Ranking argument and Hasse diagram of AAB Mandarin

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and aligns to the left edge of output, Candidate a. does not violate the high-ranking constraints A

NCHOR

B

R

-L(σ) and A

LIGN

(R,P

R

W

D

)-L

T

so that it is the optimal

candidate. The reduplicant ‗guji‘ in Candidate b. is aligned to output form‘s left edge, however, it is foot-sized and it is thus ruled out. The optimal structure here is AAB patterns but Candidate c. violates the dominant constraints A

NCHOR

B

R

-L(σ) and A

LIGN

(R,P

R

W

D

)-L. Hence its reduplicant ‗ji‘ is corresponded to the right edge of base and is aligned to the right edge of the output form so that Candidate c. is ruled out. The reduplicant ‗gu‘ in Candidate d. does not violate the high-ranking constraint A

NCHOR

B

R

-L(σ), however, it is aligned to the right edge of the output form and so is ruled out. Finally, although reduplicant ‗ji‘ in Candidate e. correspondent with the right edge of the base and is not adjacent to its base, it is ruled out since it violates A

D

-

BY

-σ and A

NCHOR

B

R

-L(σ).

3.2.6.3 Ranking argument and Hasse diagram of AAB Mandarin onomatopoeia A

D

-

BY

-σ>> A

D

-

BY

-F

OOT

A

LIGN

(R,P

R

W

D

)-R

T

>>A

D

-

BY

-F

OOT

A

D

-

BY

-σ>> A

NCHOR

B

R

-L(σ)

A

NCHOR

B

R

-R(σ)>>A

NCHOR

B

R

-L(σ)

A

LIGN

(R,P

R

W

D

)-R

T

>>A

LIGN

(R,P

R

W

D

)-L

T

3.2.7 Summary

In the analysis of ABB and AAB trisyllabic Mandarin onomatopoeia, we can see that A

D

-

BY

-σ A

LIGN

(R,P

R

W

D

)-R

T

A

D

-

BY

-F

OOT

A

NCHOR

B

R

-L(σ) A

NCHOR

B

R

-R(σ)

A

LIGN

(R,P

R

W

D

)-L

T

(51) Hasse diagram of AAB Mandarin onomatopoeia

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the interaction constraints and various cophonologies will generate different output forms when their input forms are come from the same AB Mandarin onomatopoeia categories. The cophonology of Mandarin trisyllabic onomatopoeia is shown in the table in (52).

In ABB Mandarin onomatopoeia, the reduplicant is shown as suffix and the direction of the reduplication is right-ward. Therefore in Cophonology B, the process of the reduplication in ABB with suffix A

NCHOR

B

R

-R(σ) and A

LIGN

(R,P

R

W

D

)-R

T

are high-ranking constraints to choose the optimal candidate. When discussing AAB Mandarin onomatopoeia, there is different Cophonology A for Trisyllabic reduplication with prefix because the reduplicant as prefix in AAB Mandarin onomatopoeia generation and the reduplication direction is left-ward. Hence A

NCHOR

B

R

-L(σ) and A

LIGN

(R,P

R

W

D

)-L are dominant constraints and choose the optimal candidate. The constraint ranking for ABB Mandarin onomatopoeia we analyzed above may only be suitable for AB Mandarin onomatopoeia which comes from, Stop+stop and Consonant + /l/ groups. At the same time, Same onset

collocation AB patterns are the only input form which will generate AAB

quadrisyllabic onomatopoeia. Hence ABB and AAB Mandarin onomatopoeia hold

(52) Cophonology in Mandarin trisyllabic onomatopoeia

Master Ranking for Mandarin Trisyllabic Onomatopoeia {A

NCHOR

B

R

-L(σ),A

NCHOR

B

R

-R(σ),A

LIGN

(R,P

R

W

D

)-L

T

, A

LIGN

(R,P

R

W

D

)-R

T

}

Cophonology B

Trisyllabic reduplication with suffix A

NCHOR

B

R

-R(σ),A

LIGN

(R,P

R

W

D

)-R>>

A

NCHOR

B

R

-L(σ),A

LIGN

(R,P

R

W

D

)-L Cophonology A

Trisyllablic reduplication with prefix A

NCHOR

B

R

-L(σ),A

LIGN

(R,P

R

W

D

)-L>>

A

NCHOR

B

R

-R(σ),A

LIGN

(R,P

R

W

D

)-R

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closed constraint ranking and various cophonologies. Because of the different morphological construction in the process of the generation of Mandarin trisyllabic onomatopoeia the AB input forms undergo total reduplication while ABB patterns with suffix reduplicant and AAB patterns with prefix reduplicant. Therefore there are two cophonoogies constraints ranking when Mandarin trisyllabic onomatopoeia derivate. After all, the ranking of alignment constraints, adjacency constraints and anchoring constraints in the various cophonologies generate Mandarin trisyllabic onomatopoeia and provide an explanation of their different phonological structures at the same time. The diversity of the structure of Mandarin onomatopoeia is not random but has its own principles.

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CHAPTER 4

MANDARIN QUADRISYLLABIC ONOMATOPOEIA

4.1 Mandarin Quadrisyllabic Onomatopoeia

4.1.1. Some background information

As earlier mentioned in Chapter 3, there are four groups of phonological structures in Mandarin onomatopoeia— monosyllable, disyllable, trisyllable and quadrisyllable.

Quadrisyllabic patterns comprise the second largest group in Mandarin onomatopoeia, after the disyllabic ones (Li 2007: 114-115)⁷. There are three main patterns in

Mandarin quadrisyllabic onomatopoeia— ABAB, AABB and AlBl structures. ABAB and AABB patterns comprise nearly 40% of Mandarin quadrisyllabic onomatopoeia respectively. When compared with ABAB and AABB patterns, AlBl Mandarin quadrisyllabic onomatopoeia hold the fixed segmentism /l/ in generation process so there are relatively uncommon structures. Hence the generation ABAB and AABB undergo is that of a total reduplication process and the AlBl undergoes a partial reduplication one.

The rest of this chapter is organized as follows. Section 4.2 provides an overview of Mandarin quadrisyllabic onomatopoeia and manifests its phonological character.

Section 4.3 will show the input claim explain the input information of Mandarin quadrisyllabic onomatopoeia. Section 4.4 will propose constraints for Mandarin quadrisyllabic generation. Section 4.5 gives an OT analysis of Mandarin

quadrisyllabic onomatopoeia with foot-sized reduplication. Section 4.6 begins an analysis of how syllable-sized reduplication generates Mandarin quadrisyllabic onomatopoeia. Section 4.7 declares the generation of Mandarin quadrisyllabic

7

In Li‘s investigation, disyllabic patterns comprise 38% of Mandarin onomatopoeia which is the largest

group. The second largest category is of quadrisyllabic ones, which comprise 28% of Mandarin

onomatopoeia.

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onomatopoeia with fixed segementism. Section 4.8 provides the master ranking for Mandarin quadrisyllabic onomatopoeia under a cophonology approach. Finally, Section 4.9 gives a summary.

4.2. The description of reduplication data of Mandarin quadrisyllabic onomatopoeia

There are three categories in Mandarin quadrisyllabic onomatopoeia— ABAB, AABB and AlBl to be discussed. The reduplication data of these three groups will be given in Sections 4.2.1, 4.2.2 and 4.2.3.

4.2.1. ABAB Mandarin onomatopoeia

In the Mandarin quadrisyllabic onomatopoeias, ABAB patterns occur a few more frequently than AABB ones⁸ (Li 2007:115). Chiang (1992) claimed that the process of the formation of Chinese onomatopoeia is identical to that of the core lexicons. In the Mandarin core lexicon, when disyllabic verbs undergo reduplication due to a meaning reduction, the ABAB pattern will be the surface form. For instance, a Mandarin verb such as ‗zhuyi‘ (pay attention) applies reduplication for meaning reduction when it becomes ‗zhuyizhuyi‘ (pay a little attention). However, there is a major difference between Mandarin onomatopoeia and Mandarin verb. After

reduplication, sounds in Mandarin onomatopoeia are intensified while the meaning of the verb is lightened. The reduplicant size for ABAB Mandarin onomatopoeia

generation is foot-sized and it shows a different cophonology from other Mandarin quarisyllabic onomatopoeia such as AABB and AlBl which have syllable-sized reduplicants. The reduplication data of ABAB Mandarin onomatopoeia are listed

8

In Li‘s investigation, ABAB patterns comprise 39% of Mandarin quadrisyllabic onomatopoeia while

AABB ones 36%.

‧

(53) ABAB Pattern Mandarin onomatopoeia

ABAB Input English Gloss

padapada (啪搭啪搭)

About 170,000 results

pada sound of flapping continually

zoulangshangchuanlaipadapadadejiaobusheng。

‗There are sound of walking come from the hall way‘

palapala(啪啦啪啦)

About 548,000 results

pala sound of flapping or falling continually

fanglichuanlaipalapaladefanshusheng。‗There are sounds of leafing through books in the room‘

pingpangpingpang(乒 乓乒乓)About 49,200 results

pingpa sound of things crashing together continually loushangchuanlaipingpangpingpangdezhuangjishen g。‗There are sounds of crashing come from upper stair‘

pipapipa(劈啪劈啪)

About 119,000 results

pipa sound of cracking continually

dongtiantuomaoyishichangfachupipapipadeshengyin

。 ‗When take off sweater there will be sounds of cracking at winter‘

didadida(滴答滴答)

About 2,940,000 results

dida sound of water dropping/ tickingcontinually

yubutingdexia，chuangwaiyipiandidadidasheng。‗It still raining and there are sound of raining out of the window‘

dingdangdingdang(叮 噹叮噹)About 167,000 results

dingdang sound of bells ringing continually

tingdaoxiakezhongshengdingdangdingdang。 ‗I heard the bell ringing and the class is over‘

dingdongdingdong(叮 dingdong sound of a door bell ringing continually

‧

咚叮咚)About 4,650,000 results

menlingdingdongdingdongjijidexiangqi。‗The door bell start ringing‘

dinglingdingling(叮 鈴叮鈴)About 4,570,000 result

dingling sound of bell ringing continually

dinglingdingling，dianhualingshengdazuo。 ‗The phone ringing so loud‘

danglangdanglang(噹 啷噹啷) About 13,200 result

danglang sound of metal crashing together

tazoudongshishenshangdetieliandanglangdanglangd exiang。 ‗When he moving the fetters on him sounds‘

donglongdonglong(咚 隆咚隆)About 97,500 results

donglong sound of many thing rolling down

yikeshitoudonglongdonglongcongshanshangunxiaqu

。 ‗There is a stone rolling down very loud‘

gazhigazhi(嘎吱嘎 吱)About 1,460,000 results

gazhi sound of chewing loud continually

tagazhigazhidejiaozhehetao。 ‗He chewing up walnuts loudly‘

gudugudu(咕嘟咕嘟)

About 1,600,000 results

gudu sound of drinking loud continually

tagudugududebashuiwangzuiliguan。 ‗He gulp water loudly‘

honglonghonglong(轟 隆轟隆)About 337,000 results

honglong sound of loud thundering continually honglonghonglongdeleishengxiangqi，

yaoxiadayule。 ‗It start thundering very loud and will raining soon‘

hualahuala(嘩啦嘩 啦) About 2,120,000 results

huala sound of heavy rain falling continually

tingdaoyushilihualahualadeshuisheng。‗I heard that there is someone take shower in the bathroom,‘

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In Table (53) we saw that all ABAB Mandarin onomatopoeias are generated from AB Mandarin onomatopoeia. Basically, all AB Mandarin onomatopoeia listed in table (13) at Chapter 3 can be reduplicated and become ABAB Mandarin onomatopoeia. Hence we know ABAB pattern is the most frequent structure for Mandarin quadrisyllabic onomatopoeia. Moreover, all of the reduplicants are foot-sized and undergo total reduplication. Finally, the direction of reduplication will be discussed later analysis and I will give some reasonable explanation.

gujiguji(咕唧咕唧)

About 1,360,000 results

guji sound of whispering continually

tamenkaishigujigujideshuoqiaoqiaohua。‗They start whispering in low volume ‘

gulugulu(咕嚕咕嚕)

About 1,910,000 results

gulu sound of stomach rumble loudly

duziedegulugulujiao。‗My stomach rumbling with the sound‘

gudonggudong(咕咚 咕咚)About 1,810,000 results

gudong sound of many things falling down gudonggudong，

shoutoudeshuiguocongshushangdiaoxialai。 ‗Ripe fruits are falling on the ground with sounds‘

huluhulu(呼嚕呼嚕)

About 545,000 results

hulu sound of snoring continually tingjian woshizhongchuanchu

ciqibiluohuluhuludedahusheng。 ‗There are sounds of snoring comes from bedroom‘

sualasuala(刷啦刷啦) suala sound of something passing fast continually

fengchuideshuyeyizhenshualashualaxiang。 ‗Wind blow over leaves and there are sounds occur‘

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4.2.2. AABB Mandarin onomatopoeia

AABB patterns play a very important role in Mandarin quadrisyllabic onomatopoeia since they provide another vivid way to strengthen sounds. Similar to ABAB patterns, AABB structures are also very common in Mandarin core lexicons. There are many differences between ABAB and AABB patterns— ABAB styles are common in Mandarin verb reduplication, AABB, however are general Mandarin adjective reduplication. For instance, ‗piaoliang‘ (beautiful) undergoes reduplication and becomes ‗piaopiaoliangliang‘ (very beautiful). After the process of reduplication Mandarin disyllabic extends its length and strengthens the meaning at the same time.

AABB Mandarin onomatopoeia undergoes reduplication with syllable-sized reduplicants and represents the various cophonologies among ABAB and AABB Mandarin onomatopoeia generation. The reduplication data of AABB Mandarin onomatopoeia will give in the table below.

(54) AABB Pattern Mandarin Onomatopoeia

AABB Input English Gloss

dididada(滴滴答答) About 2,870,000 results

dida sound of a lot of water dropping at the same time

yudididadaxiagebuting。 ‗It is keep raining and wont stop‘

dingdingdangdang(叮叮噹 噹)About 884,000 results

dingdang sound of many bells ringing at the same time

meijiadiandouguashangdingdingdangdang defengling。‗Every store on the street hang up wing bells which will ringing‘

dingdingdongdong(叮叮咚 dingdong sound of many bells ringing at the same

‧

咚)About 1,520,000 results time/music playing

wotingjiandingdingdongdongdeqinsheng。

‗I heard the sound of playing piano‘

jijizhazha(嘰嘰喳喳)_About

606,000 results

jizha sound of many people chatting at the same time

erbiandoushijijizhazhadechaonaosheng。

‗There are very loud noise of chatting around me‘

jijigugu(嘰嘰咕咕)About 1,400,000 results

jigu sound of many people whispering at the same time

dajiajijigugudetaolungairuhefayan。

‗Everybody discuss together to decide how to make a statement in low volume‘

bibiboubou(嗶嗶啵啵)About 591,000 results

bibou sound of cracking occurring at the same time

baoyumihuashihuiyoubibibouboudesheng yin。‗When popping popcorn there are sound of popping‘

pipipapa(劈劈啪啪)About 3,610,000 results

pipa sound of heavy firing occur at the same time

zenmehuiyouyizhenpipipapadebianpaoshe ng。‗Why there are loud sound of

fireworks?‘

pingpingpangpang(乒乒乓 乓)About 2,170,000 results

pingpang sound of many things crashing together tatingdaowaimianchuanlaipingpingpangpa

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In Table (54) we can see that all AABB Mandarin onomatopoeias are generated from certain AB ones such as the Same onset collocation group. The input forms of AABB Mandarin onomatopoeia are more limited than ABAB ones. In addition, the

reduplicant size of AABB patterns is syllable-sized rather than foot-sized. Further, all reduplicants are close to their base. Finally, the direction of reduplication will be the main point in later analysis.

4.2.3. AlBl Mandarin onomatopoeia

In Mandarin quadrisyllabic onomatopoeia, there is a special subcategory ‗AlBl‘.

Compare with other pattern‘s onset structure such as Mandarin ABAB and AABB onomatopoeia, AlBl patterns‘ onset of second and fourth syllable is /l/ are stand out.

The /l/ is the fixed segmentism in the reduplication process and it is the most special character AlBl patterns different from ABAB and AABB Mandarin onomatopoeia.

While ABAB and AABB Mandarin onomatopoeia undergo a total reduplication, AlBl ones undergo partial reduplication with fixed segmentism /l/. However, because of the syllable-sized reduplicant in AlBl Mandarin onomatopoeia generation, AlBl patterns share a closed cophonoloy with AABB. The reduplication data of AlBl Mandarin is shown below.

ngdezhuangjisheng。‗He heard there are loud crashing sound outside‘

gugududu(咕咕嘟嘟)About 125,000 results

gudu sound of boiling water

hulideshuikukududuzhimaopao。‗Water in the pot boiled with the sound ‘

‧

(55) AlBl Pattern Mandarin Onomatopoeia

In Table (55) we can see that the /l/ is always in the onset position of the second and the fourth syllables. In addition, the onset of the first and the third syllable are the same. Moreover, the vowel of the first and the second syllable are the same, and the third and the fourth syllable share the same vowel. The input form of AlBl Mandarin onomatopoeia will be discussed in later analysis.

AlBl Input English Gloss

dilidala(滴哩答啦)

About 2,650 results

dida sound of a lot of water falling together

yushengdilidalabutingdexiang。‗The sound of raining is continuing‘

dinglingdanglang(叮 鈴噹啷)About 200,000 results

dingdang sound of many metal things falling together chuiguoyizhenfeng，

fenglingdinglingdanglangdexiangqilai。 ‗After a breeze blew the wind bells ringing‘

pinglingpanglang(乒 令乓啷)About 7,020 results

pingpang sound of big things crashing together

tingjianpinglingpanglangshuaidongxidejuxiang。

‗I heard very loud sound of smash things‘

pilipala(劈哩啪啦)

About 746,000 results

pipa sound of big firing

waimianpilipaladoushibianpaosheng。‗There are loud sound of fireworks outside‘

jiliguala(嘰哩呱啦)

About 609,000 results

jigua sound of many people talking together

youqunrenjiligualadedashengtantian。‗There are several people talk very loud‘

jiligulu(嘰哩咕嚕)

About 1,310,000 results

jigu sound of many people whispering together tamenjiliguludishengshuolejijuhua。‗They talk a while in very low volume‘

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4.3. The input claim of Mandarin quadrisyllabic onomatopoeia

In the group of Mandarin disyllabic onomatopoeia, there are relatively large numbers of AB ones. Based on my previous study I think that all Mandarin quadrisyllabic onomatopoeias are generated from grammatical AB Mandarin onomatopoeia as input.

One reason for this is the phonological structure of Mandarin quadrisyllabic

onomatopoeias, which always both duplicate and reiterate their AB style counterparts.

The other reason is that the sound of quadrisyllabic Mandarin onomatopoeia is always richer in expression than a disyllabic one. However, not all five categories of AB Mandarin onomatopoeia will undergo reduplication and generate Mandarin quadrisyllabic onomatopoeia.

4.3.1. The input of ABAB and AABB Mandarin onomatopoeia

Check the ABAB and AABB reduplication data given in Tables (54) and (55), I will assume that AB Mandarin onomatopoeia undergo a process of total reduplication and extend into quadrisyllabic ones to intensify the sounds. However, an AB Mandarin onomatopoeia undergoes a different generation and becomes an ABAB or AABB pattern. Almost every AB Mandarin onomatopoeia can undergoes total reduplication with a foot-sized reduplicant and generates ABAB patterns. However, in addition to the specific morphological construction of AABB patterns, only limited groups such as Same Onset Collocation, Sound combination categories of AB Mandarin

onomatopoeias extend into AABB ones with syllable sized reduplicants. For instance,

‗pala‘ can extend into ‗palapala‘ although there is no ‗*papalala‘ while ‗dida‘ can reduplicate to become ‗didadida ‘ and ‗dididada‘. The different reduplication process of ABAB and AABB Mandarin onomatopoeia will be illustrated in Sections 4.5 and 4.6.

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4.3.2. The input of AABB and AlBl Mandarin onomatopoeia

I will assume that limited groups of AB Mandarin onomatopoeia undergo total and partial reduplication and then generate AABB and AlBl patterns. Three AB Mandarin onomatopoeia groups, Same Onset Collocation, Sound combination patterns can extend into AABB patterns. However, only AB Mandarin onomatopoeia in the Same Onset Collocation category can undergo partial reduplication and generate AlBl Mandarin onomatopoeia. When grammatical AB onomatopoeia inputs undergo partial reduplication and generate AABB Mandarin onomatopoeia, the syllable-sized

reduplicant is always adjacent to its base and the reduplication direction is always right-wards. A similar generation process occurs when AB Mandarin onomatopoeia extend into the AlBl pattern. The only difference between the AABB and AlBl patterns is that there are fixed-segments in AlBl Mandarin onomatopoeia so that the markedness constraint will outrank the faithfulness constraint while in AABB ones is in opposite way, i.e. the faithfulness constraint will dominate the markedness

constraint.

Take ‗pilipala‘ (sound of heavy firing) as an example. The second syllable ‗li‘ is reduplicated from the first syllable ‗pi‘, while the fourth syllable ‗la‘ is reduplicated from the fourth syllable ‗pa‘ and the high-ranking markedness constraint drive the output form emerge with fixed-segmentism. There is further evidence that AlBl Mandarin onomatopoeia are generated from certain AB ones sharing with AABB patterns, if I take ‗pinglingpanglang‘ as an instance, I found that the only input form that can be detected is ‗pingpang‘ since ‗*pingling‘ is not a grammatical AB

Mandarin onomatopoeia. Accordingly I would like to take AB as the input form of AlBl Mandarin onomatopoeia rather than other possibilities.

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4.3.3. The /l/ segment as second and fourth onset of AlBl Mandarin onomatopoeia In the AlBl Mandarin onomatopoeia category, it undergoes partial reduplication to expect different semantic meanings from AABB and ABAB Mandarin onomatopoeia.

In AB Consonant +/l/ Mandarin onomatopoeia, I proposed /l/ shown as a pre-linked segment because of its unmarkedness. The segment which will be chosen as a fixed segmentism is determined by the OT rubric of the emergence of the unmarked. The /l/

at the onset position of the second and fourth syllables in AlBl Mandarin

onomatopoeia will be defined as a fixed segmentism in reduplication, the same as for the /l/ presented in AB Consonant +/l/ ones.

When assigning a pre-linked segment for partial-reduplicated quadrisyllabic Mandarin onomatopoeia, /l/ is the optimal choice since it can be distinguished from the onset of the first and third syllables such as with /t/ in /tinglingtanglang/, /p/ in /pilipala/, and so on. After checking all AlBl Mandarin onomatopoeia we can find that every onset of the first and third syllables is less sonorant than /l/. Therefore the fixed segmentism /l/ will be assigned for Sonority Dispersion Principle, because of the distinctive requirement between odd and even number syllables.

4.4. Constraints for Mandarin quadrisyllabic onomatopoeia reduplication

4.4.1. Generalized alignment constraint

Due to the need to predict the right form of quadrisyllabic Mandarin onomatopoeia, I would like to use alignment constraints A

LIGN

(R

ED

,P

R

W

D

)-L

EFT

andA

LIGN

(R

ED

, P

R

W

D

)-R

IGHT

. Constraints like these lies in generalized alignment are observed in the triggering of the left or right edge coincidence of quadrisyllabic Mandarin

onomatopoeia reduplication.

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4.4.2. Anchoring constraint

Due to the need to predict the right form of quadrisyllabic Mandarin onomatopoeia, we set two anchoring constraints A

NCHOR

B

R

-R(σ) and A

NCHOR

B

R

-L(σ). These constraints ask the certain edge of the reduplicant syllable correspondent with certain edge of the base syllable.

4.4.3. Adjacency constraint

Due to the need to predict the right form of quadrisyllabic Mandarin onomatopoeia, we give two adjacency constraints below A

DJACENCY

B

R

-

BY

-F

OOT

and

A

DJACENCY

B

R

-

BY

-σ. In Mandarin quadrisyllabic onomatopoeia reduplication, the reduplicant‘s the location of them are both motivations in the locality generalization.

4.5. Analysis of ABAB Mandarin onomatopoeia

In this section, we will use alignment anchoring and adjacency constraints to analyze quadrisyllabic Mandarin onomatopoeia. By the variations in the ranking of constraints, we found that the interaction of the same group constraint and the same group inputs will show the different outputs if we take ABAB style Mandarin onomatopoeia as a predicting output. Since the unmarked direction of reduplication is the right direction, in this analysis we assume that A

LIGN

(R

ED

,P

R

W

D

)-R

IGHT

dominate A

LIGN

(R

ED

, P

R

W

D

)-L

EFT

.To match the ABAB quadrisyllabic output form,

A

DJACENCY

B

R

-

BY

-F

OOT

dominates A

DJACENCY

B

R

-

BY

-σ. The preference of

quadrisyllabic form both the A

NCHOR

B

R

-R(σ) and A

NCHOR

B

R

-L(σ) are high-ranking constraints.

(56) Constraint ranking of ABAB Mandarin onomatopoeia

A

LIGN

(R,P

R

W

D

)-R, A

NCHOR

B

R

-R(σ), A

NCHOR

B

R

-L(σ), A

D

-

BY

-F

OOT

>> A

D

-

BY

-σ, A

LIGN

(R,P

R

W

D

)-L

‧

4.5.1. Consonant+/l/ group

(57) ‘palapala’ (sound of many large things falling)

In Tableau (57), since the reduplicant ‗pala‘ is aligned to the right edge of output form, the A

LIGN

(R

ED

,P

R

W

D

)-R

IGHT

constraint has to be dominant over the A

LIGN

(R

ED

, P

R

W

D

)-L

EFT

constraint. The reduplicant ‗pala‘ in Candidate b. is aligned the to the

In Tableau (57), since the reduplicant ‗pala‘ is aligned to the right edge of output form, the A

LIGN

(R

ED

,P

R

W

D

)-R

IGHT

constraint has to be dominant over the A

LIGN

(R

ED

, P

R

W

D

)-L

EFT

constraint. The reduplicant ‗pala‘ in Candidate b. is aligned the to the

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