專書
Bader, Jeffrey A., 2013. Obama and China’s Rise: An Insider’s Account of America’s Asia Strategy. Washington D.C.: Brookings Institution Press.
Friedberg, Aaron L., 2012. A Contest for Supremacy: China, America, and the Struggle for Mastery in Asia. New York: W. W. Norton &
Company.
專書論文
Cronin, Patrick M. & Robert D. Kaplan, 2012. “Cooperation from Strength:
U.S. Strategy and the South China Sea,” in Patrick M. Cronin ed., Cooperation from Strength: The United States, China, and the South China Sea. Washington D.C.: Center for New American Security Press. pp. 3-30.
期刊論文
Buszynski, Leszek, 2012/Spring. “The South China Sea: Oil, Maritime Claims, and U.S.-China Strategic Rivalry,” The Washington Quarterly, Vol. 35, Issue 2, pp. 139-156.
Green, Michael J. & Matthew P. Goodman, 2016/Winter. “After TPP: the Geopolitics of Asia and the Pacific,” The Washington Quarterly, Vol.
38, Issue 4, pp. 19-34.
Kissinger, Henry A., 2012/3-4. “The Future of U.S.-Chinese Relations:
Conflict Is a Choice, Not a Necessity,” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 91, No. 2,
pp. 44-55.
Thayer, Carlyle A., 2010/Winter. “The United States and Chinese Asser-tiveness in the South China Sea,” Security Challenges, Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 69-84.
網際網路
2016/11/9. “What Will Donald Trump’s Victory Mean for Asia?” The Economist, <http://www.economist.com/news/asia/21709923-there- risk-trade-war-between-america-and-china-what-will-donald-trumps-victory-mean>.
2017/4/22. “How China’s Asian Neighbors Survive Great-power Rivalry?”
The Economist, <http://www.economist.com/news/special-re port/21720719-smaller-asian-countries-are-adept-being-everyones-friend-job-getting>.
American Institute in Taiwan, 2016/7/12. “Statement by U.S. Department of State Spokesperson John Kirby Decision in the Philippines-China Arbitration,” American Institute in Taiwan, <https://web-archive-2017.
ait.org.tw/en/officialtext-from-dos-07122016.html>.
Bader, Jeffrey A., 2014/2/6. “The U.S. and China’s Nine-Dash Line:
Ending the Ambiguity,” The Brookings Institution, <http://www.bro- okings.edu/research/opinions/2014/02/06-us-china-nine-dash-line-bad-er>.
Bader, Jeffrey A., Kenneth Lieberthal, & Michael McDevitt, 2014/8.
“Keeping the South China Sea in Perspective,” The Brookings Institution, <https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/
south-china-sea-perspective-bader-lieberthal-mcdevitt.pdf>.
Batongbacal, Jay, 2015/1/21. “Arbitration 101: Philippines V. China,” Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative,
<https://amti.csis.org/arbitration-101-philippines-v-china/>.
Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs, U.S. Department of State, 2014/12/5. “Limits in the Seas: China Maritime Claims in the South China Sea,” Limits in the Seas, No.
143, U.S. Department of State, <http://www.state.gov/documents/or ganization/234936.pdf>.
Clinton, Hillary Rodham, 2010/7/22. “Remarks at the ASEAN-U.S. Min-isterial Meeting,” U.S. Department of State, <https://2009-2017.state.
gov/secretary/20092013clinton/rm/2010/07/145046.htm>.
Dancel, Raul, 2016/7/9. “Philippines Versus China in the South China Sea: Timelines of Dispute So Far,” The Strait Times, <http://www.
straitstimes.com/asia/philippines-vs-china-in-the-south-china-sea-the-dispute-so-far>.
Donilon, Thomas, 2012/11/15. “President Obama’s Asia Policy and Up-coming Trip to the Region,” CSIS, <http://csis.org/files/attachments/
121511_Donilon_Statesmens_Forum_TS.pdf>.
Fravel, Taylor, M., 2014/3. “Policy Report: U.S. Policy towards the Disputes in the South China Sea since 1995,” RSIS, <http://www.rsis.edu.sg/
wp-content/uploads/2014/11/PR140330_US_Policy_Towards_Disputes.
pdf>.
Fuchs, Michael, 2014/7/11. “Fourth Annual South China Sea Conference,”
U.S. Department of State, <http://2009-2017.state.gov/p/eap/rls/
rm/2014/07/229129.htm#.U8INqh3ZaMI.facebook>.
Glaser, Bonnie S., 2014/4/15. “A Role for Taiwan in Promoting Peace in the South China Sea,” CSIS, <https://www.csis.org/analysis/role-taiwan-promoting-peace-south-china-sea>.
Klare, Michael T., 2013/2/21. “The U.S. Heads to the South China Sea:
Why American Involvement Will Mean More Fiction - Not Less,”
Foreign Affairs, <https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-sta tes/2013-02-21/united-states-heads-south-china-sea>.
Lowther, William, 2014/4/3. “Ma May Face Questions on China Stance:
Academic,” Taipei Times, <http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/
archives/2014/04/03/2003587180/1>.
Panda, Ankit, 2017/5/25. “The US Navy’s First Trump-Era South China Sea FONOP Just Happened: First Takeaways and Analysis,” The Diplomat, <http://thediplomat.com/2017/05/the-trump-administrations-first-south-china-sea-fonop-is-here-first-takeaways-and-analysis/>.
Paski, Jen, 2014/12/10. “Daily Press Briefing,” U.S. Department of State,
<http://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/prs/dpb/2014/12/234934.htm>.
Permanent Court of Arbitration, 2016/7/12. In the Matter of the South China Sea Arbitration Between The Republic of The Philippines and The People’s Republic of China, PCA Case No. 2013-19, Permanent Court of Arbitration, <https://pca-cpa.org/wp-content/uploads/si tes/175/2016/07/PH-CN-20160712-Award.pdf>.
Poling, Gregory B., 2014/7. “Recent Trends in the South China Sea and U.S. Policy,” CSIS, <https://csis-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/
legacy_files/files/publication/140728_Poling_TrendsSouthChinaSea_
Web.pdf>.
Poling, Gregory B., 2014/12/9. “Beijing’s and Washington’s Dueling South China Sea Papers,” CSIS, <http://csis.org/publication/beijings-and-washingtons-dueling-south-china-sea-papers>.
Russel, Daniel R., 2014/2/5. “Maritime Disputes in East Asia (Testimony),”
U.S. Department of State, <http://2009-2017.state.gov/p/eap/rls/
rm/2014/02/221293.htm>.
Sevastopulo, Demetri, Geoff Dyer, & Tom Mitchell, 2016/7/12. “Obama Forced Xi to Back down over South China Sea Dispute,” Financial
Times, <http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/c63264a4-47f1-11e6-8d68-72e 9211e86ab.html#axzz4IWIdUjNd>.
United States Senate Committee on Foreign Affairs, 2015/5/13. “Testimony of Daniel Russel Before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee:
Maritime Issue in East Asia,” United States Senate Committee on Foreign Affairs, <https://www.foreign.senate.gov/imo/media/
doc/051315_REVISED_Russel_Testimony.pdf>.
Whaley, Floyd, 2016/7/14. “After the Philippines Celebrates South China Sea Ruling, Reality Sets In,” The New York Times, <http://www.
nytimes.com/2016/07/15/world/asia/philippines-south-china-sea.html?_
r=0>.
The White House, 2014/4/28. “Remarks by President Obama and President Benigno Aquino III of the Philippines in Joint Press Conference,”
The White House, <https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press- office/2014/04/28/remarks-president-obama-and-president-benigno-aquino-iii-philippines-joi>.
The White House, 2016/5/25. “Remarks by President Obama and Prime Minister Abe after Bilateral Meeting,” The White House, <https://
obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2016/05/25/remarks-president-obama-and-prime-minister-abe-after-bilateral-meeting>.
The White House, 2017/2/10. “Remarks by President Trump and Prime Minister Abe of Japan in Joint Press Conference,” The White House,
<https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2017/02/10/remarks-president-trump-and-prime-minister-abe-japan-joint-press>.
Zakaria, Fareed & GPS, 2016/9/2. “Obama on China’s aggression in South China Sea,” CNN, <http://edition.cnn.com/videos/tv/2016/09/02/
exp-gps-obama-sot-south-china-sea.cnn>.
U.S. South China Sea Policy During the Obama Administration
Da-jung Li
(Associate Professor and Director, Graduate Institute of International Affairs and Strategic Studies, Tamkang University)
Abstract
This paper aims at examining U.S. South China Sea policy during the Obama administration. The study’s main finding is that Washington has conducted the following approaches in response to Beijing’s assertiveness in the South Sea: proposing an initiative for a freeze on provocative acts in the region, backing the Philippines in resolving the South China Sea disputes through international arbitration, and carrying out FON operations. The tug of war between Washington and Beijing over the South Sea Disputes highlights the complex mix of cooperative and competitive elements in the U.S.-China relationship. The Obama administration’s South U.S.-China Sea policy depended on its strategy of rebalancing to the Asia-Pacific Region.
Keywords: South China Sea, Obama Administration, Freedom of Navigation, Asia Pivot, Rebalancing Strategy