預期效益及評估指標

第六章結論與預期效益

6.2 預期效益及評估指標

燃料電池車輛及電力設備，屬於低污染及高效率之動力設備。如使用純氫為燃料，

其產物為純水，故其污染為零，若使用傳統燃料如甲醇、乙醇、天然氣、LPG、汽油或柴油等傳統燃料，根據美國能源部(DOE)研究發現其 CO、HC、NOX等有害物質生成量幾乎可以忽略，而美國能源部的 National Energy Technology Laboratory 研究亦發現 CO2

生成量比傳統內燃機引擎(ICE)少 40~60%的污染量。若以 DaimlerChrysler 預估，使用燃料電池之環保車輛到公元 2020 年將佔全球車輛總數之 25%，我國機車超過千萬量，

汽車亦超過五百萬量，依此數量推算，不難瞭解其對空氣污染減量的重大影響。

目前業界對燃料電池的發展進行的如火如荼，待達到大量生產規模時，燃料電池的價格必定大幅滑落，由於效率和環保的優勢，其應用範圍無限。

近日在海牙舉行的聯合國氣候會議希望能就對抗全球暖化現象，達成削減溫室氣體排放量的共識，而國內則希望尋找對環境較無衝擊的發電方法及運輸工具，此種無/

低污染能源，對未來市區車輛污染之減量及能源多元化必有重大助益，我國相關部門應及早因應，並推廣此領域之開發與研究。

參考文獻

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60. "Development of a 1kW polymer electrolytefuel cell power source," T. Susai, A.

Kawakami, A. Hamada, Y. Miyake, and Y. Azegami, Journal of Power Sources, 92, 131-138, 2001.

61. "40W PEMFC System For Laptop Computer Operation in Non Humidifief Hydrogen and Air," C. Lim, A. Koschany, and H. Chang, Fuel cell 2000, 803-806, 2000.

62. "Effect of collector plate resistance on fuel cell stack," F. Barbir, J. Braun, and J.

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63. "Membrane fuel cell – concepts and system design," A. Heinzel, R. Nolte, K.

Ledjeff-Hey, and M. Zedda, Electrochimica Acta, Vol.43, No.24, 3817-3820, 1998.

64. "Development of small polymer electrolyte fuel cell stacks," V. A. Paganin, E. A.

Ticianelli, E. R. Gonzalez, J. Power Sources, Vol. 70, 55-58, 1998.

Pt/C

圖

3.1 PEMFC

單電池構造原理圖

反應氣體入口

MEA

反應氣體出口

石墨集電板

螺栓孔

反應氣體出口反應氣體入口

流道 0.5mm 密封用膠板

圖

3.2

單電池組合圖

Unipolar plate

Bipolar plate

MEA Seal plate

Unipolar plate

圖3.3 燃料電池組解剖示意圖

C F₂

C F₂ C

F₂ F C O

CF₂ CFCF₃

F₂C C F₂

SO₃H k

圖

3.4 Nafion

分子式

圖

3.5 Sulphonate

基團的大小會隨著

交換膜的含水量減少而變小。

Laod

Cell Potential(V) 1

Current density B

A C

圖

3.7

電壓—電流密度特性圖。

Ideal Voltage 1.23 V

P 壓力控制閥與洩壓閥

(a)

(b)

圖

4.2

性能測試系統照片

圖

4.3

氫氣隔水加熱設備

圖

4.4

蒸汽加濕系統設備

圖

4.5

加熱水槽溫度時間曲線

圖

4.6

氫氣側溫控器設定溫度、保溫儲存槽內溫度與輸出到電池的

氣體溫度差距變化

圖

4.7

加熱恆溫箱與單電池溫度時間變化曲線

圖

4.8

蒸汽壓力控制閥設定為

1.7 kg/cm²

，蒸汽壓力與時間變化曲

線

60mm 23mm

1mm Branch Channel Rib 1mm

4mm

17mm Inlet

Dia. 4mm

Exit Dia. 4mm

23mm

7mm Main Channel

圖

4.9 2.3*2.3cm² MEA

用，燃料及氧化劑流道示意圖，流道面積比為

64%

。

圖

4.10 2.3*2.3cm² MEA

用流道照片，流道與

MEA

面積比為

64%

。

氫氣流道

空氣流道

圖

4. 11 4.8*6.8 cm² MEA

用，電池組陽極流道示意圖，流道面積比為

63%

。

圖

4.12 4.8*6.8 cm² MEA

用，電池組陰極流道示意圖，流道面積比為

57%

。

5 100

2 1.5

68 3

Unit:mm

100 66 1.5 2

Unit:mm

圖

4.13 4.8*6.8 cm² MEA

用流道照片，流道與

MEA

面積比：陽極

63%

，陰極為

57%

。

圖

4.14 4-cell

電池組組合後照片。

空氣流道氫氣流道

圖

4.15 5-cell

電池組組合測試件

(MEA 4.8 cm * 6.8 cm)

圖

4.16 10-cell stacks

兩組

(MEA 4.8 cm * 6.8 cm)

圖

5.1

石墨雙極板與兩電極組合後，總電阻量測示意圖。

圖

5.2

石墨雙極板與兩電極組合後，總電阻隨結合壓力之變化。

圖

5.3

結合扭矩的影響，

1-cell, 2-cell,

及

4-cell

電池組

(MEA 2.3 * 2.3 cm²)

。

圖

5.4

進氣壓力的影響，

1-cell, 2-cell,

及

4-cell

電池組

(MEA 2.3 * 2.3cm²)

。

圖

5.5

進氣壓力的影響，

1-cell, 2-cell,

及

4-cell

電池組

(MEA 4.8 * 6.8cm²)

。

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4

Current Density (A/cm2)

Voltage (V)

1st cell 2nd cell 3rd cell 4th cell Average Nafion 112

H2/O2 : Pt 0.4/ Pt1.0 (mg/cm2) Torque:80 kg-cm

H2: 2 atm with Saturated Vapor at 80℃

O2 : 2 atm

圖

5.6 4-cell

電池組各電池之輸出電壓

(MEA: 2.3*2.3cm²)

。

圖

5.7 4-cell

電池組各電池之輸出電壓，

(MEA:4.8*6.8cm²)

。

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2

Current Density (A/cm2)

Voltage (V)

2.3*2.3 cm2 (2atm) 2.3*2.3 cm2 (1atm)

4.8*6.8 cm2 (Fan : 2500RPM)) Nafion 112

H2/O2 : Pt 0.4/ Pt1.0 (mg/cm2) Torque:90 kg-cm

H2 2 atm with Saturated Vapor 80℃

Air : 28℃，Environment : 28℃

圖

5.8

空氣流量的影響，

2-cell

電池組，

MEA:4.8*6.8 cm²

。

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2

Current Density (A/cm2)

Voltage (V)

2.3*2.3 cm2 (2atm) 2.3*2.3 cm2 (1atm)

4.8*6.8 cm2 (Fan : 2500RPM)) Nafion 112

H2/O2 : Pt 0.4/ Pt1.0 (mg/cm2) Torque:90 kg-cm

H2 2 atm with Saturated Vapor 80℃

Air : 28℃，Environment : 28℃

圖

5.9 2.3*2.3cm²

與

4.8*6.8 cm²MEA

單電池，不同空氣進氣條件下，輸出電壓與電流密度之比較。

圖

5.104.8*6.8 cm² MEA

，

4-cell

電池組內部溫度隨著時間變化之關係。

0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60

0 Current Density (A)

Voltage (V)

stack 1 voltage satck 2 voltage stack 1 Power stack 2 power Nafion 112

H2/Air: Pt 0.4/ Pt1.0 (mg/cm2) Torque:130 kg-cm

Pressure:2atm

圖

5.13

電池組總電壓與功率隨電流之關係

個

10-cell

電池組，

MEA 4.8*6.8cm²)

。

圖

5.14

新型雙極板與兩電極組合後，總電阻量測示意圖。

圖

5.15

兩種雙極板與兩電極組合後，總電阻隨結合壓力之變化。

圖

5.16

手工試製之新型雙極板。

圖

5.17

新型雙極板與石墨雙極板單電池，在

1.15 atm

下，性能之比較。

圖

5.18

新型雙極板與石墨雙極板單電池，在進氣溫度

及

度下，性能

之比較。

表

1.1

各種燃料電池基本特性比較

表

2.1

合成碳材與傳統石墨的比較

[10]

合成碳材傳統石墨

電子傳遞速度

200-300 S/cm 680S/cm

表面電阻係數

12.2 ± 4.2 Ω/cm 7.8 ± 2.62 Ω/cm

機械強度

175 ± 26 Mpa 86 Mpa

成本

2 US/plate 10 US/plate

密度

0.96 g/cm³ 1.77 g/cm³

表

2.2 MK6000

規格

[28]

單電池性能

0.78V(DC)

、

340ASF

輸出功率

250KW

單電池作用面積

1.38ft²

(

約

1300cm²)

^系統效率

62%

單電池數目

688

幾何外形

55.5

〞×

〞

結構

4×172cells

系統重量

11200lb

開回路電壓

700V(DC) MAWP 75psi

表

2.3 SERC

電池組在

4KW

與

2.7KW

運轉條件下的系統效率

[30]

Parameter 4KW 2.7KW

Fuel Cell Power 4000W 2700W

Inverter Output 2950W 2060W

Goss Fuel Cell

Efficiency (HHV) 49

﹪

Goss Fuel Cell

Efficiency (LHV) 58

﹪

Net System Efficiency

(HHV) 35

﹪

Net System Efficiency

(LHV) 41

﹪

表

2.4 SERC

電池組各項消耗功率佔總損失功率的百分比

[30]

4KW 2.7KW Source of Loss

Watts

﹪

of Total Watts

﹪

of Total Hydrogen

Purge(HHV) 325 25

﹪

333 40

﹪

Wire and Diodes 300 24

﹪

155 19

﹪

Subsystem 256 20

﹪

168 20

﹪

Inverter 396 31

﹪

179 20

﹪

Total Parasitic

Losses 1277 100

﹪

836 100

﹪

Fraction of Gross

Output 32

﹪

表2.5 DMFC單電池性能研究結果比較

表

5.1

不同進氣壓力及負載下，

4-cell

電池組電壓及功率

(

密度

)

與電流

(

密度

)

之關係

實驗條件：

Nafion 112, MEA = 5.29 cm²; H₂/O₂ : Pt 0.4/Pt 1.0(mg/cm²) H2 Temp:80

℃

φ

=100%; O2 Temp:24

℃

; Stack Temp:24

℃

Torque:80 kg-cm;

流道面積比：

64%

負載 (Ω) OCV 100 10 1 0.1

Inlet Gas Pressure (atm) 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 Current Density (mA/cm²) - - 5.9 6.4 47 53 314 380 1980 2320

Voltage (V) 0.98 0.98 0.8 0.88 0.69 0.79 0.54 0.63 0.37 0.35

1^st cell

Power Density (mW/cm²) - - 4.72 5.63 32.4 41.9 170 239 732.6 812

Voltage (V) 0.92 0.93 0.78 0.83 0.53 0.59 0.24 0.37 0.14 0.21

2^nd cell Power Density (mW/cm²) - - 4.6 5.31 24.9 31.3 75.4 141 277.2 487.2

Voltage (V) 0.92 0.93 0.8 0.84 0.64 0.71 0.34 0.41 0.24 0.26

3^rd cell Power Density (mW/cm²) - - 4.72 5.38 30.1 37.6 107 156 475.2 603.2

Voltage (V) 0.93 0.94 0.9 0.85 0.62 0.74 0.52 0.61 0.32 0.41

4^th cell Power Density (mW/cm²) - - 4.66 5.44 29.1 39.2 163 232 633.6 951.2

Voltage (V) 0.94 0.95 0.79 0.85 0.62 0.71 0.42 0.51 0.263 0.303

Average Power Density (mW/cm²) - - 4.68 5.44 2.91 3.75 130 192 520 702

Voltage (V) 3.75 3.78 3.17 3.4 2.48 2.83 1.66 2.02 1.05 1.21

Current (A) - - 0.03 0.034 0.25 0.28 1.66 2.01 10.47 12.27

4-cell Stack

Power (W) - - 0.1 0.12 0.62 0.80 2.76 4.06 11 14.85

計畫成果自評

ASME Conference 及 Journal，並已獲得幾項相關專利。

已發表論文：

1. Ming-San Lee, Long-Jeng Chen, Zeng-Ru He, & Shih-Hong Yang, “The Development of A Heterogeneous Composite Bipolar Plate of PEMFC,” Accepted by Journal of Fuel Cell Science and Technology, ASME, in April 2004.

2. Long-Jeng Chen, and Ming-San Lee, “A Stack Design for Portable PEMFC – Based on the Newly Developed Heterogeneous Composite Bipolar Plate,” 2^nd International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology, ASME, Rochester, NY, U.S.A., June 14-16, 2004.

3. 陳龍正，李明三，莊雲羽，2003 年12月，質子交換膜燃料電池組之製作與性能最佳

(4) U. S. Patent, “HETEROGENEOUS COMPOSITE BIPOLAR PLATE OF A FUEL CELL,” Creators: Ming San LEE, Long Jeng CHEN, Chin Chia SU, Ming Chih LIN, Applied in January, 2003.

(5) 新型專利，“外部串接之單層多電池的燃料電池結構“創作人李明三，陳龍正，申請中。

在文檔中高效能質子交換膜燃料電池最佳化及電池組應用研究Optimization of High Performance PEMFC and the Studies of the Applications of Fuel Cell Stacks (頁 60-96)

第六章 結論與預期效益

6.2 預期效益及評估指標

參考文獻

圖

單電池構造原理圖

圖

單電池組合圖

圖

分子式

圖

基團的大小會隨著

交換膜的含水量減少而變小。

圖

電壓—電流密度特性圖。

圖

性能測試系統照片

圖

氫氣隔水加熱設備

圖

蒸汽加濕系統設備

圖

加熱水槽溫度時間曲線

圖

氫氣側溫控器設定溫度、保溫儲存槽內溫度與輸出到電池的

氣體溫度差距變化

圖

加熱恆溫箱與單電池溫度時間變化曲線

圖

蒸汽壓力控制閥設定為

，蒸汽壓力與時間變化曲

線

圖

用，燃料及氧化劑流道示意圖，流道面積比為

。

圖

用流道照片，流道與

面積比為

。

圖

用，電池組陽極流道示意圖，流道面積比為

。

圖

用，電池組陰極流道示意圖，流道面積比為

。

圖

用流道照片，流道與

面積比：陽極

， 陰極為

。

圖

電池組組合後照片。

圖

電池組組合測試件

圖

兩組

圖

石墨雙極板與兩電極組合後，總電阻量測示意圖。

圖

石墨雙極板與兩電極組合後，總電阻隨結合壓力之變化。

圖

結合扭矩的影響，

及

電池組

。

圖

進氣壓力的影響，

及

電池組

。

圖

進氣壓力的影響，

及

電池組

。

圖

電池組各電池之輸出電壓

。

圖

電池組各電池之輸出電壓，

第六章結論與預期效益

，陰極為

單電池，不同空氣進氣條件下，輸出電壓與電流密度之比較。

合成碳材傳統石墨

^系統效率