中文部分：
山崎章郎 (1994)．一起面對生死 [病院で死ぬといらこと.] (林真美 譯)．(初版)．
台北市：圓神。
呂碧鴻、陳秀蓉、高美英 (2006)．醫學生之醫師同理心取向初探．醫學教育，
10(4)，276-282。
李慧鶯 (2001)．同理的概念探究．護理雜誌，48(2)，81-85。
林綺雲、曾煥棠、林慧珍、陳錫琦、李佩怡、方蕙玲 (2000). 於 林綺雲 主編．
生死學 (一版 )．臺北市：洪葉文化。
吳志鴻 (2009)．論醫療照護中關懷的模式．健康管理學刊，7(1)，109-115。
吳宜芳 (2005)．探討加護病房家屬對疾病末期病人醫療決策行為意向及其影響 因素．未發表之碩士論文，臺北：臺灣大學護理學研究所學位論文。
沈戊忠,、戴志展 (2004)．重症老人緊急手術的爭議 於 戴正德、李明濱等編著，
醫療兩難之倫理抉擇 (出版， 85-94 頁)．台北市：教育部。
周燕玉 (2006) ．簽署不施行心肺復甦術同意書病患家屬對加護病房照護與醫療 決策過程滿意度之初探．未發表之碩士論文，台北：臺灣大學護理學研究 所學位論文。
馬淑清 (2004)．加護病房病患對護理關懷行為看法及相關因素之探討．長庚護 理，15(2)，156-164。
莊令吏 (2006) ．成人加護病房家屬不確定感及需求重要性之探討．未發表之碩 士論文，台中：中山醫學大學護理研究所。
許煌汶 (2008) ．家庭會議概觀．安寧療護雜誌，13(1)，58-65。
許煌汶 (2009)．重症加護病房裡生命末期照護的溝通．若瑟醫護雜誌，3(1)，16-23。
許禮安 (2001)．“安寧緩和醫療條例”之我見．安寧療護，6(3)，27-30。
郭正典 (2006)．好死不易在台灣．佛學與科學，7(2)，79-86。
陳宇菁 (2007)．加護病房家屬代理病人的 DNR 決策．未發表之碩士論文，台北：
國立台北護理學院護理研究所碩士論文。
陳思光、雪曼•傑夫(Jeff Sherman)、李達維、林明勳、藍萬烘 (2005)．台灣牙醫 學生之同理心變化調查．醫學教育，9(4)，48-54。
陳榮基 (2008)．DNR 不等於安寧緩和醫療．台灣醫界，51(4)，36-39。
陳健文、蕭學誠、林明慧、吳彬源、陳振文、黃信彰、蔡世滋 (2003)．家庭會 議在安寧病房的實行情形．臺灣家庭醫學雜誌，13(1)，31-39。
統計公布欄-行政院衛生署．2009/10/31，取
自 http://www.doh.gov.tw/CHT2006/DM/DM2_2.aspx?now_fod_list_no=9521
&class_no=440&level_no=2
詹美珠、李淑秋、胡瑞桃 (2005)．加護病房護理人員對 DNR 態度及其照顧病患 相關因素探討．安寧療護雜誌，10(3)，272-285。
曾美珠、李燕蕙 (2006)．非安寧病房護理人員面對遺體護理之心理歷程探討．
中華心理衛生學刊，19(4)，395-415。
黃錦鳳 (2007) ．加護病房重症病人簽署不予急救同意書對醫療處置之影響．未
12(3)，312-320。
潘怡如、李明濱 (2004)．同理心的心身醫學觀．北市醫學雜誌，1(4)，385-392。
Annette M. Browning. (2009). Empowering family members in end-of-life care decision making in the intensive care unit. Dimensions of Critical Care Nursing, 28(1), 18-23.
Beach, M. C., & Morrison, R. S. (2002). The effect of do-not-resuscitate orders on physician decision-making. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 50(12), 2057-2061.
Brewer, B. C. (2008). Do not abandon, do not resuscitate: A patient advocacy position.
Journal of Nursing Law, 12(2), 78-84.
Burns, J. P., Edwards, J., Johnson, J., Cassem, N. H., & Truog, R. D. (2003).
Do-not-resuscitate order after 25 years. Critical Care Medicine, 31(5), 1543-1550.
Cardozo, M. (2005). Critical care. what is a good death? issues to examine in critical care. British Journal of Nursing (BJN), 14(20), 1056.
Calvin, A. O., Lindy, C. M., & Clingon, S. L. (2009). The cardiovascular intensive care unit nurse's experience with end-of-life care: A qualitative descriptive study.
Intensive & Critical Care Nursing, 25(4), 214-220.
Curtis, J. R. (2008). Caring for patients with critical illness and their families: The value of the integrated clinical team. Respiratory Care, 53(4), 480-487.
D. Jean Clandinin, & F. Michael Connelly. (2003). 敘說探究 : 質性硏究中的經驗 與故事 [Narrative inquiry : experience and story in qualitative research] (蔡敏 玲、余曉雯 譯)．(初版)，臺北市: 心理.
DiLalla, L. K., Hull, S. K., & Dorsey, J. K. (2004). Effect of gender, age, and relevant course work on attitudes toward empathy, patient spirituality, and physician wellness. Teaching & Learning in Medicine, 16(2), 165-170.
Dreyer, A., & Nortvedt, P. (2008). Sedation of ventilated patients in intensive care units: Relatives' experiences. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 61(5), 549-556.
Elizabeth K. Vig, , Helene Starks, Janelle S. Taylor, Elizabeth K. Hopley, & Kelly Fryer-Edwards. (2007). Surviving surrogate decision-making: What helps and hampers the experience of making medical decisions for others. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 22(9), 1274-1279.
Faber-Langendoen, K., & Lanken, P. N. (2000). Dying patients in the intensive care unit: Forgoing treatment, maintaining care. Annals of Internal Medicine, 133(11), 886-893.
Gauthier, D. M. (2008). Challenges and opportunities: Communication near the end of life. MEDSURG Nursing, 17(5), 291-297.
George L. Engel (2007). The need for a new medical model: A challenge for biomedicine. Science, 196, 129-136.
Gurses, A. P., & Carayon, P. (2009). Exploring performance obstacles of intensive care nurses. Applied Ergonomics, 40(3), 509-518.
Gauthier, D. M. (2008). Challenges and opportunities: Communication near the end of life. MEDSURG Nursing, 17(5), 291-297.
Hakim, R. B., Teno, J. M., Harrell Jr., F. E., Knaus, W. A., Wenger, N., Phillips, R. S., Layde, P., Califf, R., Connors Jr., A. F., & Lynn, J. (1996). Factors associated with do-not-resuscitate orders: Patients' preferences, prognoses, and physicians' judgments. Annals of Internal Medicine, 125(4), 284-293.
Hall, R. I., & Rocker, G. M. (2000). End-of-life care in the ICU: Treatments Provided When Life Support Was or Was Not Withdrawn. Chest, 118(5), 1424-1430.
Hayes, S., & Stewart, K. (1999). The role of audit in making do not resuscitate decisions. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 5(3), 305-312.
Heyland, D. K., Rocker, G. M., O'Callaghan, C. J., Dodek, P. M., & Cook, D. J.
(2003). Dying in the ICU. Chest, 124(1), 392.
Huang, Y., Huang, S., & Ko, W. (2010). Survey of do-not-resuscitate orders in surgical intensive care units. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association, 109(3), 201-208.
Ian N. Olver, Jaklin A. Eliott, & Jane Blake-Mortimer. (2002). Cancer patients' perceptions of do not resuscitate orders. Psycho-Oncology, 11(3), 181-187.
Jay Milstein. (2005). A paradigm of integrative care: Healing with curing throughout life, "being with" and "doing to". Journal of Perinatology, 25, 563-568.
Kjerulf, M., Regehr, C., Popova, S. R., & Baker, A. J. (2005). Family perceptions of end-of-life care in an urban ICU. Dynamics, 16(3), 22-25.
Kuschner, W. G., Gruenewald, D. A., Clum, N., Beal, A., & Ezeji-Okoye, S. (2009).
Implementation of ICU palliative care guidelines and procedures. Chest, 135(1), 26-32.
Lawler. (1999). The do-not-attempt- resuscitation ('DNAR') order: A lever to improve outcome and deliver preventative care. Anaesthesia, 54(10), 923-925.
Levy CR, Ely EW, Payne K, Engelberg RA, Patrick DL, & Curtis JR. (2005). Quality of dying and death in two medical ICUs: Perceptions of family and clinicians.
Chest, 127(5), 1775-1783.
Liaschenko, J., O'Conner-Von, S., & Peden-McAlpine, C. (2009). The "big picture":
Communicating with families about end-of-life care in intensive care unit.
Dimensions of Critical Care Nursing, 28(5), 224-231.
Mayers, F. J., & Linder, J. (2003). Simultaneous care: Disease treatment and palliative care throughout illness. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 21(7), 1412-1415.
Meilink, M., van de Wetering, K., & Klip, H. (2006). Discussing and documenting (do not attempt) resuscitation orders in a dutch hospital: A disappointing reality.
Resuscitation, 71(3), 322-326.
Morgan, J. (2008). End-of-life care in UK critical care units – a literature review.
Nursing in Critical Care, 13(3), 152-161.
Orb,A., Eisenhauer,L., & Wynaden, D.(2001). Ethics in qualitative research. Journal of Nursing Scholarship,33(1), 93-96.
Pauline W. Chen. (2008)．最後期末考：一個外科醫師對生死課題的沈思 [Final exam: a surgeon's reflections on mortality] (林義馨 譯)．(初版)．台北市：大 塊文化。
Polit, D. F., & Beck, C.T. (2004). Nursing research: Principles and methods(7th ed.).
Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wikins.
Quill, T. E. (2000). Initiating end-of-life discussions with seriously ill patients:
Addressing the "elephant in the room". JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 284(19), 2502-2507.
Rabow, M. W., Hauser, J. M., & Adams, J. (2004). Supporting family caregivers at the end of life: "they don't know what they don't know". JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 291(4), 483-491.
Riessman, C. K. (2003)．敘說分析 [Narrative analysis](鄧明宇、王勇智 譯)．(初 版)，臺北市: 五南.
Robert D. Truog, Alexandra F. M. Cist, Sharon E. Brackett, Jeffrey P. Burns, Martha A. Q. Curley, Marion Danis, Michael A. DeVita, Stanley H. Rosenbaum, David M. Rothenberg, Charles L. Sprung, Sally A. Webb, Ginger S. Wlody, &
William E. Hurford. (2001). Recommendations for end-of-life care in the intensive care unit: the ethics committee of the society of critical care medicine.
Crit.Care Med., 29(12), 2332-2348.
Selph, R., Shiang, J., Engelberg, R., & Curtis, J. (2008). Empathy and life support decisions in intensive care units. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 23(9), 1311-1317.
Sherman, D. A., & Branum, K. (1995). Critical care nurses' perceptions of appropriate care of the patient with orders not to resuscitate. Heart & Lung: The Journal of Acute and Critical Care, 24(4), 321-329.
SUPPORT Principal Investigators et al., (1995). A controlled trial to improve care for seriously III hospitalized patients: The study to understand prognoses and
preferences for outcomes and risks of treatments (SUPPORT). JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 274(20), 1591-1598.
Truog, R. D., Campbell, M. L., Curtis, J. R., Haas, C. E., Luce, J. M., Rubenfeld, G.
D., Rushton, C. H., & Kaufman, D. C. (2008). Recommendations for end-of-life care in the intensive care unit: A consensus statement by the american academy of critical care medicine. Critical Care Medicine, 36(3), 953-963.
Verhaeghe, S., Defloor, T., Van Zuuren, F., Duijnstee, M., & Grypdonck, M. (2005).
The needs and experiences of family members of adult patients in an intensive care unit: A review of the literature. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 14(4), 501-509.
West, H. F., Engelberg, R. A., Wenrich, M. D., & Curtis, J. R. (2005). Expressions of nonabandonment during the intensive care unit family conference. Journal of Palliative Medicine, 8(4), 797-807.
White, D. B. (2007). Toward shared decision making at the end of life in intensive care units: Opportunities for improvement. Archives of Internal Medicine, 167(5), 461-467.
Yvonna S. Lincoln, & Egon G. Guba. (1985). Establishing trustworthiness.
Naturalistic inquiry (pp. 289-331). Beverly Hills, Calif: Sage Publications.
附錄一： 研究同意書