Ranking argument and Hasse diagram of AlBl Mandarin onomatopoeia

國

立 政 治 大 學

‧

N a tio na

l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y

4.7.1 Ranking argument and Hasse diagram of AlBl Mandarin onomatopoeia

*P

L

/L

AB

>>*P

L

/C

OR

A

D

-

BY

-σ>> A

D

-

BY

-F

OOT

A

D

-

BY

-σ>> A

LIGN

(R,P

R

W

D

)-L

M

AX

(σ)>> A

LIGN

(R,P

R

W

D

)-R,A

D

-

BY

-F

OOT

M

AX

(σ)>>*P

L

/C

OR

4.7.2 Other AB Mandarin onomatopoeia

Other AB Mandarin onomatopoeia categories such as Sound combination group are not possible input forms of AlBl patterns although they are grammatical Mandarin disyllabic onomatopoeia. Since all AlBl Mandarin onomatopoeia are generated from AB patterns of the Same onset collocation group with the /i/ as the nucleus in the first syllable.

4.8 Summary

In the analysis of ABAB, AABB and AlBl quadrisyllabic Mandarin onomatopoeia, we can see that the interaction constraints and various cophonologies generate different output forms when their input forms come from the same AB Mandarin

A

D

-

BY

-σ

(76) Hasse diagram of ALBl Mandarin onomatopoeia

A

LIGN

(R,P

R

W

D

)-L

*P

L

/L

AB

A

D

-

BY

-F

OOT

*P

L

/C

OR

A

LIGN

(R,P

R

W

D

)-R

M

AX

(σ)

‧ 國

立 政 治 大 學

‧

N a tio na

l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y

onomatopoeia categories. The cophonologies of Mandarin quadrisyllabic onomatopoeia are illustrated in Table (77).

In ABAB Mandarin onomatopoeia, the reduplicant is at the right edge of the output form and always is foot-sized. In the cophonology for Quadrisyllable with foot- sized reduplicants, A

LIGN

(R,P

R

W

D

)-R

T

andA

D

-

BY

-F

OOT

are high-ranking constraints to choose the optimal candidate. In discussing AABB and AlBl Mandarin onomatopoeia, there is a different cophonology for Quadrisyllable with syllable-sized reduplicants because of the identical reduplicant size of AABB and AlBl Mandarin onomatopoeia.

The constraint ranking for AABB Mandarin onomatopoeia we analyzed above may only be suitable for AB Mandarin onomatopoeia which comes from Same onset collocation, Stop+stop and Obstruent +affricate/fricative groups. In other words, Consonant + /l/ and One onset is alveo-palatal fricative AB patterns would generate AABB quadrisyllabic onomatopoeia. AlBl Mandarin onomatopoeia which is derived from Same Onset Collocation AB patterns shares a similar generation process with AABB Mandarin onomatopoeia. Hence AABB and AlBl Mandarin onomatopoeia hold closed constraint ranking and various cophonologies. Because of the

fixed-segmentism occurs in AlBl Mandarin onomatopoeia generation process, the AB input forms undergo partial reduplication while AABB patterns follow total

reduplication. Therefore certain Place-markedness constraints are high-ranking Master Ranking for Quadrisyllable

{A

D

-

BY

-σ,A

D

-

BY

-F

OOT

}

Quadrisyllable with foot-sized reduplicant A

D

-

BY

-F

OOT

>>A

D

-

BY

-σ

Quadrisyllable with syllable-sized reduplicant A

D

-

BY

-σ>>A

D

-

BY

-F

OOT

(77) Cophonology of Mandarin quadrisyllabic onomatopoeia

‧ 國

立 政 治 大 學

‧

N a tio na

l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y

constraints when AlBl Mandarin onomatopoeia derivate. After all, the ranking of the alignment adjacency and markedness constraints in the various cophonologies

generate Mandarin quadrisyllabic onomatopoeia and provide an explanation for them at the same time. The phonological structure of Mandarin onomatopoeia is not random but follows its own principles.

‧ 國

立 政 治 大 學

‧

N a tio na

l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y

CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION

This thesis attempts to give an overview of the Mandarin onomatopoeia and is special in several aspects. First, it pioneers in the Mandarin onomatopoeia generation from a phonological viewpoint. Onomatopoeia are sound-imitating icons which play an important role in Mandarin Chinese, however, the previous study of the complex phonological structure of Mandarin onomatopoeia did not give the whole picture of Mandarin onomatopoeia. Second, this study has discussed the reduplication types of disyllabic, trisyllabic and quadrisyllabic patterns in Mandarin onomatopoeia, and looked into the similarities and differences in these reduplication constructions. I have shown that constraint rankings vary in different structures of Mandarin onomatopoeia because of its various reduplication types.

This thesis concludes that Mandarin onomatopoeia have two major derivational processes, total reduplication and partial reduplication. In addition to the syllable number of Mandarin onomatopoeia such as Mandarin disyllabic and Mandarin trisyllabic onomatopoeia they reduplicate with various reduplicant sizes such as segment-sized and syllable-sized. Therefore the phonological structure of Mandarin onomatopoeia present in a complex way. I manifest the generation of Mandarin onomatopoeia from Mandarin disyllabic onomatopoeia which is input form as

Mandarin trisyllabic and quadrisyllabic onomatopoeia, and then explain the derivation of Mandarin trisyllabic and quadrisyllabic onomatopoeia.

This thesis develops the following constraint rankings to describe Mandarin disyllabic trisyllabic and quadrisyllabic onomatopoeia reduplication.Since constraint ranking varies in the Mandarin onomatopoeia generation process I posit a master ranking under the cophonology approach which is shown in Table (84).

‧

Cophonlogy A Mandarin disyllabic onomatopoeia {A

LIGN

(R, P

R

W

D

)-L, A

LIGN

(R, P

R

W

D

)-R, A

NCHOR

B

R

-R(

SEG

), A

NCHOR

B

R

-L(

SEG

}

Cophonlogy B Mandarin trisyllabic onomatopoeia Cophonlogy C Mandarin quadrisyllabic onomatopoeia { A

NCHOR

B

R

-L(σ), A

NCHOR

B

R

-R(σ),

Disyllabic with prefix reduplicant

A

NCHOR

B

R

-L(

SEG

), A

LIGN

(R, P

R

W

D

)-L >>

A

LIGN

(R, P

R

W

D

)-R, A

NCHOR

B

R

-R(

SEG

)

Cophonology K

Disyllabic with suffix reduplicant A

NCHOR

B

R

-R(

SEG

), A

LIGN

(R, P

R

W

D

)-R>>

A

NCHOR

B

R

-L(

SEG

), A

LIGN

(R, P

R

W

D

)-L Cophonology F

Trisyllabic reduplication with

prefix

Quadrisyllable with foot sized reduplicant

A

D

-

BY

-F

OOT

>> A

D

-

BY

-σ Cophonology H

Quadrisyllable with syllable

sized reduplicant

A

D

-

BY

-σ>> A

D

-

BY

-F

OOT

‧ 國

立 政 治 大 學

‧

N a tio na

l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y

The master ranking of Mandarin onomatopoeia indicates that the reduplication process is a significant mechanism in the generation of Mandarin onomatopoeia.

There are various reduplication processes for the generation of disyllabic, trisyllabic and quadrisyllabic Mandarin onomatopoeia, hence the constraint ranking of the Alignment, Anchoring and Adjacency constraints are different.

In Cophonology A for Mandarin disyllabic onomatopoeia, since the reduplicant sized is syllable-sized, only Alignment and Anchoring constraints will re-rank.

Further cophonologies in Mandarin disyllabic onomatopoeia are found when total reduplication or partial reduplication occurs. In Cophonology D for Mandarin disyllabic patterns with total reduplication, both the segment edge of the reduplicant and the base are correspondent therefore A

NCHOR

B

R

-R(

SEG

)andA

NCHOR

B

R

-L(

SEG

) are high-ranking constraints, while when the reduplication direction is rightward then A

LIGN

(R,P

R

W

D

)-Rdominates A

LIGN

(R,P

R

W

D

)-L.

In the Cophonology E Mandarin disyllabic pattern with partial reduplication the constraint rankings of the Alignment and Anchoring constraints are unclear since there are various reduplication direction— reduplication with prefix and suffix.

When Mandarin disyllabic onomatopoeia undergo partial reduplication with prefix the reduplicant is always at the left edge of the output and the segment‘s left edge of reduplicant and base are correspondent, therefore A

LIGN

(R,P

R

W

D

)-L and A

NCHOR

B

R

-L(

SEG

)are the dominant constraints.

On the other hand, when Mandarin disyllabic onomatopoeia reduplicate with suffix, the reduplicant and base‘s right segment edge are correspondent so that

A

NCHOR

B

R

-R(

SEG

)andA

LIGN

(R,P

R

W

D

)-Routranks A

LIGN

(R,P

R

W

D

)-L and A

NCHOR

B

R

-L(

SEG

).

Mandarin trisyllabic and quadrisyllabic onomatopoeia are derived from Mandarin disyllabic onomatopoeia. However, they undergo completely different processes of

‧ 國

立 政 治 大 學

‧

N a tio na

l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y

reduplication and the constraint rankings for them are either given in cophonology way.

In Cophonology B for Mandarin trisyllabic onomatopoeia, Alignment and Anchoring constraints play an important role as well as disyllabic patterns.

There are two different types in Mandarin trisyllabic onomatopoeia which reduplicate with a prefix or suffix. Therefore there are advanced cophonologies to explain these generations.

When Cophonology F trisyllabic reduplication with prefix the reduplication direction is always leftward so A

LIGN

(R,P

R

W

D

)-L

T

outranks A

LIGN

(R,P

R

W

D

)-R

T

at all times.

In contrast, while Cophonology G trisyllabic reduplication with suffix A

LIGN

(R, P

R

W

D

)-R

T

outranks A

LIGN

(R,P

R

W

D

)-L

T

because of right reduplication direction. In addition to the adjacency tendency between base and reduplicant, trisyllabic

reduplication with prefix has high-ranking constraint A

NCHOR

B

R

-L(σ) while since it is trisyllabic reduplication with suffix the dominant constraint is A

NCHOR

B

R

-R(σ).

In Ccophonology C for Mandarin quadrisyllabic onomatopoeia, the Adjacency constraint will be manifested which reduplicate with syllable-sized reduplicant or foot-sized reduplicant.

In the Cophonology H quadrisyllabic pattern with a foot sized reduplicant, A

D

-

BY

-F

OOT

dominatesA

D

-

BY

-σ since a foot-sized reduplicant will occur in the output form. A

D

-

BY

-σ outranks A

D

-

BY

-F

OOT

in the Cophonology I quadrisyllabic pattern with a syllable-sized reduplicant because the syllable-sized reduplicant is the base choice.

To conclude this thesis, Mandarin onomatopoeia exhibits various processes in the generation of reduplication. Three phonological structures in Mandarin onomatopoeia, Mandarin disyllabic onomatopoeia, Mandarin trisyllabic onomatopoeia and Mandarin quadrisyllabic onomatopoeia, share the same general constraints, but different

‧ 國

立 政 治 大 學

‧

N a tio na

l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y

constraint rankings as accounted for under OT.

For future study, the onomatopoeia in other Chinese dialects such as Southern Min, Hakka or Cantonese can be subject to discussion. By investigating the process of the generation of onomatopoeia in other Chinese dialects we can understand the

similarities and differences in onomatopoeia structure. Thus the typology and morpho-phonology of onomatopoeia can be manifested more clearly.

NOTE

Monosyllabic and disyllabic Mandarin onomatopoeia such as AA and AB patterns are used from ancient China to nowadays. The example and evidences will be provided in the table below.

(79)

bo About 488,000 results, from Tang Dynasty (A.D 618-907).

‗boboduoduo,youkezhimen (The sounds of knocking door occur therefore there are guest coming‘ in duomushi (The poem of knocking door) of Yu Han.

chi About 398,000 results, from Qing Dynasty ( A.D 1644-1911.)

‗zhibuzhuchichidexiao (Cannot stop to laugh)‘ in Xingshitinyuan ( The novel of irony) of Xizhousheng.

peng About 1,850,000 results, from Western Jin Dynasty (A.D 265-317).

‗gupengpengyiqingtou,xiaocaocaoerweiyin.(Play the drum softly and also play the vertical bamboo flute gentlely‘ in guchuifu (The Chinese prose-poem of playing music) of Ji Lu.

pu About 2,270,000 results, from Ming Dynasty (AD 1368-1644).

‗yongshuangshoubatadetuijinliyitui,pudeyisheng,zhejianganbianlilepirou. (He pull his legs with his both hands in full power and the arrow is out of his body with the sound)‘ in

sansuipingyaozhuan (The fiction of ghost-hunting) of Menglong Feng.

mou About 129,000 results, from Tang Dynasty (A.D 618-907.).

‧ 國

立 政 治 大 學

‧

N a tio na

l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y

‗zhuifeiniuhumou (The cows are mooing)‘ in Zhengshulianju (The cooperated poem of Shu expedition) of Yu Han and Jiao Meng.

ding About 1,520,000 results, from Tang Dynasty (A.D 618-907.).

‗yuxiemingfeiwanliqing, zicaohongboyedingding. ( The music of playing pipa can be taked as the emotion expression of Princess Ming)‘ in Tingpipashi ( The poem of listening to pipa) of Hun Xu.

dong About 1,550,000 results, fromYuan Dynasty ( A.D 1271-1368).

‗dongdongyaguxiang (The drum on the court sounds)‘ in Xudiemeng ( The dream of butterfly) of Henqing Guan.

du About 1,750,000 results, fromYuan Dynasty ( A.D 1271-1368).

‗songduduxuwuxiu ( The soliloquizing is non-stop) in Tangmnghuangqiyiguxiangnang ( The Yuan drama of Emperor Ming of Tang bury and cry for sachet) of Henqing Guan.

da About 11,200,000 results, from Qing Dynasty ( A.D 1644-1911.)

dang About 11,200,000 results, from Tang Dynasty (A.D 618-907.).

‗zhiyudangdangxiaolou (There are sounds of water dropping in metal container) ‘ in

Chenshu (The history of Nan Chen Dynasty) of Siqian Yao.

ga About 1,380,000 results, from Qing Dynasty ( A.D 1644-1911.)

‗shuanghechuanzhiguo, wanglaifeiwu, ruzhisuoran, jigahouyousheng (There are two cranes fly smoothly and shout loudly)‘ in Yueweiczotangbiji (The Note of Yun Ji) of Yun Ji.

gua About 330,000 results, from Han Dynasty (206 BC-AD 195)

‗qiguaguaerqi( Qi cries loudly)‘ in Shiji (The History) of Qian Sima.

hua About 1,390,000 results , from Ming Dynasty (AD 1368-1644). ‗nagenzhuyingzhefengshi, hualayishengzhezuoliangduan (That bamboo broken by wind blow loudly)‘ in

sansuipingyaozhuan (The fiction of ghost-hunting) of Menglong Feng.

ling About 218,000 results, from Han Dynasty (206 BC-AD 195)

‧ 國

立 政 治 大 學

‧

N a tio na

l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y

‗zhuxianbingduan, leibingquanshiyidingling (The strings are broken with the sounds like rock broken)‘ in Daiandaosuiqinfu ( The Prose-poem of chant for broken Qin in Daiandao) of Tao Huang.

long About 12,300 results, from Han Dynasty (206 BC-AD 195)

‗longlongruleisheng ( As loud as thunder)‘ in Hanshu ( The history of Han) of Bangu.

ji About 754,000 results, from Ming Dynasty (AD 1368-1644)

‗jidingdangzouzhejuntianyue ( The music is played in several tones)‘ in Taohuashan ( The drama of the fan of peach blossom) of an anonymous person.

jiu About 658,000 results, from Han Dynasty (206 BC-AD 195)

‗jiujiu, xiaoshengerfaye (This sound is very low)‘ in Hanshu (The history of Han) of Bangu.

hong About 4,870,000 results, from Song dynasty ( A.D 960-1279.)

‗Hongruoleiting (As loud as thunder)‘ in Xintangshu (The New Tang History) of Xiu Ouyang and Qi Song.

si About 1,830,000 results, from Tang Dynasty (A.D 618-907.).

‗songjunwenmasi (When I see you off I hear the neigh)‘ in Pusaman

Yuloumingyuechangxiangyici (The poetry in ci form of miss you with jade chamber and the

moon ) of Tingyun Wen。

weng About 87,200 results, from Qing Dynasty ( A.D 1644-1911.)

‗tahanlejisheng, jiurupiliyiban, zhendeergenwengwengzuoxiang (He shout out just like thundering and make our ear very hurt)‘in Jinhuayuan (The novel of illusion) of Ruzhen Li.

wang About 1,960,000 results, fromYuan Dynasty (A.D 1271-1368

‗tingdewangwangchuanfeizhulinyou (I heard the barking and feel the quiet in the bamboo grove) in Zhuyezhou (The Yuan Drama of bamboo-leaf-shape boat) of Kang Fang.

‧ 國

立 政 治 大 學

‧

N a tio na

l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y

pang About 196,000 results, from Han Dynasty (206 BC-AD 195)

‗chenchenyinyin,pingpanghingran (There are sounds of bury things that are very loud) ‘ in

Hanshu (The history of Han) of Bangu.

shuaAbout 13,100,000 results, from Qing Dynasty ( A.D 1644-1911.)

‗hujianshansangguaqiyizhendafeng, chuideshumusshuashualuanxiang (Suddenly there is blast blow over woods and make the loud noise)‘ in Jinhuayuan (The novel of Illusion) of Ruzhen Li.

xi About 1,060,000 results, from Nan Dynasty (AD 420-581)

‗xianxilierxianji (The graupel fall together loudly)‘ in Wenxuan (The selected prose collection) of Tung Xiao.

langlang From Han Dynasty (206 BC-AD 195)

‗laishixiangji, langlangkeke ( The Rocks crashing together loudly) in Hanshu ( The history of Han) of Bangu.

dede From Song dynasty ( A.D 960-1279.)

‗jinyeyunkai, xudaohengededelai ( Cloud is disappear and the moon is showing gradually tonight )‘ in Jianzimulanhua Zhongqiuduoyuci ( The poetry in ci from about raining on moon festival) of Tingjian Huang.

zhiAbout 2,150,000 results

zhazha From Jin Dynasty (A.D 1115– 1234)

‗gechuangyequerzhazhadejiao ( There is a magpie songs out of the window)‘ in

Dongxixiang ( The drama of west chamber in Dong version) of Dongxieyuan.

gu About 2,060,000 results, from Ming Dynasty (AD 1368-1644)

jianjian From Nan Dynasty (AD 420-581)

‗danwenhuangheliushuimingjianjian (However I heard the sound of the Yellow River flows)‘ in Mulanshi (The poem of Mulan) of an anonymous person

‧ 國

立 政 治 大 學

‧

N a tio na

l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y

huohuo From Nan Dynasty (AD 420-581)

‗modaohuohuoxiangzhuyang (Sharpening knife loud to kill the livestock) ‘ in Mulanshi (The poem of Mulan) of an anonymous person.

chanchan From Wei Dynasty (AD 220-265)

‗gushuichanchan (The river flows with sounds‘ in Danxiabirixing (The poem of evening glows hide the sun) of Pi Cao.

shasha FromYuan Dynasty ( A.D 1271-1368.)

‗wozehuibabashashamoyuxia (I will grab seafood invery low sound) in

Zhangguobinzaquxuan (The selected Yuan drama of Guobin Zhang) of Guobin Zhang.

caocao From Nan Dynasty (AD 420-581)

‗guchuiyihecaocao (The sound of music are very loud)‘ in Songshu (The history of Nan Song Dynasty) of Yue Shen.

congcong From Tang Dynasty (A.D 618-907.).

‗shiquancongcongruofengyu (The spring from the stone flows with sound) in

Fudehuanshanyin songshensishanrenshi(The poem of come back from mountain and chant

for Qianyun Shen) of Shi Gao.

sese From Wei Dynasty (AD 220-265)

‗seseguzhongfeng (The wind blow over the valley loudly) in Zengcongdishi ( The poem for brother) of Zhen Liu.

sasa From Warring States Period (475 BC - 221 BC)

‗Fengsasaximuxiaoxiao (The wind blow over the woods loudly) in Chuci (Chu Verses) of Yuan Qu.

susu From Ming Dynasty (AD 1368-1644)

‗shanbianzhutenglisusudexiang, qiangchutitiaodiaotongdaxiaoxuehuayesishelai (There is large and white snake comes from the bamboo grove loudly) in Shuijuzhuan (The novel of

‧ 國

立 政 治 大 學

‧

N a tio na

l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y

Shuihu) of an anonymous person putʂʰɨ From Qing Dynasty ( A.D 1644-1911.)

‗bujuepuchixiaoleyisheng (She cannot help but titters)‘ in Jinhuayuan (The novel of illusion) of Ruzhen Li.

putong From Yuan Dynasty (A.D 1271-1368)

‗jinriputongdepingzhuijing ( He fall in the well loudly)‘ in Qingshanlei (The Yuan drama of tear of woman in green dress) of Zhiyuan Ma.

jitʂa From Qing Dynasty ( A.D 1644-1911.)

‗ruyanziyiban, mankoujijizhazhade ( he is talkative as bird and very annoying)‘ in

Jinhuayuan (The novel of illusion) of Ruzhen Li.

qiang About 588,000 results, from Han Dynasty (206 BC-AD 195)

‗yourenguanxiankengqiangjiyue ( The players start to play music)‘ in Hanshu (The history of Han) of Bangu.

gudu From Qing Dynasty ( A.D 1644-1911.)

‗bafangcailiangdenawanliangchaduanqilai, gudugududehele (Take that cup of tea and gulp it loudly)‘ in Ernvyingxiongzhuan (The novel of Great Young People) of Kang Wen.

guji From Qing Dynasty ( A.D 1644-1911.) In Hongloumeng (The novel of Dream of Red Chamber) of Xueqin Cao.

gudong From Qing Dynasty ( A.D 1644-1911.)

‗gudongyijiaodiedao (She fell on the floor loudly)‘ in Hongloumeng (The novel of Dream of Red Chamber) of Xueqin Cao.

‧ 國

立 政 治 大 學

‧

N a tio na

l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y

REFERENCES

Alderete, John et al. 1999. ―Reduplication with Fixed Segmentism‖. Linguistics

Inquiry, Volume 30, Number 3: 327- 364.

Anttila, Arto. 1997. ‗Deriving variation from grammar‘, in Frans Hinskens, Roeland van Hout and Leo Wetzels, (eds.), Variation, Change and Phonological Theory, John Benjamins, Amsterdam / Philadelphia, pp. 35-68.

Chao, Y.-R. 1968. A Grammar of Spoken Chinese. Berkely: University of California Press.

Chen, Lu. 2007. Double Doubling in Disyllables – Reduplication in Mandarin.

Doctoral Dissertation, University of Shanghai International Studies.

Chiang, Wen-yu. 1992. The Prosodic Morphology and Phonology of Affixation in

Taiwanese and Other Chinese Languages. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of

Delaware.

Duanmu, San. 2007. The Phonology of Standard Chinese. 2^nd Edition. Oxford University Press.

Duanmu, San, 2000. ―Hanyu de jiezou [Prodosy in Chinese]‖. Dangdai Yuyanxue

[Contemporary Linguistics] 4: 203-209.

Katamba, Francis. 1989 An Introduction to Phonology, London ; New York : Longman.

Inkelas, Sharon, and Cheryl Zoll. 2007. ―Is grammar dependence real? A comparison between cophonological and indexed constraint approaches to morphonolically conditioned phonology.‖ Linguistics. 45.1: 133-171.

Katamba, Francis. 1993. Morphology. New York: St. Martin's Press.

Kenstowicz, Michael. 1994. Phonology in Generative Grammar. Cambridge, Mass. : Blackwell

‧ 國

立 政 治 大 學

‧

N a tio na

l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y

Kitto, Catherine and Paul de Lacy. 1999. ―A correspondence theory of epenthetic quality‖. In Catherine Kitto and Carolyn Smallwood (eds.) Proceedings of AFLA

(Austronesian Formal Linguistics Association) VI. Toronto: Toronto Working Papers

in Linguistics, pp.181‐200.

[Rutgers Optimality Archive#337

Lien, C.-F.1989. ―Antonymous Quadrinominals in Chinese‖. Journal of Chinese

Linguistics 17, 263-206.

Lombardi, Linda. 2002. ―Coronal epenthesis and markedness.‖ Phonology, 19:

219-251

Lombardi, Linda. 2003. ―Markedness and the typology of epenthetic vowels.‖

University of Maryland, unpublished manuscript. ROA -578

Lunden, S.L.Anya. 2004. ―Reduplicant Placement, Achoring and Locality.‖ ROA-608, 1 – 18.

McCarthy, John and Alan Prince. 1993a. ―Generalized Alignment.‖ Yearbook of

Morphology, ed. G.E. and J. van Marle, 79 – 153. Kluwer.

McCarthy, John and Alan Prince. 1993b. ―Prosodic Morphology I: Constraint Interaction and Satisfaction.‖ Technical Reports of Rutgers University Center for

Cognitive Science, No. 3. 26

McCarthy, John and Alan Prince. 1994a. ―The emergence of the unmarked:

Optimality in prosodic morphology‖. Proceedings of the North East Linguistics

Society 24

McCarthy, John and Alan Prince. 1994b. ―Prosodic Morphology‖. A Handbook of

Phonological Theory.

McCarthy, John and Alan Prince. 1995a. ―Faithfulness and Reduplicative

Identity‖.University of Massachusetts Occasional Paper in Linfuistics 18: Papers in

Optimality Theory, ed. by Jill Beckman, Laura Walsh Dickey and Suzanne Urbanzyk,

‧ 國

立 政 治 大 學

‧

N a tio na

l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y

249-384

McCarthy, John J. and Alan Prince. 1995b. Prosodic morphology. The Handbook of Phonological Theory, ed. by John Goldsmith, 318-366. Oxford: Blackwell.

McCarthy, John and Alan Prince. 1999. ―Faithfulness and Identity in Prosodic Morphology‖ The Prosody-morphology Interface, ed. by Rene Kager, Harry van der Hulst, and Wim Zonneveld, 218-309.

McCarthy, John J. 2008. Doing Optimality Theory: Applying Theory to Data.

Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell

Orgun, Cemil Orhan. 1996. Sign-Based Morphology and Phonology with special

attention to Optimality Theory, Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Linguistics, University of California, Berkeley, ROA-171.

Prince, Alan and Paul Smolensky. 1993. Optimality Theory: Constraint Interaction in

Generative Grammar. New Brunswick, NJ, Rutgers University

Tang, T.-C. 1988. ―Hanyu Cifa Jufa Lunji [Studies on Chinese Morphology and Syntax]‖. Taipei, Taiwan: Student Bokk Co. Ltd.

Yip, Moira. 2001. ―Segmental Unmarkedness versus Input preservation in Reduplication.‖ in L. Limbardi, ed. Segmental Phonology in Optimality Theory.

Cambridge University Press. pp 206-230.

王洪君，2008，《漢語非線性音系學》，北京，北京大學出版社。

李方桂，2003，《上古音研究》，北京，商務印書館。

李鏡兒 ，2007，《現代漢語擬聲詞研究》。中國：上海出版社。

竺家寧，1995，<論擬聲詞聲音結構中的邊音成分>，《國立中正大學學報人文 分冊》。

竺家寧，2007，《聲韻學》，台北，五南出版社。

林 尹，1971，《文字學概說》，台北，正中書局。

林語堂，1998，<古有複輔音說>，《古漢語複聲母論文集》。

‧ 國

立 政 治 大 學

‧

N a tio na

l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y

馬慶株，2002，〈擬聲詞研究〉，《著名中年語言學家自選集‧馬慶株卷》，安 徽，安徽教育出版

馮勝利，2005，《漢語韻律語法研究》，北京，北京大學出版社。

在文檔中 從優選理論分析華語擬聲詞結構 - 政大學術集成 (頁 105-0)