2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.3. Reduplication in Optimality Theory
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the information that there are many stops in Mandarin onomatopoeia as well as numerous laterals shown as onset in the even syllable. However, there needs to be an analysis to explain these special phonological structures.
Chiang(1992) proposed that onomatopoeia sometimes violate phonological structure of the language in which they occur due to their special function as sound-imitating icons, hence they belong to the peripheral rather than core phonology. The formation of Mandarin onomatopoeia is identical to that of the Mandarin core lexicons.
Nevertheless, Mandarin onomatopoeias involve fixed material at the segment level.
As s consequence, a replacement process is required to generate well-formed onomatopoetic words. That process is assumed to be Melodic Overwriting here (McCarthy and Prince, 1990). When Melodic Overwriting happens, the
Recoverability Principle and the Strong Domain Hypothesis also work in the reduplication process as well so that Mandarin onomatopoeia follows Universal Grammar rather than Mandarin-specific rules.
2.3. Reduplication in Optimality Theory
From a purely morphological point of view, reduplication is simply a kind of affixation, both in its morpho-syntactic contribution (it forms morphological categories, such as plural), and in its linear position with respect to the stem (preceding it, as a prefix, or following it, as a suffix). But from a phonological viewpoint, the special property of reduplication is that the reduplication affix is not fully specified for segment content. Its segment content is copied from the stem that undergoes reduplication. Reduplication is therefore by its very nature a phenomenon involving the phonological identity between the reduplicant and the base to which it adjoins.
The Correspondence Theory of reduplication, which was put forward by McCarthy
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and Prince (McCarthy & Prince 1994a, b, 1995a,b), claims that reduplication patterns arise from the interaction of three constraint types.
a. Well-formedness constraints, encoding markednss principles
b. Faithfulness constraints, requiring lexical forms and surface forms to be identical c. Base-reduplicant-identity constraints, requiring identity between the reduplicant
and its base.
In ranking these three types of constraints, Correspondence Theory aims to explain the broad typological difference and similarities among patterns of reduplication in world languages, as well as the specific patterns of individual languages.
Correspondence Theory tries to manifest the interaction of well-formedness,
faithfulness and base-reduplicant identity underlying the patterns of reduplication in some languages.
This model, as depicted in Figure (1), has an input and output level. The input of the reduplication consists of a segmentally empty reduplicative affix, which is
abbreviated as Af
RED
or RED, plus the stem to which the affix adjoins. Input faithfulness constraints require that the input specifications of the stem be preserved in the output— the ‗base‘ of the base-reduplicant combination. Base-reduplicant identity constraints require that both parts of this output base-reduplicant combination be identical in some respect.
Not shown in this model are that two remaining constraint types which come into play in reduplication. Well-formedness constraints require that the output (base reduplicant) meet certain unmarked structures. Alignment constraints require that base and
Input: /Af RED +Stem/
Output: R B
IO-Faithfulness
(11) The Basic Model
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reduplicant be ‗glued‘ together along the edge of specific prosodic constituents.
In this thesis there are two general categories of constraints— Faithfulness and Markedness constraints. There are three sub-categories of Faithfulness constraints.
The first one is the Maxmality (M
AX
) constraint, which asks that the content of every input must correspond to the content of every output without deletion. The second one is the Dependency (DEP
) constraint, which requires that the content of every input must correspond to the content of every output without insertion. The third one is the Identity (IDENT
) constraint, which asks that every feature or value in content of the input and of the output must be identical without change (Prince & Smolemsky 1995, 1999).In this thesis I will analyze Mandarin disyllabic onomatopoeia first, and then discuss Mandarin trisyllabic onomatopoeia, and then Mandarin quadrisyllabic onomatopoeia.
The reduplication data of Mandarin disyllabic, trisyllabic and quadrisyllabic onomatopoeia are collected from Li‘s research (2007) and The Online Mandarin Dictionary of the Ministry of Education. The selected Mandarin onomatopoeia will be serach on Google for their official and non-official use in Modern Mandarin-speaking world and the numbers of results are shown in tables in later chapters. Those
Mandarin onomatopoeias are as welll taken as items for analysis and discussed under OT grammar.
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CHAPTER 3
MANDARIN DISYLLABIC AND TRISYLLABIC ONOMATOPOEIA
3.1 Mandarin Disyllabic Onomatopoeia
3.1.1 Some background informationMandarin onomatopoeia can be separated into four categories— monosyllabic, disyllabic, trisyllabic and quadrisyllabic patterns. According to Li (2007: 114-115), the disyllabic ones are the largest group1. The reason for this disyllabic tendency is that the basic prosodic unit (i.e., foot) in Modern Chinese is formatted by two syllables (Feng 2005: 61). Wang (2008:124) and Duanmu (2000, 2007) also take the disyllable as the basic metrical unit in Modern Chinese. When the disyllable is the most unmarked choice in Mandarin lexicon, this preference is also found in peripheral lexicons such as onomatopoeia.
The rest of this chapter is organized as follows. Section 3.1.2 overviews Mandarin disyllabic onomatopoeia and manifests its phonological character. Section 3.1.3 will show the category information of Mandarin disyllabic onomatopoeia. Section 3.1.4 will propose an OT analysis of Mandarin disyllabic onomatopoeia with monosyllabic input. Then, Section 3.1.5 begins an analysis of how disyllabic inputs generate Mandarin disyllabic onomatopoeia. Finally, Section 3.1.6 gives a summary.
3.1.2 The description of reduplication data of Mandarin disyllabic onomatopoeia There are two major patterns in Mandarin disyllabic onomatopoeia— AA and AB styles.
3.1.2.1 AA Mandarin onomatopoeia
Half of disyllabic Mandarin onomatopoeia is AA patterns. Li (2007: 117) and Ma
1
In Li‘s investigation, disyllabic onomatopoeias comprise nearly 40% of all Mandarin onomatopoeia
while monosyllabic, trisyllabic and quadrisyllabic ones comprise under 20% each, respectively.
‧
(2002:244) both state that the AA pattern is the duplicating way Mandarin monosyllabic onomatopoeia to express the richer sound. AA pattern Mandarin onomatopoeia will state its general use on Google and its historical source in this table.
bo About 488,000 results, from Tang Dynasty (A.D
618-907).
sound of bubbles popping/knocking/pecking woods naboboshengjiuxiangduishuimianchuiqifachudeshengyi n。‗That sounf just like the water blowed on the surface‘
baba(叭叭)
About 929,000
results
ba About 661,000 results honk of automobiles
damalushang changtingdao labadebabasheng。
‗Sounds of honks are usually heard on the road‘
papa(啪啪)
About 5,000,000
results
pa About 2,210,000 results
sound of flapping
houmenchuanlai papadepaimensheng。
‗There is sound of knocking on the back door‘
pengpeng(
砰砰) About
3,900,000 results
peng About 1,850,000 results, from Western Jin
Dynasty (A.D 265-317).
bang
youtingdaopengpenghaojishengqiangsheng。
‗Several gun shots can be heard again‘
pupu(噗噗)
About 2,810,000
results
pu About 2,270,000 results, from Ming Dynasty
(AD 1368-1644)
sound of air going out
paiqiguan paiqishifachude pupusheng。
‗The sound of exhaust pipe‘
mimi(咪咪)
About 14,000,000
results
mi meow
xiaomaomimijiao。‗Little kitty meowing‘
miemie(咩 mie About 2,040,000 baa
‧
results xiaoyangmiemiedejiao。‗Lambs are baaing‘
miaomiao(
喵喵) About
7,320,000 results
miao About 1,730,000 results
meow
maomi duizhe jingzi miaomiaojiao。
‗Kitty meows at the mirror‘
moumou(
哞哞) About
515,000 results
mou About 129,000 results, from Tang Dynasty
(A.D 618-907.).
ding About 1,520,000 results, from Tang Dynasty
(A.D 618-907.).
sound of a little bell ringing
diancheqidongshi lingdangfachudedingdingsheng。
‗The sound of tram‘s bell‘
dongdong(
咚咚) About 5,490,000 results
dong About 1,550,000 results, fromYuan Dynasty
( A.D 1271-1368).
sound of knocking/drumming tingdaodongdongdegusheng。
‗The sounds of drumming are heard‘
dudu(嘟嘟)
About 8,680,000
results
du About 1,750,000 results,, fromYuan Dynasty
( A.D 1271-1368).
honk/ Sound of monotone
laidiandalingbuzhishichuantongdedudusheng。
‗The telephone back tone is more than the old monotone‘
dada(答答)
About 8,870,000
results
da About 11,200,000 results, fromYuan Dynasty
( A.D 1271-1368.)
sound of water dropping/ticking
tingdaodadadeluoyusheng。 ‗I heard the sound of rainning‘
dede(得得)
About 407,000
results
dede From Song dynasty ( A.D 960-1279.)
sound of clip-clop
tatingdaobeihouxiangqidededematisheng。
‗He heard the clip-clop sounds from his back‘
lingling(鈴 ling About 218,000 sound of a phone ringing
‧
results, from Han Dynasty
(206 BC-AD 195)
shoujikaishilinglingxiang。‗The cell phone start ringing‘
longlong(
隆隆) About
874,000 results
long About 12,300 results, from Han Dynasty
(206 BC-AD 195)
sound of thunder or very loud sound
xiatiandewuhouleishenglonglong，bujiuhoujiuhuixiayu。
‗There are sounds of thundering at the summer aftertoon and it will raining afterwards‘
langlang(琅 琅) About
286,000 results
langlang From Han Dynasty (206 BC-AD 195)
sound of reading books/ metals or rocks crashing togetther
zaoshangdejiaoshichuanlailanglangdedushusheng。‗The sounds of studying come from classroom in the
morning‘
zhizhi(吱 吱) About
18,300,000
results
zhiAbout 2,150,000 results
sound of bird/squeak
xiaoniaozaishushangzhizhidejiao。‗A bird sounds on the tree‘
zhazha(喳 喳) About 6,120,000 results
zhazha FromJin Dynasty (A.D 1115– 1234)
xiaoniaozhaichuangwaizhazhadejiao。
‗The bird twittering out of the window‘
gugu(咕咕)
About 13,400,000
results
gu About 2,060,000 results, from Ming Dynasty
(AD 1368-1644)
sound of bird sounding/stomach rumbling duziedeshihouhuifachugugusheng。
‗When feeling hungry I will hear my stomach rumbling‘
guagua(呱 呱) About 7,170,000 results
gua About 330,000 results, from Han Dynasty
(206 BC-AD 195)
croak/sound of crying/ laughing qingwazaichitangliguaguajiao。
‗Frogs croaking in the pond‘
jiujiu(啾啾) jiu About 658,000 chirp
‧
results, from Han Dynasty
(206 BC-AD 195)
xiaoniaojiujiudejiaoshenghenqingcui。
‗Chirps from birds are very liightful‘
jianjian(濺 濺) About
52,600 results
jianjian From Nan Dynasty (AD 420-581)
sound of brook
jianjiandeshuishengtinglaihenqingliang。
‗The sounds of brook cooling people‘
koukou(叩 叩) About
1,490,000
results
kou About 1,730,000 results
sound of knocking
takoukoudeqiaomen，danwurenhuiying。 ‗He knocked on the door with the sound but nobody responsed‘
honghong(
轟轟)
About 1,510,000
results
hong About 4,870,000 results, from Song dynasty
( A.D 960-1279.)
sound of thunder/very loud sound paoshenghonghongdexiangqilaile。
‗There are sound of artillery occurs‘
huohuo (霍 霍) About 284,000 results
huohuo From Nan Dynasty (AD 420-581)
sound of sharp knives hurantingjianhuohuosheng，
yuanlaishiyourenzaimoudao。 ‗Suddenly I hear the sound of rubbing and there is someone sharpping his knife‘
chichi(嗤 嗤) About
715,000 results
chi About 398,000 results, from Qing Dynasty
( A.D 1644-1911.)
sound of tittering
tingjiantachichidexiaosheng。‗I heard his laughing‘
chanchan(
潺潺) About 8,280,000 results
chanchan From Wei
Dynasty (AD 220-265)
sound of brook
tazuozhelingtingxiaoxichanchandeliushuisheng。
‗He sit by brook and listen to the sound of water flowing‘
‧
shasha FromYuan Dynasty ( A.D 1271-1368.)
very low sound such as wind blowing leaves
fengchuiguolinzi，shuyefachuleshashasheng。‗A breeze blow over the woods and there are sound of leaves occur‘
many sounds occur at the same time
lengqifachudecaocaoshengjiaorenxinfan。
‗The sounds of air conditioning are annoying‘
congcong(
淙淙) About
264,000 results
congcong From Tang Dynasty (A.D 618-907.).
sound of water flowing
tazhuanxintingzhecongcongliushuisheng。
‗He listen to the sound of water flowing very carefully‘
sisi(嘶嘶)
About 411,000
results
si About 1,830,000 results, from Tang Dynasty
(A.D 618-907.).
neigh／sound of (air) leaking louqideqiqiufachulesisisheng。
‗The punctured ballon has the sound ofbleaking air‘
sese(瑟瑟)
About 608,000
results
sese From Wei Dynasty (AD 220-265)
sound of wind blowing
tingdaofengshengsese，zhidaoqiutianyijinglailin。
‗I heard the sound of wind and knew autum already came‘
sasa(颯颯)
About 279,000
results
sasa From Warring States Period (475 BC -
221 BC)
sound of blast
kuangfengzaishulinlisasazuoxiang。
‗The blast blow over the woods and had loud sound‘
susu(簌簌)
About 433,000
results
susu From Ming Dynasty (AD 1368-1644)
very low sound
shuyepiaodongfachuleqingweidesususheng。
‗Leaves floating in the wind and have very low sound‘
wengweng(
嗡嗡) About
weng About 87,200 results, from Qing Dynasty
buzz/ sound in very low tone
mifengpaichishihuifachuwengwengsheng。
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The Mandarin disyllabic onomatopoeias follow a certain pattern of reduplication..
However, Mandarin disyllabic onomatopoeias can be separated into two different groups by their input structure, and it is the most special character can be found in AA Mandarin onomatopoeia. Some AA onomatopoeia derives from the monosyllabic input A and others have disyllabic sources. Monosyllabic and dyllabic input of AA Mandarin onomatopoeia which hold ancient example in this table will illustrate its evidence in the note part after this thesis.
3.1.2.2 AB Mandarin onomatopoeia
There are nearly 50% AB patterns in Mandarin disyllabic onomatopoeia2 ( Li,
2007:114). Compared with AA Mandarin onomatopoeia, AB ones are combination of two different sounds very closely (Li, 2007), there is no stop between two syllables and it can be taken as a union of two sounds (Ma, 2002:238). The data of AB Mandarin onomatopoeia are given below. AB pattern Mandarin onomatopoeia will state its general use on google and its historical source in this table.
(13) AB Mandarin Onomatopoeia
2
In Li‘s investigation, AB Mandarin onomatopoeia comprises 53% of the disyllabic category.
1,330,000 results ( A.D 1644-1911.) ‗When bees flapping there will be buzzing‘
wangwang(
汪汪) About 20,600,000
results
wang About 1,960,000 results, fromYuan Dynasty
(A.D 1271-1368
barking
nazhiheigouwangwangdejiaoleqilai。
‗That black dod start barking‘
AB Input English Gloss
pipa pa About 4,530,000 sound of snap or crack
‧
results dang tuoxia maoyi shi huifachu xiaoxiaode pipasheng。
‗When taking off sweater we can hear low cracks.‘
pala
(啪啦) About
1,590,000 results
pa About 4,530,000 results
sound of something falling hardly
chuanghu diao zai dishang pala yisheng。
‗Window falls on the floor with a snap.‘
pulu (噗嚕) About
38,900 results
pu About 4,580,000 results, from Song
dynasty ( A.D
960-1279.)
bloop bloop
shuimian de paopao fachu pulusheng。
‗The bubble of water surface bubbling.‘
pingpang (乒乓) About 8,460,000 results
pang About 196,000 results, from Qing
Dynasty ( A.D
1644-1911.)
sound of things crashing together zadongxishi de pingpangsheng。
‗Crashing things with loud sound‘
bibo(嗶 剝)About 200,000 results
bo About 545,000 results,from Ming
Dynasty (AD
1368-1644)
sound of firing/knocking/cracking
wanzhengchengxianqipaopodiaodebibosheng。
‗It shows the cracking sound of bubbles compeletely‘
bada
(巴答) About 15,900,000 results
bada snap
batayisheng jingjia dogei laduanle。
‗ The glasses snapped‘
pada
(啪答) About 4,970,000 results
pada sound of thing falling
yijia patayisheng diaoxialai。
‗Hanger fell with a sound‘
paca paca sound of shooting picture
‧
anyixia kuaimen jiu paca yisheng。
‗Press the shutter there is a sound‘
puchi
ta renbuzhu puchiyisheng xiaochulai。
‗She can‘t help but tittered‘
putong
sound of thing fall on the floor or in the water putongyisheng diaojin hezhongyang。
‗Fell into river with a sound‘
dingling (叮鈴) About
1,200,000 results
ding About 1,500,000 results, from Tang
Dynasty (A.D 618-907.).
sound of a bell ringing
fengling beifeng chuide dingling xiang。
‗Wind chimes ringing because of wind flows‘
dulu (嘟嚕) About 1,990,000 results
du About 1,760,000 results, from Qing
Dynasty ( A.D
1644-1911.)
phone back tone/ sound of monotone
dengduifang jie dianhuaqian de dulusheng lingrenbunai。
‗It makes people inpatient listen to the phone back tone when calling someone‘
danglang (噹啷) About
3,230,000 results
dang About
11,200,000 results
sound of something metal falling
danglingyisheng，dishang chuanlai qingcuide jinshusheng。
‗There is sound sharp and loud by metal things fell‘
donglong (咚隆) About
1,520,000 results
dong About 1,510,000 results,from Song
dynasty ( A.D
960-1279.)
sound of things rolling/drumming
chao fanmaiji yian，yiguan kele donglong diaoxia。
‗When press the buttom of vending machine there is coke falling with rolling sound‘
dida da About 10,500,000 sound of water dropping/ticking
‧
results didayisheng，zhizhenchaoxiayimiaoyidong。 ‗The second
hand move forward with the sound of ticking‘
shuizhu huanhuan luoxia，dida xiangleyisheng。
‗Drops of water flow with little sound‘
tida
(踢達) About
15,000,000 results
da About 10,500,000 results
sound of walking
menwai chuanlai gaogenxie de tida sheng。
‗There is sound of someone walking on heels from outside of door‘
dingdang (叮噹)
dang About 11,200,000 results, from
Yuan Dynasty (A.D
1271-1368)
sound of bell ringing
maomi bozishang de lingdang dingdang zuoxiang。 ‗The bell on cat ringing‘
dingdong (叮咚) About 3,970,000 results
dong About 1,510,000 results, from Qing
Dynasty ( A.D
1644-1911.)
sound of doorbell ringing
menling haizai dingdong xiang。
‗The door bell ringing now‘
jili
(嘰哩) About 212,000 results
ji About 754,000 results screeching
chehou chuanlai yizhen jianrui de jilisheng。 ‗There is a sound of screeching comes from the back of car‘
jizha
sound of talking/tweeting banzhe niaoerde jizhasheng。
‗Accomapmied with the tweeting of the birds‘
xili
(淅瀝) About
xi About 1,060,000 results,from Nan
sound of a little raining
mianmichixude xiaoyuxilisheng。
‧
1,160,000 results Dynasty (AD 420-581) ‗The sound of little raining continually and densely‘
shuala (刷啦) About
20,800,000 results
shuaAbout
13,100,000 results, from
Qing Dynasty ( A.D
1644-1911.)
sound of something passing by very fast
shualayisheng，chuanghubeidakaile。 ‗With a very loud and fast sound, the window is opened‘
gulu
(咕嚕) About 5,280,000 results
gu About 1,210,000 results
sound of drinking/stomach rumbling
ta heshuishi fachulegulusheng。 ‗When he drinking water there are sound of swallow occur‘
duzieshi duzigulujiao henzhengchang。 ‗When people hungry it is very normal that their stomach growling‘
gala
(嘎啦) About
512,000 results
ga About 1,380,000 results, from Qing
Dynasty ( A.D
1644-1911.)
sound of loud noice
galayisheng，loutai daoxialaile。
‗The building fell with very loud sound‘
kazhi
(喀吱) About 602,000 results
kәzi sound of squeezing
mubanyumuban jiechushi suofachudekazhisheng。 ‗The squeezed sound occurs when two boards put together‘
kengqiang (鏗鏘) About
5,420,000 results
qiang About 588,000 results, from Western Jin
Dynasty (A.D 265-317).
sound of metal things crashing together
bangqiudajishi huifachu kengqiangqingcuideshengyin。
‗When playing baseball there are sounds of bat hit on ball‘
sound of drinking fast/sound of boiling water talike guduyisheng tunxia zuilidecha。
‗He gulp down the tea right away with sound‘
‧
guzi sound of water flow by squeeze
tazai jishuiwadi zouzhe，jiaodixia gujidixiang。
‗He walk on the water-filled depression in the ground with the sound of water squeezed‘
gudong
gudongyisheng congchuangshang dielexialai。
‗Fell form the bed with sound‘
kuanglang (匡啷) About
119,000 results
kuang About 40,800 results
sound of breaking
tianhuaban dedengzhao wuyujing diaoluo，
kuanglangyisheng。
‗The lampshade on the celine fell by accident with loud sound‘
gazhi
(嘎吱) About
995,000 results
gazi sound of squeeze to break
caiguobanbodejiabanshi，gazhishengqingqiaoermo。
kaca sound of press camera shutter
xiangjikuaimen dekacasheng yinqi bieren dezhuyi。 ‗The sound of shutter get attention from others‘
honglong (轟隆) About 9,040,000 results
hong About 5,810,000 results
thundering
honglongyisheng，yizhenmenlei。‗It thundered loud with a thunderclap‘
huala
(嘩啦) About
hua About 1,390,000 results
sound of water or fragile item falling/collasping hualayisheng shuiguan liuchu shuilai。
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In Table (13) we can see that the formation of AB Mandarin onomatopoeia is
identical to that of Mandarin adjective derivation (Chiang). However, as a peripheral part in Mandarin Chinese, onomatopoeia has their special structure and generation than core ones, such as the fixed material in the generation process and the vowel reduplication which will be discussed in section 3.1.4. Monosyllabic and dyllabic input of AA Mandarin onomatopoeia which hold ancient example in this table will illustrate its evidence in the note part after the analysis.
3.1.3 Categories of Disyllabic Mandarin Onomatopoeia
I will separate disyllabic Mandarin onomatopoeia into two categories. One has monosyllabic input, and the other has disyllabic input. Mandarin Disyllabic onomatopoeia which has a monosyllabic input can be further divided into three groups, one kind of AA Mandarin onomatopoeia and two kinds of AB Mandarin onomatopoeia. Mandarin disyllabic onomatopoeia with disyllabic input can be described as four groups, one kind of AA Mandarin onomatopoeia and three kinds of AB Mandarin onomatopoeia.
The first group under Monosyllabic Input is AA, in which A is the input and
undergoes the Total Reduplication then generates AA. Following ones are two kinds of AB. While one is Consonant + /l/ group such as ‗pala‘, ‗dingling‘ (sound of a bell
937,000 results ‗Water flow from the tube with sounds‘
boli hualayisheng suile。
‗The glass shattered to pieces with loud sound‘
haqiu
(哈啾) About 134,000 results
xaziow sound of sneezing
taganmaole，haqiusheng henda。
‗He got cold and sneezed very loud‘
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ringing), the other one is Same Onset Collocation group such as ‗dida‘, ‗pingpang‘
(sound of small and hollow things crashing).
When Mandarin Disyllabic onomatopoeia‘s input is disyllabic ones, there is one category called Original Disyllable AA, which is Mandarin disyllabic onomatopoeia at the very beginning rather than undergoes any kinds of reduplication. For instance,
‗shasha‘, ‗congcong‘ (sound of water flowing) are the typical Original Disyllable AA.
Moreover, there are one AB subcategories which are combination of two sounds such as ‗hajiu‘, ‗gudu‘ and ‗guji‘.
(14) Disyllabic Mandarin Onomatopoeia Categories
3.1.4 Analysis of Monosyllabic Input
Disyllabic Mandarin onomatopoeias which are generated from monosyllabic input undergo Total Reduplication or Partial Reduplication. The most important constraint
3
If disyllabic Mandarin onomatopoeia cannot express the onomatopoeia content in one single syllable it will be taken as Original Disyllable AA.
Monosyllabic Input Disyllabic Input
AA 1. Total Reduplication:
gu→gugu
(Sound of bird song)
1. Original Disyllable : shashaa→shasha3 (Sound of wind blowing)
AB
2. Consonant+/l/ : pa → pala
(Sound of something falling)
2. Sound combination:
gudu → gudu (Sound of drinking) guci → guji
(Sound of whispering) 3. Same Onset Collocation:
da → dida
(Sound of water dropping)
‧ 國
立 政 治 大 學
‧
N a tio na
l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y
families to be used when analyzing the data of the reduplications are General
Alignment Constraints, Anchoring constraints and Adjacency Constraints. Therefore I set the constraints in the General Alignment Constraints, Anchoring constraints and Adjacency Constraints families
.
3.1.4.1. Generalized alignment constraint
The edge-based theory of the syntax-phonology interface was adopted into OT by McCarthy and Prince (1993a), who claim that the prosody-morphology interface should be defined exclusively in terms of alignment constraints.
Alignment constraints not only serve to match the edges of morphological and
Alignment constraints not only serve to match the edges of morphological and