西方自然主義教育思想之研究,乃在探索自然主義思想與教育結合的歷史發展情形
,從而明瞭自然主義教育思想與現代教育思想各流派之間的關係。
無可置疑的,自然主義的思想乃是不滿十七世紀的各種形式主義思想而發展出的一 種思想體系。它反對宗教上的過份形式化的虔誠主義;它對抗過度的理性思想上的形式 主義;它也是因應十五世紀以來科學對自然研究成果的一種挑釁。自然主義使人們重新 肯定了人在自然中的地位;確定了人在認識自然時,必須藉諸於人的感官經驗活動始可
。同時,自然主義思想家對人所具有的真實的物質層面,加以一番新的評定。在這種思 想體系的街擊下,教育活動走出了傳統上著重語言、文字和文化胸冶的軍日,而將教育 的內容,作了一番新的調整。
無疑的,在自然主義教育思想的倡導下,教育活動的內容充實了;教育的方法得到 了改進;見童的社會地位,得到了成人的尊重;更重要的,由於人在自然中地位的重新 確定,教育的旨趣,有了重大的改變。顯然,自此以後的教育實施,已不再是「由外而 內的形成」了,而是重觀自然發展的「由內而外的發展 J 了。
其次,近代見章中心教育運動,美國進步主義教育運動,都是自然主羲教育思想孕 育下的教育運動。欲了解近代西方教育思潮與實施的面貌,就必須探索自然主義教育思 想的由來,否則難以一窺其全貌。
【附註】
註一 Paul Monroe A 'T位 t-B∞k in the History of Education τhe Mac-millan Company New York 1960
,
p.533.註 二:布魯格編著項退結偏譯西洋哲學辭典先知出版社一九七六年印頁 二七八至三八三〉。
註三 Phi 1i p H. Phenix Philosophy' of Education Hol t
,
Rinehart and Winston,
Yew York 1958,
p.l77"'-' 193.一 32 一
西方自然主義教育思想之研究 註四: ,George F. McLean edited Man and Nat.ure'Oxford Uniyersitv
Press
,
1978,
p.32.註 五:同註二· p.275-6.
註六:. Carter;
y.
Good Dictionary of Education McGraw-Hill BookCom-pa呵, New York, 1959, p.360.
註七 Peter A. Angeles Dictionary of Education ,Barnes .& Noble Books 1981
,
p.185 - 6.註 八:同註六。
註 九:同註一, p.~83.
註十 John Amos Comen ius 甘le Great Didac~jc translated by M. W.
Keat,i.ngAdam and.lCbarl es' Black
,
Lgn,do,l l 1896" i 見徐宗林編教育名 著選讀文景出版社 p.l02.註十一:同註十· p.103.
註十二:同註十,p.l04 - 108.
註十三 J. J. .Rouss.ean Emile Transla t.ed by Barbare Foxley, Everyman' s Library 19
,
(1) 1~ - 20 (1) 38 (v) 28 (1) 71 (V}5Q.註十四 J. J. Roussean The Social Contract and Discourses Translated .with an Introduct.ion by G ,D.H. Çole 台北市雙葉書局印六十二年
p.286.
註‘十五 R. Freeman Butts A Cultural History of Western Education Mc-Graw-Hill Book Company
,
lnc. 1955,
p.I8ß.註十六: J. J.‘ Roussean Emi.1e Or 伽1 Education, Introductiorr,
Transla-ti、on and Notes ~y Allen Bloom、Ba sic Books, lnc., Publishers, New York
,
1979,
p.37.註十七 Roger D.. rMasters The Pol Hical Philosophy of ~oussean , New Jersey Princeton Unive天~hy Press
,
196~ , p;.;3.註十入:同註十六, p.3.
註十九:同註十八。
註二十 .Robert R. ~usk The PhiJ.ospphical Base.s of Educa.t ion Uni versi-ty of London Press
,
LT.D 1966,
p.40.註三十六:同註十四· p.208 ..
註二十三}. J. Roussen Emi le 選錄於教育名著選讀 台北文景書i局。
註二十三:同註二十。
註二十四 Philip H. Phenix Philosophy of Edu,.cat-ionHol t , Rinehart and
Winst閉, New York 1958
,
-p.462.註二十五 The Emile of ]. J. Roussean Selections T.ranslated and Edi.ted
一 33 一
師大學報第卅一期
by WiIliam Boyd, Teachers College Pres8, Teachers College, Columbi q University
,
New York 1971,
p.38.註二十六:同註二十二, p.149.
註二十七 Gerald Lee Gutek Pestalozzi and Education,Random House, N ew York 1968
,
p.55.註二十八:同註二十五, p.38.
註二十九:同註二十七, p.54.
註三十:同註十, p.150.
註三十一:同註三十。
註三十二:同註二十七, p.60.
註三十三 John Dewey Democracy and Education, The Free Press, New York 1966
,
p.41.註三十四:同註一, p.548.
註三十五:同註二十五, p. 13.
註三十六 J. A. Greeu The .Educational Ideas of Pestalozzi,Gieenwood Press, Pblishers New York, 1969, p.74.
註三十七:同註三十六, p.72.
註三十八 Roussean Emi le Selections from Volume 1, Translation by Ro-sali Filtenstein Barron's Educational Series
,
lnc. Great Neck,
N. Y. 1950,
p.15.註三十九:同註一, p.551.
註四十 J. J. Roussean Emi le translated by Barbata Foxley, Everyman' s
Library 徐宗林編教育名著選讀文景出版社臼行六十六年 頁一五。
註四十一:同註三十六· p.83.
註四十二Edward J. Power Main Currents in the History of Education, McGraw- Hi 11 Book Company N ew Y or k ,的 70 , p.468.
註四十三:雷通群 西洋教育通史 商務六十九年臺一版 頁二八四。
註四十四 J. J. Roussean The Social Contract and Di scourses Translated with an Introduction by G.D.H. Cal e 台北市雙葉書店翻印 頁四
。
註四十五 Emile For Today, The Emi 1 e ρf J. J. Roussean Seleded, Trans-la ted and Interpreted By Will iam Boyd
,
Heinemart London,
19'75 p.169 ..., 70.註四十六:伺註二十七, p. 133.
註四十七:同註四十五, p.112.
註四十八:同註四十五, p.38.
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西方自然主義教育思想之研究
註四十九 Elmer Harrison Wi lds The Foundations of Modern Education Rinehart & Comp缸哼, Inc. Publ ishers New York 1950, p.401.
註五十: William Boyd : The History of Western Education Adam & Char-dle5B lack 1965p.235~6.
註五十一 Ellwood P. Cubber1ey The History of Education 1920, 台北翻印 版 p.407 ..., 8.
註五十二:同註四十三· p.175.
註五十三:同註五十· p.249.
註五十四 S. E. Frost, JR. Historical and Philosophical Foundations of Western Education
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Merrill' s International Education Series1968
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p.291.註五十五: R. Freeman Butts A Cu1tural History of Western Education M c-Graw-Hill Book Company, INC. New York, 1955, p.291.
主五十六 Frederick Eby The Development of Modern Education, Prentice-Hal1, INC. Englewood Cliffs, N. 1. 1960, p.379.
註五十七:同註五十六。
註五十八 Luella Cole A History of Education , Hd1t Rinehart and Winston , New York, 1950, p.418.
註五十九:同註五十六, p.380 ..., 381.
註六十:同註五十四, p..346.
註六十一:同註五十六, p.441.
註六十二:同註五十六, p.A44 ..., 448., 註六十三:同註五十四 'p.427.
註六十四:伺註四十九, p.401.
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師大學報第卅一期
A STUDY OF NATURALlSTIC. EDUCATION IN THE WEST
by Chung-lin Hsu
Abstract
From historical points of view Naturalism has great1y influenced Western education both in the aspect. of educational theory and educational practice. In the past the
Naturalis-tic educators discovered that in the affairs of man's education man isa part of nature and he cannot separate himself from it. Like other life forms man is a growing being affected by biological rules and natural laws. Thus the education of man should follow the path of natural development, not the customs of human society. Education is a process of 'natural development from within. lt is incorrect to consider that equcation j早早 processof formation from without. In regard to the practice of education, Naturalism, has strongly emphasi~~d
the value of early education of children. The Naturalist. alsö regards children as independent individuals. Freedom, activity, growth and experience are the watch-words of the Naturalis-tic educators. Therefore, that the child-centered education movement and the pr'ogressive education movement in the United States of America have been derived frQm Naturalism is accepted by most educational historians in the Western World.
This study tries to concentrate on the following aspects: the main suggestions of Naturalism in regard to. man's position in the kingdom of nature and his relation to nature, the educational principles of Naturalism, the ideas of Naturalistic teachers, the contributions of the Naturalistic educators of the West, and a brief conclusion.
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