6.1 研究成果
本研究使用Maxwell、Motor-CAD、Fluent 模擬工具對一電動車感應馬達進行 磁路與熱傳分析，並針對效率提升和溫升降低進行改良設計，最後獲得有良好成果
4000rpm、90Nm：93.41%
225Nm：88.54%
8000rpm、72Nm：95.50%
179Nm：91.22%
4000rpm、90Nm：94.00% (+0.59%) 225Nm：90.13% (+1.59%) 8000rpm、72Nm：95.83% (+0.33%) 179Nm：91.06% (-0.16%) 12000rpm、38Nm：95.68% (+0.10%) 95Nm：86.44% (-0.95%)
散熱改良設計
8000rpm、50kW 繞線從70℃升到140℃
時間：1191sec (+102sec)
兩項改良結合 馬達原型
8000rpm 三十分鐘平均效率：95.56％
、50kW 最高繞線溫度：147.2℃
8000rpm時三十分鐘繞線從25℃升到150℃之功率：51.4kW
8000rpm 三十分鐘平均效率：95.99％ (+0.43%) 、50kW 最高繞線溫度：137.9℃ (-9.3℃)
8000rpm時三十分鐘繞線從25℃升到150℃之功率：53.8kW (+2.4kW)
6.2 未來趨勢與改進方向
關於本研究內容之未來趨勢與改進方向，可歸納為以下幾點：
1. 磁路分析模型的建立其實還有很多未考慮的因素，如加工硬化及溫度造 成的矽鋼片磁化性能變化、驅動器的載波頻率所產生的鋸齒形電流等，如 果有相關實驗數據或模型應可增進磁路分析的準確度。
2. 本次研究中，在馬達熱傳方面的實測數據只有一條暫態溫升曲線可以用 以驗證馬達熱傳模型，因此該模型的準確度還是相當令人懷疑，應在更多 工作點和不同部位取得溫度數據來進行詳細驗證，使熱傳模型能完全符 合所有工作點的溫升結果，這樣在以此模型進行散熱改良分析時才更有 可信度。
3. 本次的空氣流場分析中還有很多幾何模型的細節被省略，像軸承座的肋 與定轉子間氣隙，如果能有更充裕的時間與運算能力更強的電腦，應將對 多細節加到模型中，得到更接近實際情況的模擬結果。
4. 前面所進行的磁路與散熱改良其實都還沒考慮到所改變因子對空間配置 與受力結構的影響，如磁路改良所增加的節距，節距增加會使繞線端部的 線體積也增加，因為線要跨越更遠的距離才會回到槽中，端部所需的空間 增加，就有可能使原本馬達前後蓋內的空間不夠，因此未來在設計時最好 還是要先計算空間需求，並要考量空間變化對其他性能的影響。
參考文獻
[1] 李名揚, “在台灣，電動車較優,” 科學人雜誌, 第 107 期 1 月號, 2011
[2] I. Boldea and S. A. Nasar, The Induction Machines Design Handbook, CRC Press, 2009.
[3] W. Tong, Mechanical Design of Electric Motors, CRC Press, 2014.
[4] V. Maurel, F. Ossart and R. Billardon, “Residual stresses in punched laminations:
Phenomenological analysis and influence on the magnetic behavior of electrical steels,” J. Appl. Phys., vol. 93, no. 10, pp. 7106-7108, 2003.
[5] D. A. Howey, P. R. N. Childs and A. S. Holmes, “Air-Gap Convection in Rotating Electrical Machines,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 59, no. 3, pp. 1367-1375, 2012.
[6] S. Seghir-Ouali, D. Saury, S. Harmand, O. Phillipart and D. Laloy, “Convective heat transfer inside a rotating cylinder with an axial air flow,” Int. J. Therm. Sci., vol. 45, no. 12, pp. 1166-1178, 2006.
[7] R. Saidur, “A review on electrical motors energy use and energy savings,”
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 877-898, 2010.
[8] H. G. Reist, “Cooling dynamo-electric machines,” US Patent 716278 A, 1901.
[9] J. Pyrhonen, T. Jokinen and V. Hrabovcova, Design of Rotating Electrical Machines, Wiley, 2007
[10] Z. Q. Zhu and D. Howe, “Electrical Machines and Drives for Electric, Hybrid, and Fuel Cell Vehicles,” Proc. IEEE, vol. 95, no. 4, pp.746-765, 2007.
[11] M. Zeraoulia, M. E. H. Benbouzid and D. Diallo, “Electric motor drive selection issues for HEV propulsion systems: A comparative study,” IEEE Trans. Veh.
Technol., vol. 55, no. 6, pp. 1756-1764, 2006.
[12] H. Murakami, Y. Honda, Y. Sadanaga, Y. Ikkai, S. Morimoto and Y. Takeda,
“Optimum design of highly efficient magnet assisted reluctance motor,” Conf. Rec.
of the 2001 IEEE Thirty-Sixth IAS Annual Meeting, vol. 4, 2001.
[13] S. Ooi, S. Morimoto, M. Sanada and Y. Inoue, “Performance evaluation of a high power density PMASynRM with ferrite magnets,” Proc. IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition, pp. 4195-4200, 2011.
[14] M. Burwell, J. Goss and M. Popescu, “Performance/cost comparison of induction-motor & permanent-magnet-induction-motor in a hybrid electric car,” International Copper Association, Tokyo, 2013,
[15] T. A. Baudendistel and M. L. Turner, “A Novel Inverse-Magnetostrictive Force Sensor,” IEEE Sensors Journal, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 245-250, 2007.
[16] K. Y. Jeong, C. H. Park and C. S. Koh, “Comparison of iron loss at different manufacturing process of actual stator core,” International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems, Busan, 2013.
[17] M. Yabumoto, C. Kaido, T. Wakisaka, T. Kubota and N. Suzuki, “Electrical steel sheet for traction motors of hybrid/electric vehicles,” Nippon steel technical report, no.87, 2003
[18] S. Jurkovic, J. C. Morgante, K. M. Rahman and P. J. Savagian, “Electric machine design and selection for General Motors e-Assist Light Electrification Technology,”
Proc. IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition, pp. 906-913, 2012.
[19] K. W. Jeon, T. K. Chung and S. C. Hahn, “NEMA class a slot shape optimization of induction motor for electric vehicle using response surface method,” International Conference Electrical Machines and Systems, Beijing, 2011.
[20] Y. Li, S. Li and B. Sarlioglu, “Analysis of pulsating torque in squirrel cage induction machines by investigating stator slot and rotor bar dimensions for traction applications,” Proc. IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition, pp. 246-253, 2013.
[21] A. Boglietti, R. Bojoi, A. Cavagnino, P. Guglielmi and A. Miotto, “Analysis and modeling of rotor slot enclosure effects in high speed induction motors,” Proc. IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition, pp. 154-161, 2011.
[22] K. Yamazaki, Y. Haruishi and T. Ara, “Calculation of negative torque caused by slot ripples of induction motors,” IEEE Trans. Magn., vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 778-781, 2004.
[23] W. G. Kim, J. I. Lee, K. W. Kim, Y. S. Kim and C. D. Lee, “The temperature rise characteristic analysis technique of the traction motor for EV application,”
International Forum on Strategic Technology, Ulsan, 2006.
[24] S. Seghir-Oualil, S.Harmand, D. Laloy, “Study of the thermal behavior of a synchronous motor with permanent magnets,” International Journal of Engineering, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 229-256, 2009.
[25] Y. Shen and C. Jin, “Water cooling system analysis of permanent magnet traction motor of mining electric-drive dump truck,” SAE Technical Paper 2014-01-0662, 2014.
[26] Y. Zhang, J. Ruan, T. Huang, X. Yang, H. Zhu and G. Yang, “Calculation of temperature rise in air-cooled induction motors through 3-D coupled
[27] M. Tosetti, P. Maggiore, A. Cavagnino and S. Vaschetto, “Conjugate heat transfer analysis of integrated brushless generators for more electric engines,” Proc. IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition, pp. 1518-1525, 2013.
[28] S. Noda, S. Mizuno, T. Koyama and S. Shiraishi, “Development of a totally enclosed fan cooled traction motor,” Proc. IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition, pp. 272-277, 2010.
[29] J. E. Cousineau, K. Bennion, D. DeVoto, M. Mihalic and S. Narumanchi,
“Characterization of contact and bulk thermal resistance of laminations for electric machines,” NREL Technical Report NREL/TP-5400-63887, 2015.
[30] K. Bennion, “Electric motor thermal management,” National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 2012.
[31] H. Y. Chang and Y. P. Yang, “Coupled electromagnetic and thermal-fluid analysis for a permanent magnet synchronous motor,” International Conference on Advances in Mechanical and Robotics Engineering, 2014.
[32] N. Takahashi, M. Morishita, D. Miyagi and M. Nakano, “Comparison of magnetic properties of magnetic materials at high temperature,” IEEE Trans. Magn., vol.47, no.10, pp. 4352-4355, 2011.
[33] C. J. Wu, S. Y. Lin, S. C. Chou, C. Y. Tsai and J. Y. Yen, “Temperature effects on the magnetic properties of silicon-steel sheets using standardized toroidal frame,” The Scientific World Journal, vol. 2014, 2014.