The Republic of Korea

The Copyright Law of 1989 as amended provides exceptions in respect of format conversion for the benefit of blind people. Article 30 of the Law provides as follows:

1989 年著作權法為盲人福利而增訂了格式轉換的例外規定。該法第 30 條規定如 下：

“Article 30

「第 30 條

(1) It shall be permissible to reproduce in Braille for the blind a work already made public.

(1)已發行之著作，得為盲人製作點字書。

(2) It shall be permissible to make sound recordings of a work already made public, exclusively for the purpose of providing such recordings for the use of the blind at the facilities established for the promotion of the Welfare of the blind as prescribed by the Presidential Decree.”

(2) 已發行之著作，得由總統命令許可之盲人福利機構，製作專供盲人於機構內使 用之錄音。」

Case study: the Republic of Korea 案例研究：韓國

As part of the research for this study a fact finding mission was conducted in the Republic of Korea. Meetings were held with a number of Government agencies including the Copyright Division of the Ministry of Culture and Tourism and the Copyright Deliberation and Transmission Rights Committee; with a number of technology companies developing DRM solutions; with organizations representing visually impaired people.

本研究在韓國進行了一項事實調查工作。在參與會議者中，包含文化旅遊部著作權 局，著作權諮議與傳播權利委員會等政府單位，發展 DRM 解決方案的科技公司，以 及視覺障礙者代表組織。

As is well known, the Republic of Korea has one of the most advanced technology infrastructures in the world with very high levels of high speed broadband penetration.

眾所周知的是，韓國以其高度的高速寬頻普及率，而擁有世界最先進的科技基礎建 設。

The Republic of Korea is also a leader in the development of advanced wireless technology.

韓國也是先進無線科技的發展領導者。

While the rapid deployment of these technologies has brought obvious benefits to the country, it has also involved the inevitable disruption to established media practice

including, of course, enforcement of the copyright law. The Government recognises this situation and is actively studying ways to maintain the necessary protections for the rights of creators in a way which is consistent with the overall industrial and technological objectives of the country.

這些科技的迅速發展，為該國帶來了顯著的利益，但是對於既有的媒體實務也造成不 可避免的破壞，而這當然包含了著作權法的執行。政府體認到這種情況，而正在積極 研究維護創作者必要權利保護的方法，以符合國家整體產業與科技目標。

One of the purposes of researching the situation in the Republic of Korea was to see how far its rapid advances in technology have improved the access to services and materials for the Republic of Korea’s population of visually impaired people. With one exception, the conclusion at present appears to be that benefits for visually impaired derived from the new technology are, at best, limited.

研究韓國情況的目的之一，在於發現科技迅速進展對於韓國視障人口取用服務與資料 的改善程度。除了一項例外，目前的結論顯示，新科技頂多對於視覺障礙者帶來有限 的利益。

The Republic of Korea has a highly educated and literate population and a correspondingly active publishing industry. Although still relatively small (turnover in 2004 was USD20 million), according to the Korean Electronic Publishing Association, the electronic book industry is growing rapidly.

韓國擁有高教育水準及閱讀能力的人口，並有相對應的活躍出版業。根據韓國電子出 版協會，雖然電子書產業依然在規模上相對微小（2004 年總金額為二千萬美元），

但是成長迅速。

Meetings were held with three organizations representing the interests of visually impaired people.

在舉行的會議中，有三個視覺障礙者利益代表組織。

The Korean Welfare Foundation for the Visually Handicapped was founded in 1973 and is funded entirely by the Government. Its main services include the provision of materials in braille and talking books. It runs a basic rehabilitation and computer training centre for the visually impaired. It also publishes a bi-weekly braille magazine.

韓國視覺障礙者福利基金會成立於 1973 年，是由政府全額出資設立。其主要服務包 含提供點字書及有聲書資料。該基金會為視覺障礙者經營基本的復健與電腦訓練中 心，並出版雙週性點字雜誌。

The material made available is of all kinds of literary works other than newspapers.

The conversion into braille and talking books is done under the provisions of Article 30 of the Copyright Law and does not require the permission of the copyright owner.

盲人資料是各種文學性著作，而非新聞著作。點字書與有聲書的轉換，是根據著作權 法第 30 條，而不須獲得著作權人同意。

Inevitably, some problems are encountered in converting digital formats to which technical protection measures have been applied.

不可避免的是，對於應用技術保護措施的數位格式進行轉換時，遭遇到了一些問題。

The Korean Blind Union is another leading organization for the visually impaired. It brings together a number of different organizations including specialised schools and rehabilitation centres. There are some 45 of these organizations in total. The Korean Blind Union has 16 branch offices throughout the country and numbers another 140 associate offices. Again, the organization is funded by the Government.

韓國盲人聯盟是另一個視覺障礙者領導組織。其聯合了一些包含特殊學校與復健中心 的各種組織。這些組織的總數有 45 個左右。韓國盲人聯盟在全國有 16 個分部，並有 140 個合署辦公室。同樣地，這個組織是由政府所出資成立。

The main tasks of the Korean Blind Union include promoting the interests of visually impaired people generally (including lobbying for necessary legislation); maintaining rehabilitation and training centres (including training in information technology); providing social welfare and support for residential users of accessible materials – this includes promotion and support for the use of access technologies such as screen readers and text to speech synthesisers.

韓國盲人聯盟的主要任務包含促進整體視覺障礙者利益（含遊說必要立法）；維持復 健與訓練中心（含資訊科技訓練）；對居民使用者提供可取用資料的社會福利及支援

－包含推廣支援使用螢幕讀取程式及文書語音合成等取用科技。

Like other organizations in the field it encounters numerous difficulties in an area where digital technology should greatly facilitate its work. The availability of source text in digital formats should greatly expedite the process of conversion into accessible formats.

Too often however the use of technical protection measures such as encryption impede the process. Even where the source text is not encrypted the original digital formatting and structuring of the text may not be conducive to efficient format conversion.

如同這個領域的其他組織，在數位科技應大幅便利業務的範圍中，它遭遇了諸多困 難。數位格式的來源文件，應可大幅促進可取用格式的轉換過程。不過，如加密等技 術保護措施的使用，往往阻礙了這個過程。即使來源文件並未加密，原初文件的數位 格式化及結構化，也可能不利於格式轉換的效率。

As an organization, the Korean Blind Union is constantly exploring relevant assistive technologies. It also places great importance on copyright law and lobbies extensively to promote provisions in the law to support the interests of its members.

身為一個組織，韓國盲人聯盟經常在探索相關的輔助性科技。它也極為重視著作權

法，並且廣泛遊說推動支持會員利益的著作權法律規定。

The Korean Braille Library was established by a private individual in 1969; it receives some financial support from Government. Traditionally, its function has been to make literary works available in braille for print disabled readers in the Republic of Korea:

approximately 10% of the population.

韓國點字圖書館是在 1969 年由一位私人所創立；它接受了政府某些財務補助。傳統 上，它的職能是為韓國無法閱讀印刷本讀者將文學性著作製成點字書：而這些人佔總 人口約 10%。

The use of braille for the Korean language is a complex process and many visually impaired people do not like to use it. The Korean Braille Library is therefore at the forefront of efforts to adopt alternative technologies. It is the leading promoter of the DAISY format in the Republic of Korea. It is seeking to employ technologies for converting traditional formats into the DAISY format which supports effective navigation of documents as well as compatibility with access technologies such as screen readers and text to speech synthesis tools.

使用韓文點字書是一個困難的過程，而許多視覺障礙者並不樂於使用。韓文點字圖書 館因而成為採用替代性科技的前鋒。在韓國，它是 DAISY 格式的領導推動者。它正 在尋求運用科技將傳統格式轉換為 DAISY 格式，以支援有效率的文件導覽，並相容 諸如螢幕讀取程式及文書語音合成工具等取用科技。

The Korean Braille Library is concerned that current provisions of the copyright law do not support these advanced uses of conversion technology; it is lobbying to introduce appropriate amendments.

韓國點字圖書館所關心的是，當前的著作權法規定並不支持這些先進轉換科技的使 用；它正在遊說引進適當的修訂條款。

The one exception to the general non-application of advanced technology in the interests of visually impaired people is the development of access technology. One example is the Voiceye Technology developed by the ADTrust Company. The technology works by converting digital files of text or, for example, music scores, into graphic representations with similar characteristics to bar codes. These graphic representations can then be scanned and stored in dedicated playback devices which can then deliver audible output of the text.

Further information about this technology is available at <http://www.adinc.co.kr/eng-products/main.asp>.

關於整體上無法使用先進科技造福視覺障礙者，其唯一例外是取用科技的發展。一個 例子是 ADTrust 公司所發展的 Voiceye 科技。這項科技的作用，是將數位文件檔案或 樂譜轉換為類似條碼的圖形。以專用的播放設備掃瞄並儲存這些圖形，便能輸出文件 的 聲 音 。 關 於 這 項 科 技 的 進 一 步 資 訊 ， 可 見 <http://www.adinc.co.kr/eng-products/main.asp>.

3. Spain