Interoperability

The final issue that has to be considered at a general level in discussion of DRM enabled systems is the complex issue of interoperability. The area of DRM is one where although some standardisation of some system components is occurring, the leading commercially available systems are for the most part proprietary. By their very design therefore the different systems are rarely able to interoperate with each other because they use different encoding and encryption systems; use different authentication mechanisms;

different file formats; different metadata structures; different rights expression languages.

關於 DRM 系統的總體性討論，最後一個有待考量的議題是互通性的複雜議題。

在 DRM 領域，某些系統單元的標準化還正在產生當中，商業上可行的領導地位系統大 部分已經屬於私人財產。這些不同系統在設計上很少能夠相互協調，因為它們使用了 不同的編碼與加密系統、認證機制、檔案格式、後設資料結構，以及權利表達語言。

This poses problems for content providers and users alike. To reach a desired consumer base the content provider may have to make content available and develop the corresponding rights and content management systems for a variety of different systems. Conversely, the end-user may have to use a range of different devices to obtain all the content sought.

這造成了內容供應者與使用者的問題。為了達到所需的消費基礎，內容供應者必 須使內容能夠被取得，並且針對許多不同系統發展出相對應的權利與內容管理系統。

反之，終端使用者必須使用一些不同的設備，以獲得尋求的內容。

However, while the problem is obvious, the solution is not. There are complex commercial, legal and technical issues involved in establishing a basis for interoperability between different systems. Open standards in key areas of DRM remain to be developed while open source technologies are as yet not widely available.

不過，雖然問題很明顯，但是解決方案卻不盡然如此。建立不同系統之間的互通 性基礎，涉及了複雜的商業、法律與技術議題。DRM 關鍵領域的公開標準仍有待發展，

而公開原始碼科技還不是廣泛可得。

CHAPTER 3 第三章

THE TARGET FIELDS 目標領域

A. Visually impaired people 視覺障礙者

1. The perspective of visually impaired people 視覺障礙者的觀點

It is estimated that there are some 180 million blind and partially-sighted people in the world.

在世界上，估計有大約一億八千萬名全盲者與部分視力者。

The World Blind Union (WBU) has adopted a manifesto regarding access to the resources of the information society by visually impaired people. The governing principle of that manifesto is as follows:

關於資訊社會當中的資源取用，世界盲人聯盟(World Blind Union, WBU)曾經採行

一項宣言²¹。該宣言的主要原則如下：

“The World Blind Union believes that in the information age access to information is a human right that must be enjoyed by all as a precondition for equal participation in society. This means that socially and economically disadvantaged people in general should be included and blind and partially sighted people in particular. The right to access to information is explicitly recognised by the international community in the UN standard rules on the Equalisation of Opportunities for Persons with Disabilities.”

「世界盲人聯盟認為，在資訊年代中，取用資訊是一項所有人必須享有的人權，

是滿足社會平等參與的先決條件。這意味著，社會與經濟弱勢者總體，以及全盲 與部分視力者，應當受到接納。聯合國身心障礙者機會平等化標準規則，已經明 文承認這項資訊取用權。」

The reference to the UN standard rules is to the Standard Rules on the Equalization of Opportunities for Persons with Disabilities adopted by the General assembly in 1993: they are currently being revised. Although not a legally binding instrument, the Standard Rules represent a strong moral and political commitment on the part of Governments to take action to attain equalization of opportunities for persons with disabilities. The rules serve as an instrument for policy-making and as a basis for technical and economic cooperation.

此處引用的聯合國標準規則，是聯合國總會 1993 年決議採行的身心障礙者機會平 等 化 標 準 規 則 (Standard Rules on the Equalisation of Opportunities for Persons with Disabilities)²²：這些規則目前正在修訂當中。雖然這些標準規則不是法律上有拘束力的 文件，但是仍然代表了一種強烈的道德與政治承諾，使政府應當採取行動促成身心障 礙者的機會平等化。這些規則可作為制訂政策的引用文件，以及技術與經濟合作的基 礎。

21 World Blind Union Manifesto for the World Summit on the Information Society, 2003, available at <http://www.euroblind.org/fichiersGB/news9_soc.htm>.

22 The Standard Rules on the Equalization of Opportunities for Persons with Disabilities, 1993, available at <http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/enable/dissre00.htm>.

The Standard Rules consists of 22 rules incorporating the human rights perspective which had developed during the decade preceding their adoption. The 22 rules concerning disabled persons consist of four chapters - preconditions for equal participation, target areas for equal participation, implementation measures, and the monitoring mechanism - and cover all aspects of life of disabled persons.

這些標準規則包含了 22 條規則，體現了採行決議前近十年來所發展的人權觀點。

這 22 條規則包含關於身心障礙者的四個章節－平等參與之先決條件、平等參與之目標 領域、執行措施，以及監督機制－而含括了身心障礙者的所有生活層面。

Rule 5 provides in part as follows:

第 5 條規則的部分規定如下

“Rule 5: Accessibility 第 5 條規則：取用

States should recognize the overall importance of accessibility in the process of the equalization of opportunities in all spheres of society. For persons with disabilities of any kind, States should (a) introduce programmes of action to make the physical environment accessible; and (b) undertake measures to provide access to information and communication.”

在社會當中所有領域的機會平等化過程，國家應當承認取用的全盤重要性。對於 任何種類的身心障礙者，國家應（一）提出使物理環境可接近的行動方案；且

（二）推行取用資訊與傳播的措施。

“Access to information and communication

取用資訊與傳播 ( access to information and communication)

– “Persons with disabilities and, where appropriate, their families and advocates should have access to full information on diagnosis, rights and available services and programmes, at all stages. Such information should be presented in forms accessible to persons with disabilities.

– 「對於診斷、權利及可得服務與計畫之資訊，身心障礙者，以及適當情 形下與其家屬及支持者，應在所有階段均能完整取用。此等資訊應以身 心障礙者可取用之形式表達。」

– “States should develop strategies to make information services and documentation accessible for different groups of persons with disabilities.

Braille, tape services, large print and other appropriate technologies should be used to provide access to written information and documentation for persons with visual impairments.

– 「國家應發展使各種身心障礙者團體得以取用資訊服務與文件之策略。

應使用點字、磁帶服務、大型字體與其他適當科技，使視覺障礙者能取 用書面資訊與文件。」

– “States should encourage the media, especially television, radio and newspapers, to make their services accessible. States should ensure that new computerized information and service systems offered to the general public are either made initially accessible or are adapted to be made accessible to persons with disabilities.

– 「國家應獎勵媒體，尤其是電視、廣播與新聞，使其服務得以取用。對 於供應於大眾之新型態電腦資訊與服務系統，國家應確保其自始得為身 心障礙者所取用，或調整為身心障礙者得取用。」

– “Organizations of persons with disabilities should be consulted when measures to make information services accessible are being developed.”

– 「資訊服務取用措施之發展，應徵詢身心障礙者組織。」

These rules are underpinned by provisions of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights:

這些規則受到世界人權宣言(Universal Declaration of Human Rights)規定所支持：

“Article 19 第 19 條

Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers.

「人人有權享受主張和發表意見的自由；此項權利包括持有主張而不受干涉的自 由，和通過任何媒介和不論國界尋求、接受和傳遞消息和思想的自由。」

“Article 27 第 27 條

Everyone has the right freely to participate in the cultural life of the community, to enjoy the arts and to share in scientific advancement and its benefits. Everyone has the right to the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from any scientific, literary or artistic production of which he is the author.”

「人人有權自由參加社會的文化生活，享受藝術，並分享科學進步及其產生的福 利（第 1 項）。人人對由於他所創作的任何科學、文學或美術作品而產生的精神 的和物質的利益，有享受保護的權利（第 2 項）。」

In a presentation given to the Information Meeting which preceded the WIPO Standing Committee on Copyright and Related Rights on 3 November 2003, David Mann of the WBU stated as follows:

在 2003 年 11 月 3 日 WIPO 著作權與相關權利常設委員會之前的資訊會議，世界 盲人聯盟 David Mann 有如下演說：

“If we accept that access to information is a right, then it follows that any impediment to access to information is a denial of that right. Barriers can be economic; they can be technological, and they can be legal.”

「如果我們同意取用資訊是一項權利，則對於取用資訊的任何阻礙則是妨礙該權

利。障礙可能來自經濟、科技與法律。」²³

Blind and partially sighted people can only access the written word, whether originally displayed on paper or on computer screen, if the presentation of that material is adapted in some way. Adaptations include enlarging, altering features such as colour or font, transferring into a tactile code or into an audio format. The result may be hard copy Braille, large print, tape or CD, or it may take the form of temporary output from computer peripherals such as synthetic speech or enlarged screen display. Accordingly, providing access to content whether in traditional formats or with advanced access technologies implicates acts controlled by rights of reproduction, adaptation and, perhaps, communication.

That of course means that such acts must be authorised by the right holder or fall within the scope of an exception to copyright.

不論是原本顯示於紙張或電腦螢幕的書面文字，惟有在文字材料的展現經過某種 調整之後，全盲與部分視力者才能取用。調整措施包含放大、改變顏色或字體特徵，

轉換為觸覺符碼或聲音格式。調整結果則可能是點字實體重製物、大字印刷、錄音或 CD，或者是電腦周邊設施暫時性輸出的型態，如合成語音或螢幕放大顯示。因此，對 內容提供取用，不論是以傳統格式或先進取用科技，都涉及重製權、改作權，以及或 者傳播權。當然，這就意味著，這些行為不是必須獲得權利人授權，就是屬於著作權 例外規定範圍。

The WBU accepts that copyright is in itself a legitimate form of moral and economic protection for creators of content and for those who add value to creative work. WBU asserts however that the ability to restrict acts in respect of works and other subject matter protected by copyright law should be balanced against the right of blind and partially sighted people to read the same material as their fellow citizens, at the same time and at no additional cost to the individual.

世界盲人聯盟同意，對於內容創作者與創作加值者，著作權本身是正當的精神上 與經濟上保障。不過，世界盲人聯盟主張，關於著作權法所保護的著作與其他客體，

對於利用行為的限制，必須與全盲及部分視力者權利相平衡，這個權利是在相同時間、

相同成本下與公民同胞閱讀相同的資料。

2. The issues for publishers 出版商的議題

Publishers are the principal group of rightsholders and content providers concerned with the question of access. They are for the most part commercial entities and their first responsibility necessarily lies to their authors and other creative contributors, to their

23 Mann, David: Presentation by the World Blind Union (WBU), Information Meeting on Digital Content for the Visually Impaired, WIPO, November 3, 2003, available at

<http://www.wipo.int/documents/en/meetings/2003/digvi_im/pdf/digvi_im_03_mann.pdf>.

customers and to their shareholders. Their enterprise and investment is defined by the scope of the rights they enjoy under copyright law. And while they recognize the needs of users with certain disabilities, they have an overriding and justifiable concern regarding the impact of information society technology.

關於取用問題，出版商是權利人與內容供應者的主要團體。他們大多數是商業實 體，而他們首要的負責對象是作者與其他創作貢獻者，以及他們的消費者及股東。他 們在著作權法所享有的權利範圍，界定了他們的產業與投資。雖然他們承認特定身心 障礙使用者的需要，他們更高的合理關注，則是資訊社會科技的衝擊。

Digital publishing is in its infancy and to date the various electronic book formats have

Digital publishing is in its infancy and to date the various electronic book formats have