 2015. Effects of cognitive training with additional physical activity compared to pure cognitive training in healthy older adults. Clinical Interventions in Aging, 10: 297.

Rebok, G. W., K. Ball, L. T. Guey, R. N. Jones, H. Y. Kim, J. W. King, and S. L. Willis.

2014. Ten‐year effects of the advanced cognitive training for independent and vital elderly cognitive training trial on cognition and everyday functioning in older adults. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 62(1): 16-24.

Rego, P., Moreira, P. M., and L. P. Reis. 2010. Serious game for rehabilitation: A survey and a classification towards a taxonomy. In "Iberian Conference on Information Systems and Technologies ", 1-6. Santiago de Compostela.

Rodríguez-Fórtiz, M. J., C. Rodríguez-Domínguez, P. Cano, J. Revelles, M. L.

Rodríguez-Almendro, M. V. Hurtado-Torres, and S. Rute-Pérez. 2016. Serious

games for the cognitive stimulation of elderly people. In "IEEE Conference on Serious Games and Applications for Health ", 1-7. Orlando.

Rowe, J. W., and R. L. Kahn. 1997. Successful aging. Gerontologist, 37(4): 433-440.

SCIENCING. 2017. Definition of gross & fine motor skills. Available at:

https://sciencing.com/definition-gross-fine-motor-skills-6778426.html.

Accessed: 30 May 2018.

Siegal, S.. 1956. Nonparametric statistics for the behavioral sciences. McGraw-Hill.

Sohlberg, M. M., and C. A. Mateer. 1987. Effectiveness of an attention-training

program. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 9(2): 117-130.

Sternberg, R. J.(2009)。2011。認知心理學(李玉琇、蔣文祁，譯)。台北：雙葉書廊。

Todorov, A., S. Fiske, and D. Prentice. 2011. Social neuroscience: Toward understanding the underpinnings of the social mind. Oxford University Press.

Toril, P., J. M. Reales, and S. Ballesteros. 2014. Video game training enhances cognition of older adults: A meta-analytic study. Psychology and Aging, 29(3): 706.

Trzepacz, P. T., H. Hochstetler, S. Wang, B. Walker, and A. J. Saykin. 2015. Relationship between the Montreal Cognitive Assessment and Mini-Mental State Examination for assessment of mild cognitive impairment in older adults. BMC Geriatrics, 15(1): 107.

United Nations. 2017. World population prospects: The 2017 revision, key findings and advance tables. United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs.

Available at: https://www.un.org/development/desa/publications/world-population-prospects-the-2017-revision.html. Accessed: 30 September 2017.

Wechsler, D.. 2012. Wechsler preschool and primary scale of intelligence—fourth edition.

World Health Organization. 2002. Active ageing: A policy framework. World Health Organization, Department of Noncommunicable Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Available at:

http://www.who.int/ageing/publications/active_ageing/en/. Accessed: 30 September 2017.

Whitney, S. L., D. M. Wrisley, G. F. Marchetti, M. A. Gee, M. S. Redfern, and J. M.

Furman. 2005. Clinical measurement of sit-to-stand performance in people with balance disorders: Validity of data for the Five-Times-Sit-to-Stand Test.

Physical Therapy, 85(10): 1034-1045.

附錄

附錄一計畫核准書

附錄二基本資料

附錄三中文(台灣)版蒙特利爾智能測驗 MoCA

附錄四數字廣度測驗—順向背誦

附錄五彩色路徑描繪測驗第 2 部分

附錄六色字測驗第三部分

附錄七九孔插棒測驗與起立行走測試

附錄八五次坐立試驗

附錄九問卷

8. 請問課程後分散注意力是否有進步? (請圈選)