• 沒有找到結果。

Based on the data analysis, this chapter presents the conclusions, research implications, practical implications, research limitation, and suggestions for the future research.

Conclusions

The purpose of this study is mainly to draw the organizations’ attention and awareness of how important the situation of psychological contract breach (PCB) will influence employees’ turnover intention (TI) and their organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) over the last 10 years by aggregating the correlation coefficients through meta-analysis approach.

This study also aimed to probe if country difference with the country’s index of power distance, uncertainty avoidance, and the internet popularity can moderate the main associations published within the period of 2010 to 2019. This research collected 38 studies involving the associations of PCB and TI, and 38 studies for PCB and OCB. Most of the studies were searched by google scholar and written in English.

The study used Meta-Essentials to generate the aggregated correlation (r) with confidence interval and the overall forest plot, which illustrated the employees’ psychological contract breach indeed has an effect on their turnover intention and the willingness toward organizational citizenship behavior within the last ten years. From the data analysis, the finding supports the psychological contract theory and confirms that PCB is positively associated with turnover intention (H1) and negatively related to OCB (H2). Moreover, the relationship of PCB and OCB can be strengthened or weakened based on the variability of samples’ country difference in their located country (H4). After doing the moderation analysis, the result proves that the degree of the country’s power distance can strengthen the negative association between PCB and OCB (H4a). On the other hand, the degree of a country’s uncertainty avoidance can weaken the negative association between PCB and OCB (H4b). To the researcher’s surprise,

percentage of individual using internet weakens the negative association between PCB and OCB (H4c). However, the three moderators above were found to have no the moderation effect in the relationship between PCB and TI.

Furthermore, by testing the subgroup analysis with country’s economic level and region of research sample, article type, language, and its publication year, there are some significant differences existed in subgroups. Among the literature of PCB and TI, the studies which were published from 2010 to 2014 reveal significant difference than those from 2015 to 2019, in that the effect size of studies within 2015 to 2019 is significantly stronger than those between 2010 to 2014. For the literature regarding PCB and OCB, there are three significant finding to be discussed. Firstly, the developing countries’ effect size between PCB and OCB is significantly stronger than the developed countries. Second, the effect size from journal papers is significantly higher than the ones from thesis/ dissertation. Third, the same finding as the relationship of PCB and TI, effect size for studies in the publication year from 2010 to 2014 has significant difference than those from 2015 to 2019, in that the effect size of 2015 to 2019 is significantly stronger than the ones from 2010 to 2014.

Discussion

This meta-analysis synthesizes the data from thirty-eight studies which targeted PCB and TI, also thirty-eight regarding PCB and OCB. The findings indeed provide the evidence that the negative effects caused by employees’ PCB and this problem was more serious in the last five years (2015 to 2019), compared to 2010 to 2014. Most importantly, the correlation between PCB and TI (r = .43) is higher than the one between PCB and OCB (r = -.30), and it can be interpreted as PCB has stronger effect on turnover intention than OCB performance over the last 10 years. More specifically, once an employee feels breached by the current organization, he or she may have a higher possibility to think about leaving the company, instead of only decreasing the OCB performance. Hence, the organizations should start to pay

more attention to the reasons and outcomes of psychological contract breach. In order to decrease the negative effects led by PCB, in the following section, this study will firstly indicate how the different strength of PCB could affect each working environment based on the countries’ cultural factors, and secondly states why PCB issues have stronger associations with TI and OCB than before.

First, according to the findings of moderation analysis, the negative association between PCB and OCB can be strengthened when the company currently in a country with higher level of power distance, lower level of uncertainty avoidance, and lower percentage of internet users. Conversely, the correlation between PCB and OCB will be weakened when a company is currently in a country with lower level of power distance, higher level of uncertainty avoidance, and lower percentage of internet users.

For the power distance, if the employers tend to create more hierarchical working environment, the employees will be more afraid to convey their true emotion, the more secure way for them is to perform less OCB instead of engaging in direct conflict with their employer.

Although it does not cause the damage to the organization, the potential concern is they might have more severe behavioral outcome in the future. At the same time, their intention to contribute extra OCB will be weaker, compared to those working at a less hierarchical workplace. Since the employees’ emotion, attitude and feedback will be more easily revealed and conveyed to their employer or supervisor as a result of the lower power distance culture.

If an employee feels breached by their company it is less likely for the employee to withdraw their contribution to OCB.

For uncertainty avoidance, if the employees’ workplace or the social atmosphere is more conservative, their willingness to face the transformation tend to be lower since they will prefer to minimize the risk to change anything. The index of uncertainty avoidance is high.

Therefore, employees staying at this kind of organization tend to avoid any negative incident beforehand, so when they feel breached by their employer, they will still probably perform

relatively more OCB than those employees in the same situation but from low uncertainty avoidance countries. Individuals from lower uncertainty avoidance countries are easier to diminish their OCB performance, because they do not prevent in advance, but react more after being breached. More specifically, if employees feel breached by their company with higher degree of uncertainty avoidance, some possible reasons of breach may have been predicted by the employees in the beginning, so the actual degree of feeling breach is lower.

For the percentage of internet users in different countries, the evidence proves that if an employee feels breached by their company which located in the country with higher internet popularity, the relationship between PCB and OCB performance will surprisingly being weaken. The study’s original standpoint is associated with the information availability. With the rapid development of technology, people can obtain and receive the new information more conveniently and instantly. However, it not only lead to the positive facts, but also some potential concern in the organization. According to the evidence of subgroup analysis, no matter the association between PCB and TI or PCB and OCB, the results reveal that the aggregated correlation from 2015 to 2019 are significantly higher than the one from 2010 to 2014. The integrated correlation from 2015 to 2019 is reasonably higher due to the well-developed internet technique than before. To combine the new finding with the original statement above, the reason why higher internet popularity can weaken the association of PCB and OCB, may be that people become more nervous and anxious when being breached by the organization and if not being able to get sufficient information. Therefore, they may perform relatively more OCB based on the information they get to be secure. Even though the internet advancement can improve individuals’ daily convenience and life quality, the negative concern caused by this improvement should be noticed and solved. Otherwise, the negative behavioral outcomes caused by PCB could occur easily than before.

To sum up, the research questions are answered as follows. Firstly, the individual who experience high PCB also experience high inclination to leave the organization and low

inclination to perform OCB. Second, individual’s country difference can significantly moderate the reported relationship between PCB and turnover intention and between PCB and OCB in the literature.

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