Heterogeneity

Coupled with the enormous economic dimensions of the education sector and its accelerating migration to technology-based systems is its diversity. The “lifetime learning for all” is in many countries a very real proposition whether on a voluntary basis or as part of employment related training programs.

與龐大經濟面向及科技式系統的加速發展相伴，則是教育部門的多樣性。無論是 自願性基礎或是就業相關訓練課程，「全民終身學習」在許多國家當中是一個非常真 實的命題。

The different features and varieties of distance learning systems described above are being adopted for any number of different educational and training programmes and environments. Many of these are state-funded programmes and strictly non-profit; many others are entirely profit-based whether in the educational process itself or via the enterprise to which it is directed.

在各種教育性、訓練性課程與環境中，正在採用先前所述遠距學習系統的各種特 徵與種類。其中許多課程是國家所提供，因此屬於非營利性；許多其餘課程，無論是 教育過程本身或其對象企業，則是全然營利性質。

There are growing examples where the line between commercial and non-commercial educational programmes is becoming much harder to discern. Worldwide, particularly in the

higher education sector, institutions have very active programmes recruiting overseas students on an essentially commercial basis.

有越來越多例子顯示，區分商業性或非商業性的教育課程更加不易。尤其是高等 教育部門，全球各地機構正在以商業性方式積極招收海外學生。

Likewise the resources being developed in the sector are becoming difficult to classify in categories which fall neatly into established demarcations between the commercial and non-commercial. The enormous impact of university education and research on the technology revolution is an obvious case in point.

同樣地，由教育部門所發展的資源，更難以明確區分屬於商業性或非商業性。大 學教育及研究對於科技革命的龐大衝擊，是一個相關的明顯情形。

CHAPTER 4 第四章

NATIONAL LAW & PRACTICE 國內法與實務

We now turn to examine the state of laws in each of the target territories in two specific areas:

我們現在轉而檢討各目標國家內的二個特定領域現況：

– Provisions of copyright law relating to the needs of visually impaired people

– 關於視覺障礙者需要的著作權法規定

– Provisions of the copyright law relating to the use of copyright materials in education

– 關於有著作權教材的著作權法規定

Our enquiry is not concerned with the policy responsible for each provision as they relate to the particular purpose for which they were formulated. Rather we are interested to explore how far each provision embodying an exception to copyright is susceptible to effective implementation, and whether the use and protection of technical protection measures interferes with that implementation.

我們的研究並非關注每一個條款的特定目的政策。我們所感興趣的是，探討個別 著作權例外條款的有效執行範圍，以及使用技術保護措施是否妨礙了執行。

Our enquiry therefore breaks down into various channels:

我們的研究因此分為以下幾個管道：

– What is the scope of each exception?

– 每一個例外規定的範圍為何？

– How is the exception implemented?

– 這項例外條款如何執行？

To assist in this review a detailed analysis of each national law was made, the results of which are contained in Annex A hereof.

為了協助這項法律回顧，將針對每一國家的法律進行詳細分析，而分析結果則收 錄於附錄 A。

A. Provisions relating to visually impaired users 關於視覺障礙使用者的條款

1. Australia 澳洲

The first statutory scheme to assist people with disabilities was inserted into the Copyright Act by the Copyright Amendment Act 1980. The statutory licence permitted multiple copying by institutions assisting persons referred to as “print handicapped.” It followed recommendations by the Copyright law Review Committee (CLRC) on

Reprographic Reproduction to facilitate equitable access to information. Both the Government and the CLRC received representations regarding the difficulties experienced by certain institutions seeking to obtain permission of copyright owners to reproduce published works in Braille and the extent to which this affected the ability of print disabled students to complete study requirements.

關於協助有障礙者的第一套法律架構，是由 1980 年著作權增修法引進了著作權法 當中。針對「無法閱讀印刷本殘障者」(print handicapped)的協助機構，該法規定的法 定授權(statutory licence)允許進行多重複製。之後關於促進衡平取用資訊，則有著作權 審議委員會(Copyright law Review Committee, CLRC))的建議。關於特定機構尋求獲得 著作權人許可重製已出版著作點字版的困難經驗，以及這影響了閱讀印刷本障礙學生 完成學業的能力，政府與 CLRC 都接獲了相關代表意見。

The resulting statutory scheme was accompanied by provisions allowing for the payment of equitable remuneration to copyright owners. The word “equitable” was intended to mean fair, just and reasonable. The provisions enabled parties to negotiate the level of remuneration and required records to be kept as the basis of the copyright owner’s claim to payment.

法律架構則隨之規定，允許對著作權人支付衡平報酬。「衡平」(equitable)這個字 的用意則是公平、公道與合理。這些規定使各方得以協議報酬水準，並保存記錄以作 為著作權人請求支付的基礎。

The Copyright Amendment Act 1986 established a statutory licence scheme for “radio for the print handicapped.” Again the scheme was established because of the difficulties and delays experienced by radio licensees seeking permission to read published texts on air. The scheme contained similar provisions relating to equitable remuneration and record keeping.

對於「為無法閱讀印刷本殘障者廣播」(radio for the print handicapped)，1986 年著 作權增修法建立了法定授權(statutory licence)架構。這個架構的建立，同樣是因為無線 廣播被授權者尋求許可空中朗讀已出版著作的窒礙難行經驗。這個架構包含了關於衡 平報酬與記錄保存的類似條款。

The Copyright Amendment Act 1989 widened the subject matter of the statutory licence schemes and streamlined the systems used to collect equitable remuneration for copyright owners. The old scheme for institutions assisting the print handicapped in Part III Division 5B was repealed and a number of new provisions inserted into the Copyright Act including:

1989 年著作權增修法擴張了法定授權的客體範圍。並且簡化了為著作權人收取衡 平報酬的流程系統。在 Part III Division 5B 關於無法閱讀印刷本殘障者協助機構的舊架 構被廢除，而在著作權法加入了一些新規定如下：

– A new Part VA providing a statutory licence scheme for institutions assisting intellectually handicapped persons to copy broadcasts;

– 關於智障者協助機構複製廣播，新規定了 Part VA 的法定授權架構；

– A new Part VB implementing a revised scheme for copying by institutions assisting handicapped readers and intellectually handicapped persons; and

– 關於閱讀殘障者與智障者協助機構的複製，新規定了 Part VB 的修正執

行架構；且

– A new Section 200AA providing that copyright was not infringed by the making of a copy of a sound broadcast if the copy was made for the purpose of assisting persons with an intellectual handicap.

– 新的第 200 條 AA 條規定，為協助智障者而複製聲音廣播，不構成侵害 著作權。

The streamlined administration provisions established a mechanism for the collection and payment by a single collecting society of remuneration for the copyright owner, calculated on the basis of either full record keeping and payment per copy or sampling and payment of annual amount per student at the relevant institution relying on the statutory licence.

簡化行政流程條款，規定了收取及支付著作權人報酬的單一收取團體機制，費用 計算是以完整保存記錄按件計價，或是由依賴法定授權的相關機構依抽樣計價方式按 學生人數支付年費。

The introduction of the sampling system was an important innovation operating as an alternative to full record keeping. Under this system, remuneration is assessed on a per student per annum basis, rather than an amount per copy (as under the records system). The system was considered to have many benefits. The Explanatory Memorandum to the 1989 Act stated that it was “far more flexible, less costly to operate and less administratively burdensome on all parties (…) than the records system.” Despite these benefits, the single collecting society and sampling system provisions were not extended to apply to broadcasts by radio for the print disabled.

抽樣系統的引進，是替代完整記錄保存的一項重要創新作法。在該系統下，報酬 以每年每學生為估計基礎，而不是（依記錄系統）按複製件數計價。這個系統被認為 有許多好處。1989 年法律的解釋備忘錄表示它「比記錄系統更加彈性、運作成本更低 ， 對於各方在行政上更簡便。」儘管有這些好處，這套單一收取團體及抽樣系統規定，

並不適用於為了閱讀印刷本障礙者的無線廣播。

Additional amendments to the statutory licence provisions were later made:

對於這些法定授權條款，之後有進一步的增修條款：

– Simplifying the administration of the schemes and replacing the word

“handicapped” with “disabled”; and

– 簡化行政架構，並以「障礙」取代「殘障」；且

– The Copyright Amendment (Digital Agenda) Act 2000 extended the statutory licences under Parts VA and VB to include the “communication” of works and subject matter in addition to the pre-existing licence to copy. This covered the making available on-line and electronic transmission of works and subject matter.

– 2000 年著作權（數位議程）增修法擴張了 Parts VA 與 VB 的法定授權，

以包含著作之「傳播」，以及既有複製授權之外的客體。這涵蓋了著作與客 體的線上提供與電子傳輸。

Under the current provisions, certain organizations are allowed to copy and communicate material protected by copyright to help people with a print disability or with an intellectual disability.

依據現行規定，為協助閱讀印刷本障礙者或智障者，特定機構得複製並交流受著 作權保護的資料。

An organization may reproduce and communicate material for people with a print disability if it is:

得為閱讀印刷本障礙者重製並交流資料的機構為：

(a) an educational institution, as defined by the Copyright Act, (for example, a school, Institution of Technical and Further Education (TAFE) or university); or

(b) any other institution that wants to provide written material such as books or articles to people with a print disability as one of its principal functions, and which has been declared by the Commonwealth Attorney-General to be an institution assisting people with a print disability for the purposes of the Act.

(a) 著作權法所定義之教育機構（如學校、技術與進修機構，或大學）；或 (b) 以對閱讀印刷本障礙者提供書籍或文章等書面資料為主要業務之一的任何機 構，並經法務部長宣告為合乎著作權法目的之閱讀印刷本障礙者協助機構。

Before an organization can use copyright material, it must give the copyright collecting society. Copyright Agency Limited (CAL) a written undertaking to pay for the copies or communications made.

在一個組織使用著作權資料之前，為複製與傳播，必須向著作權收取團體著作權 仲介有限公司(Copyright Agency Limited, CAL)提出書面承諾書。³²

A person with a print disability is:

閱讀印刷本障礙者為：

(a) a person without sight;

(a) 盲人；

(b) a person whose sight is severely impaired;

(b) 重度弱視者；

(c) a person unable to hold or manipulate books or to focus or move his or her eyes; or (c) 無法掌握或操持書籍者，或視線無法集中或移動眼球者；或

(d) a person with a perceptual disability.

(d) 知覺障礙者。

The definition does not include slow learners or people learning English – for example, as a second language. However, the definition does seem to apply to people with dyslexia.

這項定義並不包含學習遲緩者或學習英文者－例如，以英語為第二語言者。不過 ， 這項定義的確似乎適用於有閱讀障礙 (dyslexia)者。

One or more copies of a literary or dramatic work may be made by recording the work onto “a disc, tape, paper or other device in which sounds are embodied.”

關於文學或戲劇著作，得以錄製一件或一件以上重製物於「碟片、磁帶、紙張或 其他錄音設備」。

Additionally, one or more Braille, large-print or photographic versions of a published literary or dramatic work may be made. A “photographic version” is a copy of a work produced as a film strip, or series of separate transparencies designed to meet the needs of disabled readers. The copy can only be made however if it is not possible to buy a suitable copy in the relevant format. Equally, it is only permissible to make and communicate an electronic version of the work if it is not possible to purchase that work in electronic form.

此外，關於已發表的文學或戲劇著作，得製作一件或一件以上的點字、大字印刷 或照相版本。所謂「照相版本」是為滿足障礙讀者需要的著作膠捲重製物，或連續的 單張幻燈片。不過，惟有無法購買相關格式的合適版本時，才能製作重製物。同樣地，

惟有無法購買電子型態著作時，才能針對著作製作並交流電子版本。

32It should be noted that CAL operates a zero rate tariff for these uses.

應注意的是，CAL 對這些使用者的收費標準是零。

Sound recordings of works and communications of copyright material must be

Sound recordings of works and communications of copyright material must be