Australia

The first statutory scheme to assist people with disabilities was inserted into the Copyright Act by the Copyright Amendment Act 1980. The statutory licence permitted multiple copying by institutions assisting persons referred to as “print handicapped.” It followed recommendations by the Copyright law Review Committee (CLRC) on

Reprographic Reproduction to facilitate equitable access to information. Both the Government and the CLRC received representations regarding the difficulties experienced by certain institutions seeking to obtain permission of copyright owners to reproduce published works in Braille and the extent to which this affected the ability of print disabled students to complete study requirements.

關於協助有障礙者的第一套法律架構，是由 1980 年著作權增修法引進了著作權法 當中。針對「無法閱讀印刷本殘障者」(print handicapped)的協助機構，該法規定的法 定授權(statutory licence)允許進行多重複製。之後關於促進衡平取用資訊，則有著作權 審議委員會(Copyright law Review Committee, CLRC))的建議。關於特定機構尋求獲得 著作權人許可重製已出版著作點字版的困難經驗，以及這影響了閱讀印刷本障礙學生 完成學業的能力，政府與 CLRC 都接獲了相關代表意見。

The resulting statutory scheme was accompanied by provisions allowing for the payment of equitable remuneration to copyright owners. The word “equitable” was intended to mean fair, just and reasonable. The provisions enabled parties to negotiate the level of remuneration and required records to be kept as the basis of the copyright owner’s claim to payment.

法律架構則隨之規定，允許對著作權人支付衡平報酬。「衡平」(equitable)這個字 的用意則是公平、公道與合理。這些規定使各方得以協議報酬水準，並保存記錄以作 為著作權人請求支付的基礎。

The Copyright Amendment Act 1986 established a statutory licence scheme for “radio for the print handicapped.” Again the scheme was established because of the difficulties and delays experienced by radio licensees seeking permission to read published texts on air. The scheme contained similar provisions relating to equitable remuneration and record keeping.

對於「為無法閱讀印刷本殘障者廣播」(radio for the print handicapped)，1986 年著 作權增修法建立了法定授權(statutory licence)架構。這個架構的建立，同樣是因為無線 廣播被授權者尋求許可空中朗讀已出版著作的窒礙難行經驗。這個架構包含了關於衡 平報酬與記錄保存的類似條款。

The Copyright Amendment Act 1989 widened the subject matter of the statutory licence schemes and streamlined the systems used to collect equitable remuneration for copyright owners. The old scheme for institutions assisting the print handicapped in Part III Division 5B was repealed and a number of new provisions inserted into the Copyright Act including:

1989 年著作權增修法擴張了法定授權的客體範圍。並且簡化了為著作權人收取衡 平報酬的流程系統。在 Part III Division 5B 關於無法閱讀印刷本殘障者協助機構的舊架 構被廢除，而在著作權法加入了一些新規定如下：

– A new Part VA providing a statutory licence scheme for institutions assisting intellectually handicapped persons to copy broadcasts;

– 關於智障者協助機構複製廣播，新規定了 Part VA 的法定授權架構；

– A new Part VB implementing a revised scheme for copying by institutions assisting handicapped readers and intellectually handicapped persons; and

– 關於閱讀殘障者與智障者協助機構的複製，新規定了 Part VB 的修正執

行架構；且

– A new Section 200AA providing that copyright was not infringed by the making of a copy of a sound broadcast if the copy was made for the purpose of assisting persons with an intellectual handicap.

– 新的第 200 條 AA 條規定，為協助智障者而複製聲音廣播，不構成侵害 著作權。

The streamlined administration provisions established a mechanism for the collection and payment by a single collecting society of remuneration for the copyright owner, calculated on the basis of either full record keeping and payment per copy or sampling and payment of annual amount per student at the relevant institution relying on the statutory licence.

簡化行政流程條款，規定了收取及支付著作權人報酬的單一收取團體機制，費用 計算是以完整保存記錄按件計價，或是由依賴法定授權的相關機構依抽樣計價方式按 學生人數支付年費。

The introduction of the sampling system was an important innovation operating as an alternative to full record keeping. Under this system, remuneration is assessed on a per student per annum basis, rather than an amount per copy (as under the records system). The system was considered to have many benefits. The Explanatory Memorandum to the 1989 Act stated that it was “far more flexible, less costly to operate and less administratively burdensome on all parties (…) than the records system.” Despite these benefits, the single collecting society and sampling system provisions were not extended to apply to broadcasts by radio for the print disabled.

抽樣系統的引進，是替代完整記錄保存的一項重要創新作法。在該系統下，報酬 以每年每學生為估計基礎，而不是（依記錄系統）按複製件數計價。這個系統被認為 有許多好處。1989 年法律的解釋備忘錄表示它「比記錄系統更加彈性、運作成本更低 ， 對於各方在行政上更簡便。」儘管有這些好處，這套單一收取團體及抽樣系統規定，

並不適用於為了閱讀印刷本障礙者的無線廣播。

Additional amendments to the statutory licence provisions were later made:

對於這些法定授權條款，之後有進一步的增修條款：

– Simplifying the administration of the schemes and replacing the word

“handicapped” with “disabled”; and

– 簡化行政架構，並以「障礙」取代「殘障」；且

– The Copyright Amendment (Digital Agenda) Act 2000 extended the statutory licences under Parts VA and VB to include the “communication” of works and subject matter in addition to the pre-existing licence to copy. This covered the making available on-line and electronic transmission of works and subject matter.

– 2000 年著作權（數位議程）增修法擴張了 Parts VA 與 VB 的法定授權，

以包含著作之「傳播」，以及既有複製授權之外的客體。這涵蓋了著作與客 體的線上提供與電子傳輸。

Under the current provisions, certain organizations are allowed to copy and communicate material protected by copyright to help people with a print disability or with an intellectual disability.

依據現行規定，為協助閱讀印刷本障礙者或智障者，特定機構得複製並交流受著 作權保護的資料。

An organization may reproduce and communicate material for people with a print disability if it is:

得為閱讀印刷本障礙者重製並交流資料的機構為：

(a) an educational institution, as defined by the Copyright Act, (for example, a school, Institution of Technical and Further Education (TAFE) or university); or

(b) any other institution that wants to provide written material such as books or articles to people with a print disability as one of its principal functions, and which has been declared by the Commonwealth Attorney-General to be an institution assisting people with a print disability for the purposes of the Act.

(a) 著作權法所定義之教育機構（如學校、技術與進修機構，或大學）；或 (b) 以對閱讀印刷本障礙者提供書籍或文章等書面資料為主要業務之一的任何機 構，並經法務部長宣告為合乎著作權法目的之閱讀印刷本障礙者協助機構。

Before an organization can use copyright material, it must give the copyright collecting society. Copyright Agency Limited (CAL) a written undertaking to pay for the copies or communications made.

在一個組織使用著作權資料之前，為複製與傳播，必須向著作權收取團體著作權 仲介有限公司(Copyright Agency Limited, CAL)提出書面承諾書。³²

A person with a print disability is:

閱讀印刷本障礙者為：

(a) a person without sight;

(a) 盲人；

(b) a person whose sight is severely impaired;

(b) 重度弱視者；

(c) a person unable to hold or manipulate books or to focus or move his or her eyes; or (c) 無法掌握或操持書籍者，或視線無法集中或移動眼球者；或

(d) a person with a perceptual disability.

(d) 知覺障礙者。

The definition does not include slow learners or people learning English – for example, as a second language. However, the definition does seem to apply to people with dyslexia.

這項定義並不包含學習遲緩者或學習英文者－例如，以英語為第二語言者。不過 ， 這項定義的確似乎適用於有閱讀障礙 (dyslexia)者。

One or more copies of a literary or dramatic work may be made by recording the work onto “a disc, tape, paper or other device in which sounds are embodied.”

關於文學或戲劇著作，得以錄製一件或一件以上重製物於「碟片、磁帶、紙張或 其他錄音設備」。

Additionally, one or more Braille, large-print or photographic versions of a published literary or dramatic work may be made. A “photographic version” is a copy of a work produced as a film strip, or series of separate transparencies designed to meet the needs of disabled readers. The copy can only be made however if it is not possible to buy a suitable copy in the relevant format. Equally, it is only permissible to make and communicate an electronic version of the work if it is not possible to purchase that work in electronic form.

此外，關於已發表的文學或戲劇著作，得製作一件或一件以上的點字、大字印刷 或照相版本。所謂「照相版本」是為滿足障礙讀者需要的著作膠捲重製物，或連續的 單張幻燈片。不過，惟有無法購買相關格式的合適版本時，才能製作重製物。同樣地，

惟有無法購買電子型態著作時，才能針對著作製作並交流電子版本。

32It should be noted that CAL operates a zero rate tariff for these uses.

應注意的是，CAL 對這些使用者的收費標準是零。

Sound recordings of works and communications of copyright material must be accompanied by notice alerting users to the fact that the works have been reproduced or communicated under particular provisions of the Copyright Act. In addition, it may be necessary to mark copies and some organizations may need to keep records of copies made.

關於著作的錄音以及著作權資料的交流，必須附有對使用者的警告聲明，以告知 根據著作權法哪一特定條款，而對該著作進行重製或交流。此外，也可能必須標示重 製物，而某些組織可能必須保存複製記錄。

It is also permissible to make a copy of a published literary or dramatic work solely for the purpose of enabling the creation of the version of the work to be made available or communicated to a person with a print disability. Notice must be given to CAL within three months of the making of the copy. The notice must specify the name of the institution, the work reproduced and the date the copy was made.

關於已發表的文學或戲劇著作，得單獨為閱讀印刷本障礙者製作重製物版本。必 須在製作重製物三個月內通知 CAL。通知中必須註明機構名稱、所重製著作，以及製 作重製物日期。

The print disability radio licence 閱讀印刷本障礙無線授權

A radio station which holds a print disability radio licence may broadcast published literary or dramatic works (for example, newspaper articles, or readings from plays). A print disability radio licence is a licence which is granted under the Broadcasting Services Act 1992 or the Radiocommunications Act 1992:

擁有閱讀印刷本障礙授權的無線電台，得廣播已出版的文學或戲劇著作（如報紙 文章或劇本讀本）。閱讀印刷本障礙授權的核發，則是依據 1992 年廣播服務法或 1992 廣播通信法：

“For the purpose of authorising the making of sound broadcasts to persons who by reason of old age, disability or literary problems are unable to handle books or newspapers or to read or comprehend written material.”

「針對老年、障礙或文字能力問題而無法閱讀書籍或報章，或閱讀或理解書面資 料者，為其製作聲音廣播之授權目的。」

The current legislation governing broadcasting does not grant licences on any basis as specific as this. It is therefore difficult to know which (if any) stations may rely upon the section. It is also not known whether any such amendments will allow community stations generally to rely upon the exception, or whether only specific stations will be entitled to rely upon it.

規範廣播的現行法並未基於這個特定規定而核發授權。因此難以得知（萬一有）

哪一電台可以適用這條規定。關於此等增修條款是否允許社區電台適用這項例外規定，

或只有特定電台才能適用這項例外規定，也是不得而知。

The station must keep a record of certain information for four years from the date of the broadcast, including:

自廣播之日起四年內，電台必須保存特定資訊的紀錄，包含：

– the time and date of the broadcast; and

– 廣播日期與時間；且

– the numbers of the pages which are broadcast (or a description allowing the pages to be identified if the pages are not numbered).

– 所廣播之頁數（如無頁數標記時，以敘述方式指示頁數）。

2. The Republic of Korea