This study was viewed using complex interdependence as an analytical framework. As explained in the analytical framework section, the theory comprises three main characteristics: the existence of multiple channels of communication and contact amongst societies, state policy goals are not set in fixed hierarchies, but instead may be exposed to trade-offs, and military force becomes mostly irrelevant.
Examining these once more now, they would still seem to fit the relationship between the two, as well as the particular case of non-proliferation cooperation. China and the EU have several channels
Iran Nuclear Talks Downgraded, The Guardian (2012, June 19) http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/jun/19/iran-nuclear-talks-downgraded accessed June 25, 2012
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of communication and contact when it comes to non-proliferation, from official summits to conferences of experts or even the E3+3 meetings dedicated to the Iranian nuclear crisis.
Furthermore, China and the EU's policies in matter of non-proliferation necessarily differ, with the EU bargaining for China to pay more attention to the Iranian case at the moment, for instance, while both agree on the necessity of limiting proliferation at the global level. And the use of military force is definitely irrelevant in their case.
Viewing the world through the prism of complex interdependence, as the countries are increasingly linked, and thus dependent on one another, may be helpful to the comprehension of many situations, especially when keeping in mind Keohane and Nye's assertion that further interdependence will not necessarily lead to further cooperation.
From here one may ask how the EU should process from here – since it is the EU who is pushing for Chinese cooperation and not the opposite. To answer this one must ask what China wants from the EU, or more accurately, what kind of leverage does the EU have over China; it often seems that China has more power in this relationship. However, one might think of several things. The arms embargo being lifted would be the first of these, but this is conditional on China ameliorating its human rights record. The attribution of market-economy status is another; it bears remembering that although the EU may be in bad shape economically at the moment,it is still one of the largest
markets in the world as a whole, and China's first trade partner.
As for most situations on a global scale, if the EU wants to be taken seriously, it needs to act as one, especially when dealing with the behemoth that is China. Nothing less than the EU as a whole will impress the Asian giant of its seriousness in dealing with any matter, non-proliferation included, especially when one considers China's long-standing free-riding behaviour in matters of non-proliferation.
The EU should also emphasize the benefits for China in these matters; remind it of the prestige to be gained at an international level, should it be seen as a champion of non-proliferation, or even
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better as the key to the resolution of the Iranian case, were that to happen. China seems very protective of its international image, as well as preferring a realist perspective on the world, so reminding it of what it may gain by cooperating in these matters can only be beneficial. If China wants to be one of the great powers, let it take the responsibilities that come with that status.
Concerning the Iranian case in particular, both the above statements stand; more particularly, the EU needs to either use its power to make China support sanctions against Iran, which seems rather unrealistic – unless, again, the EU comes together and actually poses some kind of threat to China as a whole, possibly something along the lines of trade barriers or the like – or to find out what China's price is. It cannot be simply a matter of oil, since Saudi Arabian oil was offered to China in lieu of Iranian oil, and yet now China is back to buying Iranian, although this may be a price issue.
The best way of obtaining further, better Chinese cooperation on non-proliferation will always be to make the benefits to itself more clear; after all, a state will always be motivated by self-interest and survival.
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