Appendix I. Timeline U.S.-Latin America-ROC relations
Year U.S.
President
Event
1903 • Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty (November 18)
1922 • Panama and the ROC establish relations (December 15) 1933
Franklin D. Roosevelt (March 4, 1933 – April 12, 1945) Democrat
• Good Neighbor Policy
• Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States (December 26)
1934 • Anastasio Somoza García, head of the National Guard of Nicaragua, ordered his forces to capture Sandino (Nicaraguan revolutionary and leader of a rebellion against the U.S.) 1936 • Arias-Roosevelt Treaty (First revision of the
Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty)
1937 • Somoza assumed the presidency of Nicaragua, establishing a dictatorship controlled by his family till 1979.
1940 • Arnulfo Arias was elected president of Panama.
1943 • Cairo Declaration by Franklin D. Roosevelt, Winston Churchill and Chiang Kai-shek
1945 • Postdam Discussions: Cairo Declaration confirmed again (July)
Harry S. Truman (April 12, 1945 – January 20, 1953) Democrat
1947 • Filós-Hines Treaty
• 228 Incident (February 28)
1949 May 20
December 8
• Martial Law imposed in Taiwan
• The KMT fled to Formosa
• Rupture of the atomic monopoly
1950 • Chiang Kai-shek appealed to Chinese living in other countries to rally to the cause of democracy and fight communism (June 20)
• North Korea invades the Republic of Korea (June 25)
• The USSR returned to the UNSC 1951 • The PRC enters the Korean War
• Arms embargo against the PRC (May 18)
• San Francisco Peace Treaty
1952 • Panama: José Antonio Remón Cantera assume presidency in Panama
• Cuba-U.S. Military Treaty
• Sino-Japanese Treaty
1953 • New Policy for Latin America, NSC 144/1 (March 18)
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Dwight D. Eisenhower (January 20, 1953 - January 20, 1961) Republican• Panamá: Rally against the 1903 Treaty 1954 • U.S.-ROC conclude a mutual-defence Treaty
• Strait Crisis
• Guatemalan coup d’etat. Jacobo Árbenz is deposed, the military dictatorship of Carlos Castillo Armas is installed.
1955 • Panama: Remón-Eisenhower Treaty (Remón killed on January 2nd, M. Arias Espinoza signed it on January 25th)
• Geneva talks (October)
1956 • SEO in Latin America starts (January)
• President Eisenhower visits Panama (August)
• Panama Presidents Meeting (August)
1957 • The U.S., Soviet Union, Britain, France and the ROC are permanent members of the UNSC (Nov 20)
1958 • Strait Crisis: Washington threatens to use nuclear force against the PRC.
• Warsaw talks (September)
1959 • Panama: U.S. canal police and military attack protesters (Nov 3rd)
• Victory of the Cuban Revolution.
1960 • Cuba recognizes the PRC (Sept 2nd)
• Panama: The Panamanian flag is raised for the first time in the Canal Zone.
1961 • John F. Kennedy signs “Alianza para el Progreso” (Alliance for Progress) aimed to establish economic cooperation between the U.S. and Latin America.
• Operation Vanguard: Program of economic and financial aid for poor countries designed to guarantee their loyalty to the ROC in the UN.
John F. Kennedy (Jan 20, 1961 – Nov 22, 1963) Democrat
1962 • Cuban Missile Crisis (October 14-28)
1963 • The Guatemalan military overthrows Ydígoras.
• John F. Kennedy assassinated in November 1963.
Lyndon B. Johnson (Nov 22, 1963 – Jan 20, 1969) Democrat
1964 January 9-10 • Confrontation between Panamanian and Zonian students. 21 students killed by the U.S. military.
January • Roberto F. Chiari breaks diplomatic relations with the U.S.
April 3 • Moreno-Bunker Treaty: diplomatic relations re-established.
Dec 18 • Johnson announced that the U.S. would not revise the treaties, but replace them with new agreements (no agreements done)
1965 • The U.S. intervenes military in the Dominican Republic (April 28)
1966 • Sixth Meeting of Ministers of Government, Interior and Security (U.S., Central America and Panama)
1967 • Panama: Marcos Robles elected president.
• Panama: Johnson-Robles Treaty (“three-in-one”): unpopular.
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October 1st Arnulfo Arias elected President October 11th Military Coup by Omar Torrijos
October 15th Panama suspended relations with the U.S.
November 13th Panama-U.S. relations resumed
1969 • Violent clashes along the Sino-Soviet border (March)
• Nixon Doctrine / Guam Doctrine (July 25)
• Conflict starts between El Salvador and Honduras
Richard Nixon (Jan 20, 1969 – Aug 9, 1974) Republican
1970 • Panama: Torrijos appoints Juan Antonio Tack as ambassador.
Negotiation with the U.S. resumed.
• Salvador Allende elected president – Popular Unity coalition led by the Socialist and Communist parties (Sept 4th )
• President Nixon instructs CIA to block Allende’s confirmation (Sept 15th )
1971 • U.S. loses UN campaing for “Two China” Plan (Sept 22)
• Henry Kissinger arrives to Beijing and meets Prime Minister Zhou En Lai (October 21)
• PRC enters the UN, ROC exits the UN. Resolution 2758 (October 25)
1972 • Japan and China establish diplomatic relations (Sept 29)
• Unofficial Japan-Taiwan Link is created (December 26)
1973 • Oil Crisis
• Chilean military staged a coup against Allende (September 11)
1974 • Panama: Tack-Kissinger Agreement (Feb 7)
• Nixon quits after Watergate. (August 9)
• Panama: Panama resumes its relations with Cuba (August 27)
Gerald Ford (Aug 9, 1974 – Jan 20, 1977) Republican
1975 • Chiang Kai-shek dies (April 5)
1976 • Panama returns to the UNSC (January)
• Panama: Aquilino Boyd substitutes Juan Antonio Tack as Ambassador.
1977 • Panama: Torrijos-Carter Treaties (Sept 7)
• Zhongli Incident - 中壢事件 (November)
Jimmy Carter (Jan 20, 1977 – Jan 20, 1981) Democrat 1978
1979 • The U.S. breaks ties with the ROC (January 1st)
• Taiwan Relations Act (April 15)
• Panama: The Canal Zone ceases to exist (October 1)
• Nicaragua: A popular uprising brought the FSLN (Sandinistas) to power.
1980 • World Bank admits the PRC and ousts the ROC (April)
• The IMF admits the PRC (May)
1981 • Nine Point Proposal Beijing-Washington to guide relations
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國立 政 治 大 學
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N a tio na
l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y
77 Ronald Reagan (Jan 20, 1981 – Jan 20, 1989) Republican
with Taipei (Sept 30)
1982 • Washington modifes the TRA by promising to restrict the volume of arms transfers (August)
• Second Shanghai Communiqué (August 17) 1983 • Intervention in Grenada (October)
• Panama: Noriega’s military dictatorship starts
1984 • Nicaragua filed an Application against the U.S. concerning the use of military and paramilitary activities against Nicaragua (April 9)
1985 • Bolivia breaks ties with the ROC
• Grenada breaks ties with the ROC
• Nicaragua breaks ties with the ROC 1986 • Formation of the DPP (September)
• The Court stated that the U.S. had violated the obligations imposed by international law not to intervene in the affairs of another State (June 27)
1987 • Martial Law is lifted in the ROC (July). Formation of new Parties is allowed
1988 • Chiang Ching-kuo dies. Lee Teng-hui elected as Taiwan’s president.
• Tiananmen Protests (April 15 – June 4)
• Uruguay breaks ties with the ROC.
• The ROC founds the Overseas Economic Cooperation and Development Fund.
1989 • President Bush orders a military invasion of Panama to overthrow its government (December). Noriega is removed from power
George H. W. Bush (1989 – 1993)
1990 • Nicaragua re-establish ties with the ROC (November 6)